Smart Materials

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Piezoelectric Material and Applications

SUBMITTED BY:
ASHISH JINDAL
10109037
PRODUCTION

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Contents
Introduction.
How Piezoelectric Material works.
Limitations of Piezoelectric materials.
Current applications of Piezoelectric Materials.
Future developments of Piezoelectric Materials.
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What are Smart Materials?

"Smart" materials respond to environmental
stimuli with particular changes in some
variables. For that reason they are often also
called responsive materials.
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Types of Smart Materials:

Colour changing materials:
a.Thermochromic materials
b.Photochromic materials

Light emitting materials :
a. Fluorescent materials
b.Electroluminescent materials

Moving materials :
a. Shape memory alloys (SMA);
b.Piezoelectric materials

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Types of Smart Materials

A Nickel-Titanium spring
in coffeepots marketed
in Japan is trained to
open a valve and
release hot water at the
proper temperature to
brew a perfect pot of
coffee.

How can it be used in
shower heaters?
Piezoelectric materials are materials that
generate electrical voltage in response to
applied mechanical stress (direct piezoelectric
effect) and that change shape when electrical
voltage is applied (converse piezoelectric
effect).

When alternating current is applied to a
piezoelectric material, the material vibrates,
and consequently, such materials are used in
piezoelectric buzzers and ultrasonic generator
oscillators
What are Piezoelectric materials?

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The piezoelectric effect describes the relation
between a mechanical stress and an electrical
voltage in solids.
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Examples of Piezoelectric Materials:

Piezoelectric materials can be
divided in 2 main groups:
1. CRYSTALS
Quartz SiO
2
Gallium orthophosphate
GaPO
4

2. CERAMI CS.
Barium Titanate BaTiO3
Lead Zirconate Titanate PZT

3.POLYMERS
Polyvinylidene DiFluoride
PVDF

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How Piezoelectric Material works?

Piezoelectric materials are
crystalline solids whose
asymmetric structures create an
electric dipole moment in the
crystal lattice, which is sensitive to
both elastic strain and applied
electrical field

When an electrical field is applied
to a piezoelectric material, a stress
is induced and the material changes
shape (called the piezoelectric
effect).
Non-Polarized Polarized
Ion charges
neutralized
in unstrained
crystal
Unbalanced
ions charge
surface of
strained
materials
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How Piezoelectric Material works?

The application of stress results in a finite
displacement of the cation charge relative to the
center of anion charges; hence this structural unit
is piezoelectric.
The axis, where pressure is applied has to be
polar.
In Quartz, the
application of
a stress along
a polar axis
produces an
electric field
between the two
opposing faces.
-
+
+
-
+
-
+ + +
- - -
-
+
+
-
+
-

+ + +
- - -
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How Piezoelectric Material work?

Piezoelectric coefficient relating the amount stress applied to a
crystal to the resultant electric field in the crystal.
Piezoelectricity.
"g" Constant
The piezoelectric constant relating applied electric field to resultant
strain. Electrostriction.
"d" Constant
Temperature at which the crystal structure undergoes a phase
change from non-symmetrical lattice (such as tetragonal) to
symmetrical lattice (such as cubic). Drastic dielectric and
piezoelectric coefficient changes accompany this phase
change.
Curie
Temperature:
Dependent on Strain, Temperature, E-field, Displacement
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How Piezoelectric Material work?

25.1 289 1300 PZT-4
-339.0 -33 13 PVDF
50.0 (g31) 2.3(d 11) 4.5 Quartz
Piezo. Strain/Volt.
Const. g33 (10 exp-3
Vm/N)
Piezoelectric
Const. d33
(pC/N)
Relative
Dielectric
Const.
Material
TABLE 1: Comparison between commonly used crystalline
piezoelectric materials and PVDF.
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How is PZT created?

Raw Materials
Lead oxide (PbO), Titanium oxide (TiO), Zirconium
oxide (ZrO2),
Mixing
The materials are weighed and mixed with water
in a pot mill to provide slurry.
Calcining
The slurry is heat treated to a maximum of 800C to
obtain calcined powder.
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How is PZT created?

Conductive Paste
Piezoelectric ceramic powder and powder of
oxides is added and milled to form a conductive
paste for sintering.
Pressing
The conductive paste is applied and pressed
repeatedly to the sheets of piezoelectric ceramic to
print internal electrodes.
Milling
The powder is milled with water to obtain slurry. It is
then dried and grounded, hence providing piezoelectric
ceramic powder of lead oxide. Mixed with solvent, it is
then spread out to obtain sheets of piezoelectric ceramic
composite.
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Grinding/ Polishing
The material undergoes cutting, grinding and
polishing to have internal electrodes on the sides.
How is PZT created?

Sintering
The multilayer body is then fired to 1200C to sinter
the sheets and internal electrodes together.

Binder Burnout
The multilayer body is heated to around 700C so as
to remove organic compunds.
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Polarizing
The material is immersed in silicon oil at 100C. E
field of is applied between internal electrodes for 30
minutes to polarize the ceramic layers.

Electroding
Electrodes are applied either by screen printing or
chemical plating or vacuum deposition

How is PZT created?

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Limitations of Piezo-materials

Electrical Limitations
a. The typical operating limit is between 400-
500V/mm.
b.Alternating fields can have the same affect
Mechanical Limitations
a. High mechanical stress
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Limitations of Piezo-materials

Temperature Limitations
Curie point
Long exposure at elevated temperature
Operating temperature for a ceramic usually is
approximately half-way between 0C and the
Curie point.
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Applications of Piezo-materials

1) Generators
Piezoelectric ceramics can generate voltages
sufficient to spark across an electrode gap.

Eg: Ignitors in fuel lighters, gas stoves, flash
rocks, Piezoelectric Transformers

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Piezoelectric Transformer
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Piezotransformer
Smaller
Lighter
Higher efficiency
Less noisy
Electromagnetic Transformer
Bulky
Heavy
Heat generation Eddy currents
Magnetically noisy - Humming
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2) Sensors
A sensor converts a physical parameter,
such as acceleration or pressure, into an
electrical signal.

Eg: Smart skis, bumper sensors, seatbelt,
Mine detectors
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3) Actuators
A piezoelectric actuator converts an electrical
signal into a precisely controlled physical
displacement, to finely adjust precision
machining tools, lenses, or mirrors.

Eg: Printers, Nano-positioning actuators
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Lightweight, low
power, wiper
mechanisms for
nanorover explorations
Electrostrictive polymers

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4) Transducers
Piezoelectric transducers convert electrical
energy into vibrational mechanical energy,
often sound or ultrasound

A transducer can both generate an ultrasound
signal from electrical energy and convert
incoming sound into an electrical signal.

Eg: Transducer probe
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When an electric current is
applied, the crystals change
shape rapidly.

The rapid shape changes
produce sound waves that
travel outward.

When sound or pressure
waves hit the crystals, they
emit electrical currents.
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Piezoelectric Material and Applications

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