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    Transcription - Translation

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    Ezgi Tanıl
    1. RNA and protein synthesis involves three main steps: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. 2. During transcription, DNA is copied into RNA molecules. RNA then undergoes processing where introns are removed and exons are joined. 3. Translation occurs when RNA molecules direct protein synthesis on ribosomes, where transfer RNA matches mRNA codons to bring amino acids together in the proper sequence to form a protein chain.

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    Transcription - Translation

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    Ezgi Tanıl
    446 views34 pages
    1. RNA and protein synthesis involves three main steps: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. 2. During transcription, DNA is copied into RNA molecules. RNA then undergoes processing where introns are removed and exons are joined. 3. Translation occurs when RNA molecules direct protein synthesis on ribosomes, where transfer RNA matches mRNA codons to bring amino acids together in the proper sequence to form a protein chain.

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    1. RNA and protein synthesis involves three main steps: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. 2. During transcription, DNA is copied into RNA molecules. RNA then undergoes processing where introns are removed and exons are joined. 3. Translation occurs when RNA molecules direct protein synthesis on ribosomes, where transfer RNA matches mRNA codons to bring amino acids together in the proper sequence to form a protein chain.

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    446 views34 pages

    Transcription - Translation

    Uploaded by

    Ezgi Tanıl
    1. RNA and protein synthesis involves three main steps: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. 2. During transcription, DNA is copied into RNA molecules. RNA then undergoes processing where introns are removed and exons are joined. 3. Translation occurs when RNA molecules direct protein synthesis on ribosomes, where transfer RNA matches mRNA codons to bring amino acids together in the proper sequence to form a protein chain.

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    RNA AND

    PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
    How your cell makes very
    important proteins
    The production (synthesis) of proteins.
    3 phases:
    1. Transcription
    2. RNA processing
    3. Translation
    DNA RNA Protein
    DNA RNA Protein

    Nuclear
    membrane
    Transcription
    RNA Processing
    Translation
    DNA
    Pre-mRNA
    mRNA
    Ribosome
    Protein
    Eukaryotic
    Cell
    Before making proteins, Your
    cell must first make RNA
    Question:
    How does RNA (ribonucleic acid) differ
    from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?
    RNA differs from DNA
    1. RNA has a sugar ribose
    DNA has a sugar deoxyribose

    2. RNA contains uracil (U)
    DNA has thymine (T)

    3. RNA molecule is single-stranded
    DNA is double-stranded
    1. Transcription OR
    RNA production
    RNA molecules are produced by copying
    part of DNA into a complementary
    sequence of RNA

    This process is started and controlled by
    an enzyme called RNA polymerase.
    1. Transcription

    Then moves along one of the DNA strands
    and links RNA nucleotides together.

    Nuclear
    membrane
    Transcription
    RNA Processing
    Translation
    DNA
    Pre-mRNA
    mRNA
    Ribosome
    Protein
    Eukaryotic
    Cell
    1. Transcription



    DNA
    pre-mRNA
    RNA Polymerase
    Question:
    What would be the complementary
    RNA strand for the following DNA
    sequence?

    DNA 5-GCGTATG-3
    Types of RNA
    Three types of RNA:
    A. messenger RNA (mRNA)
    B. transfer RNA (tRNA)
    C. ribosome RNA (rRNA)

    Remember: all produced in the nucleus!
    mRNA
    Carries instructions from DNA to the
    rest of the ribosome.
    Tells the ribosome what kind of
    protein to make

    Acts like an email from the principal
    to the cafeteria lady.
    A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
    methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine
    stop
    codon
    protein
    A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A A
    mRNA
    start
    codon
    Primary structure of a protein
    aa1
    aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
    peptide bonds
    codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7 codon 1
    If the cell is a school
    The Nucleus is the school office
    The Nucleolus is the principals
    office
    The DNA is the principal
    Ribosomes are the cafeteria ladies
    mRNA is the email from the
    principal to the cafeteria lady





    rRNA
    Part of the structure of a ribosome
    Helps in protein production

    tRNA
    A go-getter.
    Gets the right parts to make the right protein
    according to mRNA instructions
    B. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

    amino acid
    attachment site
    U A C
    Anticodon attaches to mRNA
    methionine
    amino acid
    tRNA links
    amino
    acids with
    codons
    2. RNA Processing


    Nuclear
    membrane
    Transcription
    RNA Processing
    Translation
    DNA
    Pre-mRNA
    mRNA
    Ribosome
    Protein
    Eukaryotic
    Cell
    2. RNA Processing

    Introns are pulled out and exons
    come together.
    End product is a mature RNA
    molecule that leaves the nucleus
    to the cytoplasm.


    2. RNA Processing

    pre-RNA molecule
    intron
    intron
    exon
    exon exon
    exo
    n
    exon exon
    Mature RNA molecule
    exon exon exon
    intron intron
    splicesome
    splicesome
    Ribosomes
    Each ribosome contains 3 binding sites A +
    P + E

    P
    Site
    A
    Site
    Large
    Subunit
    49 proteins
    +3 RNA
    molecules
    Small subunit 33 proteins +1 RNA molecule
    mRNA
    A U G C U A C U U C G
    3. Translation - making
    proteins



    Nuclear
    membrane
    Transcription
    RNA Processing
    Translation
    DNA
    Pre-mRNA
    mRNA
    Ribosome
    Protein
    Eukaryotic
    Cell
    3. Translation
    Three parts:
    1. initiation: start codon (AUG)
    2. elongation:
    3. termination: stop codon (UAG)

    Lets make a PROTEIN!!!!.
    3. Translation

    P
    Site
    A
    Site
    Large
    subunit
    Small subunit
    mRNA
    A U G C U A C U U C G
    tRNA is held tightly at A+P
    sites only if anticodon
    forms base pairs with the
    attached mRNA.
    The A&P sites are
    close enough so
    the 2 tRNA are
    forced to form base
    pairs with the
    adjacent codons on
    the mRNA
    Initiation


    mRNA
    A U G C U A C U U C G
    2-tRNA
    G
    aa2
    A U
    A
    1-tRNA
    U A C
    aa1
    anticodon
    hydrogen
    bonds
    codon
    The A&P sites are
    close enough for the
    2 tRNA are forced to
    form base pairs with
    the adjacent codons
    on the mRNA
    Each amino acid is added is
    selected by complementary base
    pairing between the anticodon on
    its attached tRNA and the next
    codon on the mRNA


    mRNA
    A U G C U A C U U C G
    1-tRNA 2-tRNA
    U A C G
    aa1
    aa2
    A U
    A
    anticodon
    hydrogen
    bonds
    codon
    peptide bond
    3-tRNA
    G A A
    aa3
    Elongation


    mRNA
    A U G C U A C U U C G
    1-tRNA
    2-tRNA
    U A C
    G
    aa1
    aa2
    A U
    A
    peptide bond
    3-tRNA
    G A A
    aa3
    Ribosomes move over one codon
    (leaves)
    mRNA
    A U G C U A C U U C G
    2-tRNA
    G
    aa1
    aa2
    A U
    A
    peptide bonds
    3-tRNA
    G A A
    aa3
    4-tRNA
    G C U
    aa4
    A C U
    mRNA
    A U G C U A C U U C G
    2-tRNA
    G
    aa1
    aa2
    A U
    A
    peptide bonds
    3-tRNA
    G A A
    aa3
    4-tRNA
    G C U
    aa4
    A C U
    (leaves)
    Ribosomes move over one codon
    mRNA
    G C U A C U U C G
    aa1
    aa2
    A
    peptide bonds
    3-tRNA
    G A A
    aa3
    4-tRNA
    G C U
    aa4
    A C U
    U G A
    5-tRNA
    aa5
    mRNA
    G C U A C U U C G
    aa1
    aa2
    A
    peptide bonds
    3-tRNA
    G A A
    aa3
    4-tRNA
    G C U
    aa4
    A C U
    U G A
    5-tRNA
    aa5
    Ribosomes move over one codon
    mRNA
    A C A U G U
    aa1
    aa2
    U
    primary
    structure
    of a protein
    aa3
    200-tRNA
    aa4
    U A G
    aa5
    C U
    aa200
    aa199
    terminator
    or stop
    codon
    Termination
    End Product
    The end products of protein synthesis is
    a primary structure of a protein.

    A sequence of amino acid bonded
    together by peptide bonds.
    aa1
    aa2
    aa3
    aa4
    aa5
    aa200
    aa199
    Question:
    The anticodon UAC belongs to a tRNA that
    recognizes and binds to a particular amino
    acid.

    What would be the DNA base code for this
    amino acid?
    Answer:
    tRNA - UAC (anticodon)
    mRNA - AUG (codon)
    DNA - TAC

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