Logic
Logic
Logic
Eduction
3. Contraposition
4. Inversion
Conversion
Kinds of Conversion
a. Simple Conversion
b. Partial Conversion
Note:
Convertend
Converse
Conversion
Simple Conversion
Partial Conversion
No cat is a dog.
No dog is a cat.
- I to I
- E to O
Exercise:
1. Every A is a B.
2. No A is a B.
3. Some A is a B.
4. Some A is not a B.
5. Some dogs are very fierce
animals.
6. Giraffes are animals with long
necks.
Some B is an A.
No B is an A.
Some B is an A.
No converse
Some very fierce animals are dogs.
Some animals with long necks are
giraffes
No converse
No converse.
Obversion
Note:
Obvertend
Obverse
Obversion
- E to A
No cat is a dog to
- O to I
Exercise:
1. Every A is a B.
No A is a non-B.
2. No A is a B.
Every A is a non-B.
3. Some A is a B.
4. Some A is not a B.
Some A is a non-B
5. Wood is inflammable.
Wood is non-magnetic.
8. He is ineligible.
He is not eligible.
Contraposition
Kinds of Contraposition
a. Partial Contraposition
b. Complete Contraposition
Note:
Contraponend
Contraposit
Contraposition
- E to I
- O to I
- I no partial contraposit
- E to O
- O to O
- I no complete contraposit
Example
Partial Contraposition:
(Contraponend) Every dog is an animal,
Obvert:
No dog is a non-animal
Convert:
No non-animal is a dog
(Contraposit)
Complete Contraposition:
(Contraponend) Every man is mortal,
Obvert:
Convert:
Obvert:
No man is non-mortal,
No non-mortal is man,
Every non-mortal is a non-man
(Contraposit)
Exercise:
1. Every A is a B.
2. No A is a B.
3. Some A is a B.
4. Some A is not a B.
5. All voters are citizens.
6. No aliens are voters.
7. Some blackboards are green.
8. No atheist are Christian.
9. All belonging to the class will
go to the museum.
10. Some Asiatics are not
favorably disposed towards
Americans.
1. If dogs are animals, no non-animals are dogs and all non-animals are
non-dogs.
2. Some animals are dogs; therefore some dogs are not animals; hence,
too, some non-dogs are non-animals.
3. Whatever is fungus is a plant; hence whatever is not a plant is not a
fungus. In other words, non-plants are non-fungi; that is nothing but
plants are fungi.
4. Whatever is inseparable from a thing is found wherever the thing is
found; hence, what is not found wherever a thing is found is not
inseparable from the thing.
5. Since all ruminants are cloven-hoofed, as soon as we see that an
animal is not cloven-hoofed, we see that it is not a ruminant.
6. A good definition is convertible with the term defined; hence, what
is not convertible with the term defined cannot be a good definition.
Inversion
Kinds of Inversion
a. Partial Inversion
b. Complete Inversion
Note:
Invertend
Inverse
Inversion
1. Convert
2. Obvert
3. Convert
4. Obvert
Symbols and their Complete Inversion (Only A & E can be Inverted)
- A to I
- E to O
Example
Partial Inversion:
(Invertend)
Obvert:
Convert:
Obvert:
Convert:
Obvert:
Complete Inversion:
(Invertend)
No cat is a dog,
Convert:
Obvert:
Convert:
Obvert:
No dog is a cat,
Every dog is a non-cat,
Some non- cat is a dog,
Some non-cat is not a non-dog. (Inverse)
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