PLC Basic

2.3.
1 PLCs: Definition and Market
2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3 Programmable Logic Controllers
2.3.1 PLCs: Definition and Market
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
2.3.3 PLCs: Functions and construction
2.3.4 Continuous and Discrete Control
2.3.5 PLC Programming Languages
2.3.5.1 IEC 61131 Languages
2.3.5.2 Function blocks
2.3.5.3 Program Execution
2.3.5.4 Input / Output
2.3.5.5 Structured Text
2.3.5.6 Sequential Function Charts
2.3.5.7 Ladder Logic
2.3.5.8 Instruction Lists
2.3.5.9 Programming environment
Industrial Automation
2013
Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 1
PLC = Programmable Logic Controller: Definition

AP = Automates Programmables industriels
SPS=SpeicherprogrammierbareSteuerungen
Definition:
small computers, dedicated to automation tasks in an industrial environment"
Formerly:
cabled relay control (hence 'logic'), analog (pneumatic, hydraulic) governors
Today:
real-time (embedded) computer with extensive input/output
Function:
Measure, Control, Protect
Distinguish
Instrumentation
flow meter, temperature, position,. but also actors (pump, )
Control
programmable logic controllers with digital peripherals & field bus
Visualization
Human Machine Interface (HMI) in PLCs (when it exists) is limited
to service help and control of operator displays
2013
Simple PLC
network
digital inputs
analog inputs / outputs

digital outputs
2013
PLC in a cabinet
CPU1
redundant field
bus connection
2013
CPU2
serial connections
inputs/outputs
example: turbine control (in the test lab)
2013
PLC: functions
(Messen, Schtzen, Regeln = MSR)

PLC = PMC: Protection, Measurement and Control
Measure
Control (Command and Regulation)
Protection
Event Logging
Communication
Human interface
2013
PLC: Characteristics
large number of peripherals: 20..100 I/O per CPU, high density of wiring, easy assembly.
digital and analog Input/Output with standard levels
operate under harsh conditions, require robust construction, protection against dirt,
water and mechanical threats, electro-magnetic noise, vibration, extreme temperature
range (-30C..85C), sometimes directly located in the field.
programming: either very primitive with hand-help terminals on the target machine
itself, or with a laptop
network connection for programming on workstations and connection to SCADA
field bus connection for remote I/Os
primitive Human-Machine-Interface for maintenance, either through LCD-display or
connection of a laptop over serial lines (RS232) or wireless.
economical - 1000.- .. 15'000.- for a full crate.
the value is in the application software (licenses 20'000 ..50'000)
2013
PLC: Location in the control architecture
Enterprise Network
Engineer
station
Operator
station
Supervisor
Station
gateway
direct I/O
2013
Field Stations
COM 2
CPU
I/O
gateway
COM
COM
CPU
I/O
I/O
COM
I/O
COM
CPU
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
CPU
PLC
Field Bus
FB
gateway
small PLC
data concentrators,
not programmable,
but configurable
COM1
I/O
I/O
Control Station
with Field Bus
Field Bus
COM
directly connected
I/O
I/O
I/O
PLC
COM 2
CPU
COM1
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
COM1
large
PLCs
CPU
Control Bus
(e.g. Ethernet)
Field Devices
Sensor Bus (e.g. ASI)
Why 24V / 48 V supply ?
Aftertheplantlost
electricpower,operators
couldreadinstrumentsonly
bypluggingintemporary
batteries
[IEEESpectrumNov2011
aboutFukushima]
Photo TEPCO
2013
Global players
Total sales in 2004: 7000 Mio

Source: ARC Research, 2005-10
2013
2.3.3 PLCs: Kinds
2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
2013
Kinds of PLC
(1)
Compact
Monolithic construction
Monoprocessor
Fieldbus connection
(2)
Modular PLC
Modular construction (backplane)
One- or multiprocessor system
Fieldbus and LAN connection
Small Micro Memory Card (MMC) function possible
(3)
Soft-PLC
Windows NT or CE-based automation products
Direct use of CPU or co-processors
2013
Compact PLC
courtesy ABB
courtesy ABB
courtesy ABB
Monolithic (one-piece) construction

Fixed casing
Fixed number of I/O (most of them binary)
No process computer capabilities (no MMC)
Can be extended and networked by an extension (field) bus
Sometimes LAN connection (Ethernet, Arcnet)
Monoprocessor
Typical product: Mitsubishi MELSEC F, ABB AC31, SIMATIC S7
costs: 2000
2013
Specific Controller (example: Turbine)

tailored for a specific application, produced in large series
Programming port
Relays and fuses
Thermocouple
inputs
binary I/Os,
CAN field bus
RS232 to HMI
courtesy Turbec
cost: 1000.-
2013
Modular PLC
tailored to the needs of an application
development
environment
RS232
housed in a 19" (42 cm) rack

(height 6U ( = 233 mm) or 3U (=100mm)
high processing power (several CPUs)
LAN
large choice of I/O boards
backplane
parallel bus
concentration of a large number of I/O
courtesy ABB
interface boards to field busses
fieldbus
requires marshalling of signals
Power Supply
primitive or no HMI
cost effective if the rack can be filled
CPU CPU
Analog I/O
Binary I/O
fieldbus
supply 115-230V~ , 24V= or 48V= (redundant)

cost ~ 10000 for a filled crate
Typical products: SIMATIC S5-115, Hitachi H-Serie, ABB AC110
2013
Small modular PLC
courtesy ABB
courtesy Backmann
mounted on DIN-rail, 24V supply

cheaper (5000)
not water-proof,
no ventilator
extensible by a parallel bus (flat cable or rail)
2013
Specific controller (railways)
data bus
three PLCs networked by a data bus.

special construction: no fans, large temperature range, vibrations
2013
Compact or modular ?
field bus
extension
compact PLC
(fixed number of I/Os)
modular PLC (variable number of I/Os
Limit of local I/O
# I/O modules
2013
Industry- PC
courtesy INOVA
courtesy MPI
Wintel architecture
(but also: Motorola, PowerPC),
HMI (LCD..)
Limited modularity through mezzanine boards
(PC104, PC-Cards, IndustryPack)
Backplane-mounted versions with PCI or Compact-PCI
2013
Competes with modular PLC

no local I/O,
fieldbus connection instead,
costs: 2000.-
Soft-PLC (PC as PLC)
23
4
3
3
12
2
PC as engineering workstation
PC as human interface (Visual Basic, Intellution, Wonderware)
PC as real-time processor
PC assisted by a Co-Processor (ISA- or PC104 board)
PC as field bus gateway to a distributed I/O system
I/O modules
2013
Protection devices
substation
measurement
transformers
communication to operator
Ir
Is
It
Ur
Us
UT
Human interface
for status
and
settings
Programming
interface
trip relay
Protection devices are highly specialized PLCs that measure the current and voltages in an electrical
substation, along with other statuses (position of the switches,) to detect situations that could
endanger the equipment (over-current, short circuit, overheat) and trigger the circuit breaker (trip) to
protect the substation.
In addition, they record disturbances and send the reports to the substations SCADA.
Sampling: 4.8 kHz, reaction time: < 5 ms.
costs: 5000
2013
Comparison Criteria what matters

Brand
Siemens
Hitachi
Number of Points
Memory
1024
10 KB
640
16 KB
Programming Language
Ladder logic
Instructions
Logic symbols
Hand-terminal
Ladder Logic
Instructions
Logic symbols
Basic
Hand-terminal
Programming Tools
Download
Graphical (on PC)

no
Graphical (on PC)

yes
Real estate per 250 I/O
2678 cm2
1000 cm2
Label surface
per line/point
5.3 mm2
7 characters
6 mm2
6 characters
Network
10 Mbit/s
19.2 kbit/s
Mounting
DIN rail
cabinet
2013
2.3.3 PLCs: Function and construction
2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
2013
Implementation
PLC operates periodically

Samples signals from sensors and converts them to digital form
with A/D converter
Computes control signal and converts it to analog form for the
actuators.
1. Wait for clock interrupt
2. Read input from sensor
3. Compute control signal
4. Send output to the actuator
5. Update controller variables
6. Repeat
Waiwera Organic Winery, Distillation Plant
2013
General PLC architecture

RS 232
CPU
Real-Time
Clock
ROM
flash
EPROM
serial port
controller
Ethernet
ethernet
controller
extension
bus
parallel bus
fieldbus
controller
buffers
analogdigital
converters
digitalanalog
converters
Digital Output
Digital
Input
signal
conditioning
power
amplifiers
relays
signal
conditioning
external
I/Os
direct Inputs and Outputs
field bus
2013
The signal chain within a PLC

y(i)
time
analog
variable
(e.g. 4..20mA)
time
filtering
&
scaling
sampling
analogdigital
converter
1
binary
variable
y(i)
filtering
011011001111
processing
sampling
(e.g. 0..24V)
0001111
counter
time
digitalanalog
converter
amplifier
analog
variable
e.g. -10V..10V
transistor
or
relay
binary
variable
non-volatile
memory
time
2013
Internals of a protection device
2013
Signal flow in an IED
2013
2.3.4 Continuous and discrete control
2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
2013
Matching the analog and binary world
discrete control
2013
analog regulation
PLC evolution
Binary World
Relay control, pneumatic
sequencer
Analog World
Pneumatic and electromechanical
controllers
I1
A
B
C
P1
P2
combinatorial
sequential
discrete processes
Regulation, controllers
continuous processes
Programmable Logic Controllers

(Speicherprogrammierbare Steuerungen, Automates Programmables)
2013
Continuous Plant (reminder)

Example: traction motors, ovens, pressure vessel,...
The state of continuous plants is described by continuous (analog) state
variables like temperature, voltage, speed, etc.
There exist a fixed relationship between input and output,described by a continuous model in
form of a transfer function F.
This transfer function can be expressed by a set of differential equations.
If equations are linear, the transfer function may expressed as Laplace or Z-transform.
y
x
(1+Ts)
F(s) =
(1+T1s + T2 s2)
time
Continuous plants are normally reversible and monotone.

This is the condition to allow their regulation.
The time constant of the control system must be at least one order of
magnitude smaller than the smallest time constant of the plant.
Main task of the control system is regulation.

2013
Discrete Plant (reminder)

b
init
Examples: Elevators,
traffic signaling,
warehouses, etc.
a
1
c+d
3
c + d
4
e
The plant is described by variables which take well-defined, non-overlapping values.

The transition from one state to another is abrupt, it is caused by an external event.
Discrete plants are normally reversible, but not monotone, i.e. negating the
event which caused a transition will not revert the plant to the previous state.
Example: an elevator doesn't return to the previous floor when the button is released.
Discrete plants are described e.g. by finite state machines or Petri nets.
Main task of the control system is sequential control.

2013
Continuous and Discrete Control (comparison)

"sequential"
"combinatorial"1)
e.g. ladder logic, CMOS logic
A
e.g. GRAFCET, Petri Nets
Out = A B
A
NOT C
ladder
logic
B
Out = (A + B) C
I1
analog
building
blocs
P1
P2
1) not really combinatorial: blocs may have memory

2013
2.3.5 Programming languages
2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
2.3.5 Programming languages
2013
The long march to IEC 61131
PLC industry needs aggreement on

Data types (operations may only be executed on appropriate types)
Programming languages
Software structure (program organization units for modularity, encapsulation)
Discrete event system handling
Execution
NEMA Programmable Controllers Committee formed (USA)
GRAFCET (France)
DIN 40719, Function Charts (Germany)
NEMA ICS-3-304, Programmable Controllers (USA)
IEC SC65A/WG6 formed
DIN 19 239, Programmable Controller (Germany)
IEC 65A(Sec)38, Programmable Controllers
MIL-STD-1815 Ada (USA)
IEC SC65A(Sec)49, PC Languages
IEC SC65A(Sec)67
IEC 848, Function Charts
IEC 64A(Sec)90
IEC 1131-3
it took 20 years to make that standard
Type 3 report
recommendation
IEC 61131-3
name change
70
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
Source: Dr. J. Christensen

2013
"Real-Time" languages
Extend procedural languages to

express time
Languages developed for cyclic

execution and real-time
("application-oriented languages")
(introduce programming constructs to

influence scheduling and control flow)
ADA
ladder logic
Real-Time Java
function block language
MARS (TU Wien)
instruction lists
Forth
GRAFCET
C with real-time features
SDL
etc
could not impose themselves
2013
etc...
wide-spread in the control industry.
Now standardized as IEC 61131
The five IEC 61131-3 Programming languages

graphical languages
Function Block Diagram (FBD)

CALC1
PUMP
CALC
AUTO
>=1
IN1 OUT
DO
Sequential Flow Chart (SFC)
START STEP
T1
MAN_ON
STEP A
IN2
ACT
T2
STEP B
Ladder Diagram (LD)
ACT
CALC
IN1 OUT
OUT
ACTION D1
D1_READY
ACTION D2
D2_READY
ACTION D3
D3_READY
ACTION D4
D4_READY
PUMP
IN2
MAN_ON
Instruction List (IL)

A: LD
%IX1 (* PUSH BUTTON *)
ANDN %MX5 (* NOT INHIBITED *)
ST
%QX2 (* FAN ON *)
2013
T3
CALC1
AUTO
http://www.isagraf.com
textual languages
Structured Text (ST)
VAR CONSTANT X : REAL := 53.8 ;

Z : REAL; END_VAR
VAR aFB, bFB : FB_type; END_VAR
bFB(A:=1, B:=OK);
Z := X - INT_TO_REAL (bFB.OUT1);
IF Z>57.0 THEN aFB(A:=0, B:=ERR);
ELSE aFB(A:=1, B:=Z is OK);
END_IF
Importance of IEC 61131
IEC 61131-3 is the most important automation language in industry.

80% of all PLCs support it, all new developments are based on it.
Depending on the country, some languages are more popular than others.
More information:
http://www.plcopen.org/pages/tc1_standards/downloads/plcopen_iec61131-3_feb2014
.pptx
http://www.plcopen.org/pages/pc2_training/downloads/index.htm
2013
2.3.5.2 Input and Output
2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
2.3.5.2 Input & Output
2013
Connecting to Input/Output, Method 1: dedicated I/O blocks
The Inputs and Outputs of the PLC must be connected to (typed) variables
IN_1
OUT_1
The I/O blocks are configured to be attached to the

corresponding I/O groups.
2013
Connecting to Input / Output, Method 2: Variables configuration

All program variables must be declared with name and type, initial value and volatility.
A variable may be connected to an input or an output, giving it an I/O address.
Several properties can be set: default value, fall-back value, store at power fail,
These variables may not be connected as input, resp. output to a function block.
predefined addresses
2013
2.4.2.3 Function Blocks Language
2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
2.3.5.1
IEC 61131 Languages
2.3.5.2
Input / Output
2.3.5.3
Function blocks language
2.3.5.4
Program Execution
2.3.5.5
Structured Text
2.3.5.6
Sequential Function Charts
2.3.5.7
Ladder Logic
2.3.5.8
Instruction Lists
2.3.5.9
Programming environment
2013
Function Block Languages
(Funktionsblocksprache, langage de blocs de fonctions)

(Also called "Function Chart" or "Function Plan" - FuPla)
The function block languages express "combinatorial"

programs in a way similar to electronic circuits.
They draw on a large variety of predefined and custom functions
This language is similar to the Matlab / Simulink language
used for simulations
2013
Function Block Examples

Example 1:
A
B
Example 2:
&
external outputs
external inputs
Trigger
Running
Reset
Tempo
&
S Q
Spin
Graphical programming language, similar to electrical and block

diagrams. Mostly expresses combinatorial logic, but blocks may have
memory (e.g. RS-flip-flops)
2013
Function Block Elements

Function block
input signals
Example
set point
measurement
parameters
PID
output signals
command
overflow
"continuously"
executing block,
independent,
no side effects
The block is defined by its:

Data flow interface (number and type of input/output signals)
Black-Box-Behavior (functional semantic, e.g. in textual form).
Signals
Typed connections that carry a pseudo-continuous data flow.

Connects the function blocks.
set point
Example
2013
(set point)
(set point)
Function Block Example
2013
Function Block Rules

There exist exactly two rules for connecting function blocks by signals
(this is the actual programming):
Each signal is connected to exactly one source.
This source can be the output of a function block or a plant signal.
The type of the output pin, the type of the input pin and the signal type
must be identical.
The function plan should be drawn so the signals flow from left
to right and from top to bottom. Some editors impose additional rules.
Retroactions are an exception to this rule. In this case, the signal direction is
identified by an arrow (forbidden in some editors use global variables instead).
a
b
x
z
2013
Types of Programming Organisation Units (POUs)
1) Functions
- are part of the base library.
- have no memory.
Examples: and gate, adder, multiplier, selector,....
2) Elementary Function Blocks (EFB)
- are part of the base library
- have a memory ("static" data).
- may access global variables (side-effects !)
Examples: counter, filter, integrator,.....
3) Programs (Compound blocks)
- user-defined or application-specific blocks
- may have a memory
- may be configurable (control flow not visible in the FBD
Examples: PID controller, Overcurrent protection, Motor sequence
(a library of compound blocks may be found in IEC 61804-1)
2013
Function Block library
The programmer chooses the blocks in a block library, similarly to the

hardware engineer who chooses integrated circuits in a catalogue.
The library describes the pinning of each block, its semantics and the
execution time.
The programmer may extend the library by defining function block macros
composed of library elements.
If some blocks are used often, they will be programmed in an external
language (e.g. C, micro-code) following strict rules.
2013
Library functions for discrete plants

Basic blocks
logical combinations (AND, OR, NOT, EXOR)
Flip-flop
Selector m-out-of-n
Multiplexer m-to-n
Timer
Counter
Memory
Sequencing
Compound blocks
Display
Manual input, touch-screen
Safety blocks (interlocking)
Alarm signaling
Logging
2013
Analog function blocks for continuous control

Basic blocks
Summator / Subtractor
Multiplier / Divider
Integrator / Differentiator
Filter
Minimal value, Maximum value
Radix
Function generator
Regulation Functions
P, PI, PID, PDT2 controller
Fixed set-point
Ratio and multi-component regulation
Parameter variation / setting
2-point regulation
3-point regulation
Output value limitation
Ramp generator
Adaptive regulation
Drive Control
2013
Function Block library for specialized applications
MoveAbsolute
AXIS_REF
BOOL
REAL
REAL
REAL
REAL
REAL
MC_Direction
Axis
Execute
Position
Velocity
Acceleration
Deceleration
Jerk
Direction
Axis
Done
CommandAborted
Error
ErrorID
AXIS_REF
BOOL
BOOL
BOOL
WORD
standardized blocks are defined in libraries, e.g. Motion Control or Robotics
2013
IEC 61131-3 library (extract)

binary elements
AND
or
XOR
S
R1
GT
and
OR
S1
R
analog elements
exclusive-or
SR
Q
RS
Q
R_TRIG
S
Q
flip-flop
dominant set
Q:=S1|(Q&!R)
flip-flop
dominant
reset
Q:=!R1&(Q|S)
positive
edge
TP/TON/TOF
IN
Q
PT
ET
bool
CTU
CU
RESET Q
CV
PV
bool
int
SEL
MUX
GE greater equal
GT greater than
LT less than
LE less equal
IN pos.edge: start
PT duration of delay
Q TP: 1, while PT
TON: 1, at PT
TOF: 0, at PT
ET actual delay
Up counter
(CTD counter down)
selector
(1:2)
multiplexer
(1:N)
ADD
adder
SUB
subtractor
MUL
multiplier
DIV
divider
INT
Reset
PV
In
integrator
(if reset) { Out := PV,

else Out:= t *In + Out}
More details: http://www.zpss.aei.polsl.pl/content/dydaktyka/PC/PLC_IEC61131-3.pdf

2013
Exercise: What do the following blocks do ?

1.
2.
In
ADD
(e.g.10)
In1
INT
Reset = 0
PV
In
(e.g. 1024)
Out
In2
(initially 2)
DIV
(initially 2)
If (Reset) :
else:
3.
4.
t1
CTU
CU
RESET Q
CV
PV
t2
t3 t4 t5 t6
Out (initially 0)
Out := PV,
Out := t *In + Out
t7
t8
CU
Reset = 0, PV = 3, CV = #up Q = (CV >= PV) ?
Flipflop: dominant set or reset?
SR
S1
R
S
R1
RS
Q
dominant set
Q:=S1|(Q&!R)
dominant
reset
Q:=!R1&(Q|S)
http://tinyurl.com/IAFunctionBlock
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1ynmoXf3JTcRn2yv2_4bKhcK0HJNDYpiTnQQm13lDSso/viewform
2013
ftp://advantechdownloads.com/Traini
ng/KW%20training/
Exercise: Which Behavior belongs to which Timer?

5.
TP/TON/TOF
IN
Q
PT
ET
IN: pos.edge: start

PT: duration of delay, ET actual delay
Q : Timer Pulse: 1, while PT
Timer ON delay: 1, at PT
(stay up for PT time)
(go up PT later than IN)
IN)
Timer OFF delay: 0, at PT

(go down PT later than
b)
a)
c)
ftp://advantechdownloads.com/
Training/KW%20training/
2013
Exercise: What do the following blocks do ?

1.
2.
2, 12, 22, 32, 42
If out is initially 0:
0, 0, 0, 0, 0
If out is initially 1024: 1024, 1536, 2304,
3456, 5184
3.
CV = 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4
Q = 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1
4.
S1
R
SR
Q
dominant set
Q:=S1|(Q&!R)
Q
https://
docs.google.com/forms/d/1ynmoXf3JTcRn2yv2_4b
KhcK0HJNDYpiTnQQm13lDSso/viewform
2013
ftp://advantechdownloads.com/Traini
ng/KW%20training/
Exercise: Which Behavior belongs to which Timer?

5.
TP/TON/TOF
IN
Q
PT
ET
IN: pos.edge: start

PT: duration of delay, ET actual delay
Q : Timer Pulse: 1, while PT
Timer ON delay: 1, at PT
(stay up for PT time)
(go up PT later than IN)
IN)
Timer OFF delay: 0, at PT

(go down PT later than
b)
Timer OFF delay
a)
Timer ON delay
c)
Pulse
ftp://advantechdownloads.com/
Training/KW%20training/
2013
Exercise: Asymmetric Sawtooth Wave
Build an asymmetric sawtooth wave generator with

the IEC 61131 elements of Slide 51
5s
12s
75
0
-25
2013
Exercise: Saw-tooth FBD
75.0
-25.0
+ 8.3
-20.0
2013
Specifying the behaviour of Function Block

Time Diagram:
0
x
y
T
Truth Table:
Mathematical Formula:
Textual Description:
2013
x1
x2
x1
x2
previous state
dx
Kpx Kd
Ki xd
dt
0
Calculates the root mean square of the input with a filtering constant
defined in parameter FilterDelay
Function Block specification in Structured Text
2013
Function Block decomposition

A function block describes a data flow interface.
Its body can be implemented differently:
Elementary block
The body is implemented in an external language
(micro-code, assembler, IEC 61131 ST):
=
Compound block
procedure xy (a,b:BOOLEAN; VAR b,c: BOOLEAN);

begin
......
....
end xy;
The body is realized as a function block program

.
Each input (output) pin of the interface is implemented as
exactly one input (output) of the function block.
All signals must appear at the interface to guarantee
freedom from side effects.
=
2013
Function Block segmentation

An application program (task) is decomposed into segments ("Programs")
for easier reading, each segment being represented on one (A4) printed page.
Within a segment, the connections are represented graphically
.
Between the segments, the connections are expressed by signal names
.
Segment A
X1
M2
M1
Y1
Segment B
X2
Y2
M1
X3
2013
M2
2.3.5.3 Program execution
2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
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Execution of Function Blocks

Segment or POU
(program organization unit)
A
B
C
F1
F3
Machine Code:
The function blocks are
translated to machine language
(intermediate code, IL),
that is either interpreted or
compiled to assembly language
Blocks are executed in sequence,
normally from upper left to lower right
The sequence is repeated every t ms.
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X01
F2
X02
function
input1
input2
output
F4
Y
F1
A
B
X01
F2
X01
X
F3
B
C
X02
F4
X
X02
Y
Input-Output of Function Blocks

Run-time:
read
inputs
I
write
outputs
X
execute
individual period
O
time
The function blocks are executed cyclically.

all inputs are read from memory or from the plant (possibly cached)
the segment is executed
the results are written into memory or to the plant (possibly to a cache)
The order of execution of the blocks generally does not matter.
To speed up algorithms and avoid cascading, it is helpful to impose an
execution order to the blocks.
The different segments may be assigned a different individual period.
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Program configuration
The programmer divides the program into tasks (sometimes called

pages or segments), which may be executed each with a different
period.
The programmer assigns each task (each page) an execution
period. Since the execution time of each block in a task is fixed, the
execution time is fixed.
Event-driven operations are encapsulated into blocks, e.g. for
transmitting messages.
If the execution time of these operations take more than one period,
they are executed in background.
The periodic execution always has the highest priority.
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IEC 61131 - Execution engine

configuration
resource
resource
task
task
program
program
FB
task
task
program
program
FB
FB
global and directly
FB
represented variables
access paths
communication function
Legend:
FB
execution control path

variable access paths
function block
variable
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Parallel execution
Function blocks are particularly well suited for true multiprocessing (parallel processors).
The performance limit is given by the needed exchange of signals by shared memory.
Semaphores are not used since they could block an execution and make the concerned
processes non-deterministic.
processor
1
processor
2
processor
3
input/
output
shared
memory
shared
memory
shared
memory
shared
memory
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2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
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Structured Text
(StrukturierteTextsprache,langagelittralstructur)
Structured Text is a language similar to Pascal (If, While, etc..)

The variables defined in ST can be used in other languages.
It is used to do complex data manipulation and write blocks
Caution: writing programs in structured text can breach the real-time rules !
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61131 Elementary Data Types

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Keyword
BOOL
SINT
INT
DINT
LINT
USINT
UINT
UDINT
ULINT
REAL
LREAL
TIME
DATE
TIME_OF_DAY or TOD
DATE_AND_TIME or DT
STRING
BYTE
WORD
DWORD
LWORD
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Data Type
Bits
Boolean
Short integer
Integer
Double integer
Long integer
Unsigned short integer
Unsigned integer
Unsigned double integer
Unsigned long integer
Real numbers
Long reals
Duration
Date (only)
Time of day (only)
Date and time of day
Character string
Bit string of length 8
variable length double-byte string
1
8
16
32
64
8
16
32
64
32
64
variable
variable
variable
variable
variable
8
16
32
64
Data Types
Function Blocks are typed: the types of connection, input and output must match.
Elementary Types are defined either in Structured Text or in the FB configuration.
analog types:
binary types:
BOOL
BYTE
WORD
DWORD
1
8
16
32
REAL
LREAL
(Real32)
(Real64)
Derived Types are user-defined and must be declared in Structured Text

subrange,
enumerated,
arrays,
structured types
(e.g. AntivalentBoolean2)
Variables can receive initial values and be declared as non-volatile (RETAIN), so
after restart they contain the last value before power-down or reset.
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Example of Derived Types
TYPE
ANALOG_CHANNEL_CONFIGURATION
STRUCT
RANGE: ANALOG_SIGNAL_RANGE;
MIN_SCALE : ANALOG_DATA ;
MAX_SCALE : ANALOG_DATA ;
END_STRUCT;
ANALOG_16_INPUT_CONFIGURATION :
STRUCT
SIGNAL_TYPE : ANALOG_SIGNAL_TYPE;
FILTER_CHARACTERISTIC : SINT (0.99)
CHANNEL: ARRAY [1..16] OF ANALOG_CHANNEL_CONFIGURATION;
END_STRUCT ;
END_TYPE
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2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
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SFC (Sequential Flow Chart)

(Ablaufdiagramme,diagrammesdefluxensquence)
START STEP
T1
STEP A
STEP B
ACTION D1
D1_READY
ACTION D2
D2_READY
T2
SFC describes sequences of operations and interactions between parallel processes.

It is derived from the languages Grafcet and SDL (Specification and Description
Language, used for communication protocols), mathematical foundation lies in Petri Nets.
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SFC: Elements
S0
event condition
("1" = always true)
"1"
transitions
Sa
states
token
Ea
example transition condition

Ec = ((varX & varY) | varZ)
Sb
Eb
Sc
The sequential program consists of states connected by transitions.

A state is activated by the presence of a token (the corresponding variable becomes TRUE).
The token leaves the state when the transition condition (event) on the state output is true.
Only one transition takes place at a time, the execution period is a configuration parameter
(task to which this program is attached)
Rule: there is always a transition between two states,

there is always a state between two transitions
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SFC: Initial state
State which come into existence with a token are called initial states.
All initial states receive exactly one token, the other states receive none.
Initialization takes place explicitly at start-up.

In some systems, initialization may be triggered in a user program
(initialization pin in a function block).
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SFC: Switch and parallel execution

E0
"1"
token switch : the token crosses the first active
Sa
transition (at random if both Ea and Eb are true)

Note: transitions are after the alternance
Ea
Eb
Sc
Ec
Sb
Sd
Ed
Se
token forking : when the transition Ee is true, the token

is replicated to all connected states
Ee
Note: transition is before the fork
token join : when all connected states have tokens

and transition Eg is true, one single token is forwarded.
Note: transition is after the join
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Ef
Sg
Sf
Eg
SFC: P1, N and P0 actions
State1
P1 State1_P1: do at enter
N
State1_N: do while
P0 State1_P0: do at leaving
P1 (pulse raise) action is executed once when the state is entered

P0 (pulse fall) action is executed once when the state is left
N (non-stored) action is executed continuously while the token is in the state
P1 and P0 actions could be replaced by additional states.
The actions are described by a code block written e.g. in Structured Text.
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Special action: the timer
rather than define a P0 action reset timer., there is an implicit variable defined as
<state name>.t that express the time spent in that state.
S
S.t > t#5s
Sf
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SFC: graphic rules

The input and output flow of a state are always in the same vertical line (simplifies structure)
Alternative paths are drawn such that no path is placed in the vertical flow
(otherwise would mean this is a preferential path)
intentional displacement to
avoid optical preference of a
path.
Priority:
The alternative path most to the left has the

highest priority, priority decreases towards the right.
Loop: exit has a higher priority than loopback.
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SFC: Exercise
Variables
Input:
I0, I1, I2, I3;
Output:
Trap = {0: closed; 1: open}
Speed = {+20: +1 m/s; +1: +5 cm/s; 0: 0m/s}
Register = {0: closed; 1: open}
negative values: opposite direction
trap
I0
Register = {0: closed; 1: open}
+speed
I1
I2
I3
Inputs generate 1 as long

as the tag of the vehicle
(1cm) is over the sensor.
initially: move vehicle at reduced speed until it touches I0 and open the trap for 5s
(empty the vehicle). Speed = 5 cm/s between I0 and I1 or between I2 and I3,
speed = 1 m/s between I1 and I2.
1 - Let the vehicle move from I0 to I3
2 - Stop the vehicle when it reaches I3.
3 - Open the tank during 5s.
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4 - Go back to I0
5 - Open the trap and wait 5s.
repeat above steps indefinitely
Exercise: Wagon SFC
Right2Left
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SFC: Structuring
Every flow chart without a token generator may be redrawn as a
structured flow chart (by possibly duplicating program parts)
Not structured
structured
A
a
b
d
B'
A'
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SFC: Complex structures

These general rules serve to build networks, termed by DIN and IEC as flow charts
Problems with general networks:

Deadlocks, uncontrolled
token multiplication
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Solution:
assistance through the flow chart editor.
Function Blocks And Flow Chart
Function Blocks:
Continuous (time) control
Sequential Flow Charts:

Discrete (time) Control
Many PLC applications mix continuous and discrete control.

A PLC may execute alternatively function blocks and flow charts.
Communication between these program parts must be possible.
Principle:
A flow chart taken as a whole can be considered a function
block with binary inputs (transitions) and binary outputs (states).
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Executing Flow Charts As blocks

A function block may be implemented in three different ways:
procedure
xy(...);
begin
...
endxy;
extern (ST)
function blocks
flow chart
Function blocks and flow chart communicate over binary signals.
2013
Flow Charts or Function Blocs ?
A task can sometimes be written indifferently as function blocs or as flow chart.

The application may decide which representation is more appropriate:
Flow Chart
Function Block
a
"1"
S
R
c
NOT
b
d
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Flow Charts Or Blocks ? (2)
Flow Chart
init
"1"
a
b
Function Blocks
S
R
&
B
C
S
R
B
&
b
S
R
C
&
In this example, flow chart seems to be more appropriate:
2013
2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
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Ladder logic (1)

(Kontaktplansprache,langagecontacts)
Ladder logic is the oldest programming language for PLC

- based on relay intuition of electricians.
- widely in use outside Europe.
- not recommended for new projects.
Input instructions (conditions)
Output (actions)
Rung 0
Rung 1
Rung 2
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Ladder Logic (2)
origin:
electrical
circuit
make contact
(contact travail)
01
02
relay coil
(bobine)
03
50
break contact
(contact repos)
02
01
corresponding
ladder diagram
50
03
50
05
44
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rung
"coil" 50 is used to move

other contact(s)
Ladder logic (3)
The contact plan or "ladder logic" language allows an easy transition from the
traditional relay logic diagrams to the programming of binary functions.
It is well suited to express combinational logic
It is not suited for process control programming (there are no analog elements).
The main ladder logic symbols represent the elements:
make contact
contact travail Arbeitskontakt
break contact
contact repos Ruhekontakt
relay coil
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bobine
Spule
Ladder logic (4)

Binary combinations are expressed by series and parallel relay contact:
ladder logic representation
Series
01
logic" equivalent
01
02
50
02
50
Coil 50 is active (current flows) when 01 is active and 02 is not.

Parallel
01
40
02
01
02
40
Coil 40 is active (current flows) when 01 is active or 02 is not.
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Ladder logic (5)

The ladder logic is more intuitive for complex binary expressions than literal languages
1
textual expression
! 1 & 2 & ( 3 & ! 4 | ! 5 & 6 ) = 50
50
Or
N1 & 2 STR 3 & N4 STR N5 & 6
/ STR & STR = 50
0
2
1
3
10
4
6
11
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5
7
12
50
N0 & 1 STR 2 & 3 / STR STR 4

& 5 STR N 6 & 7
/ STR & STR STR 10
& 11 / STR & 12 = 50
Ladder logic (6)

Ladder logic stems from the time of the relay technology.
As PLCs replaced relays, their new possibilities could not be expressed any more
in relay terms.
The contact plan language was extended to express functions:
00
01
FUN 02
200
literal expression:
!00 & 01 FUN 02 = 200
The intuition of contacts and coil gets lost.

The introduction of functions that influence the control flow itself, is problematic.
The contact plan is - mathematically - a functional representation.
The introduction of a more or less hidden control of the flow destroys the
freedom of side effects and makes programs difficult to read.
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Ladder Logic Exercise

Consider a PLC with one input module and one output module. Two external switches (SW-0
& SW-1) are connected via terminal IN-0 and In-1 of input module. Two terminals of the output
module (OUT-0 & OUT-1) drive two indicator lamps (Lamp-0 & Lamp-1).
Which lamps are lit with the current switch positions? What happens if you change the position of
Switch SW-1?
Source: http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/ME6401/ME6401_PLC.pdf
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Ladder Logic Exercise Solution

The top rung will light Lamp-0 if both SW-0 and SW-1 are closed. The bottom rung will light
Lamp-1 if either SW-0 or OUT-0 are closed.
In the current position LAMP-1 is lit.

If we change the position of Switch SW-1 then LAMP 0 will be lit too.
2013
Ladder Logic Exercise

Draw a ladder logic diagram for a batch process which involves lling a container with a liquid,
mixing the liquid, and draining the container is automated with a PLC. The sequence of
events is as follows:
1. ll valve opens and lets the liquid into the container until it is full.
2. liquid in the container is mixed for 3 minutes.
3. a drain valve opens and drains the tank.
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Ladder Logic Exercise Solution

Draw a ladder logic diagram for a batch process which involves lling a container with a liquid,
mixing the liquid, and draining the container is automated with a PLC. The sequence of
events is as follows:
1. ll valve opens and lets the liquid into the container until it is full.
2. liquid in the container is mixed for 3 minutes.
3. a drain valve opens and drains the tank.
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Ladder logic (7)
Ladder logic provides neither:

sub-programs (blocks), nor
data encapsulation nor
structured data types.
It is not suited to make reusable modules.
IEC 61131 does not prescribe the minimum requirements for a compiler / interpreter
such as number of rungs per page nor does it specifies the minimum subset to be
implemented.
Therefore, it should not be used for large programs made by groups of people
It is very limited when considering analog values (it has only counters)
used in manufacturing, not process control
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2.3.6 Instruction Lists
2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
2.3.5.8 Instructions Lists
2013
Instruction Lists (1)

(Instruktionsliste,listed'instructions)
Instruction lists is the machine
language of PLC programming
It has 21 instructions (see table)
Three modifiers are defined:
"N" negates the result
"C" makes it conditional and
"(" delays it.
All operations relate to one result
register (RR) or accumulator.
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Instruction Lists (2)

(Instruktionsliste,listed'instructions)
Pogramming based on an accumulator:
First, values are loaded into the accumulator (LD instruction)
Then, operations are executed with first parameter taken out of accumulator and second
parameter of operand.
Result put in the accumulator, from where it can be stored (ST instruction)
Conditional executions or loops are supported by comparing operators like
EQ, GT, LT, GE, LE, NE and jumps.
Syntax:
-each instruction begins on a new line and contains an operator and,
depending on the type of operation, one or more operands separated by commas
-operators can be extended by a modifier (N, C)
-before an instruction there can be a label, followed by a colon (:), as target for jumps
-use brackets to define order of execution
-comments must be placed last
-empty lines can be inserted between instructions.
2013
Instruction Lists Example (3)
End:
ST
temp3
(* result *)
Instructions Lists is the most efficient way to write code, but only for specialists.
Otherwise, IL should not be used, because this language:
provides no code structuring
has weak semantics
is machine dependent
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Instruction Lists Examples (4)

Labels
LD TRUE
ANDN BOOL1
JMPC mark
(*load TRUE in the accumulator*)

(*execute AND with the negated value of the BOOL1 variable*)
(*if the result was TRUE, then jump to the label "mark"*)
LDN BOOL2
ST ERG
JMP continue
(*save the negated value of *)

(*BOOL2 in ERG*)
(*jump to label continue"*)
mark:
LD BOOL2
ST ERG
(*save the value of *)

(*BOOL2 in ERG*)
continue:
Brackets (without)
LD 2
MUL 2
ADD 3
ST ERG
(*7 is stored in ERG*)

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(with)
LD 2
MUL(2
ADD 3
)
ST ERG (* 10 is stored in ERG*)
Exercise IEC 61131 Languages
Ladder Diagram
A B
Function Block Diagram

C
A
-| |--|/|----------------( )
Instruction List
?
Structured Text
C:= ?
http://tinyurl.com/IA61131
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1lGkFXQrlwlnoKc8gUg-_ESAdtVy-RgIOLnFbkIOGNa8/viewform
2013
Exercise IEC 61131 Languages
Ladder Diagram
A B
Function Block Diagram

C
A
-| |--|/|----------------( )
AND
Instruction List
LD
ANDN
ST
Structured Text
C:= A AND NOT B
http://tinyurl.com/IA61131
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1lGkFXQrlwlnoKc8gUg-_ESAdtVy-RgIOLnFbkIOGNa8/viewform
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2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Control
2.3.2 PLCs: Kinds
2.3.5.8 Instructions Lists
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Programming environment capabilities

A PLC programming environment (e.g. ABB ControlBuilder,
Siemens Step 7, CoDeSys,...) allows the programmer to
- program the PLC in one of the IEC 61131 languages
- define the variables (name and type)
- bind the variables to the input/output (binary, analog)
- run simulations
- download programs and firmware to the PLC
- upload from the PLC (seldom provided)
- monitor the PLC
- document and print
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61131 Programming environment

configuration, editor,
compiler, library
symbols
laptop
code
firmware
download
variable
monitoring
and
forcing
for debugging
network
PLC
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Program maintenance
The source of the PLC program is generally on the laptop of the technician.
This copy is frequently modified, it is difficult to track the original in a process
database, especially if several persons work on the same machine.
Therefore, it would be convenient to be able to reconstruct the source programs
out of the PLC's memory (called back-tracking, Rckdokumentation, reconstitution).
This supposes that the instruction lists in the PLC can be mapped directly to graphic
representations -> set of rules how to display the information.
Names of variables, blocks and comments must be kept in clear text, otherwise the
code, although correct, would not be readable.
For cost reasons, this is seldom implemented.
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Is IEC 61131 FB an object-oriented language ?
Not really: it does not support inheritance.

Blocks are not recursive.
But it supports interface definition (typed signals), instantiation,
encapsulation, some form of polymorphism.
Some programming environments offer control modules for better
object-orientation
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Limitations of IEC 61131
- No support to distribute execution of programs over several devices

- No support for event-driven. Blocks may be triggered by a Boolean
variable (intentionally, for good reasons).
- If structured text increases in importance, better constructs are
required (object-orientation)
2013
Assessment
Which are programming languages defined in IEC 61131 and for what are they used ?
In a function block language, which are the two elements of programming ?
How is a PLC program executed and why is it that way ?
Draw a ladder diagram and the corresponding function chart.
Draw a sequential chart implementing a 2-bit counter
Program a saw tooth waveform generator with function blocks
How are inputs and outputs to the process treated in a function chart language ?
Program a sequencer for a simple chewing-gum coin machine
Program a ramp generator for a ventilator speed control (soft start and stop in 5s)
2013
Exercise: write the SFC for this task
V1
L1
V3
V2
upper
lower
MS
H1
heater
(actor)
open V1 until tanks L1 indicates upper level

open V2 during 25 seconds
open V3 until the tanks L1 indicates it reached the lower level
while stirring.
heat mixture during 50 minutes while stirring
empty the reactor while the drying bed is moving
repeat
temperature
(sensor)
V4
MD
2013

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What are Programmable Logic Controllers used for?

What are Programmable Logic Controllers used for?

What are the different programming languages defined in IEC 61131?

What are the different programming languages defined in IEC 61131?

2.3.

1 PLCs: Definition and Market

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 1

PLC = Programmable Logic Controller: Definition

small computers, dedicated to automation tasks in an industrial environment"

cabled relay control (hence 'logic'), analog (pneumatic, hydraulic) governors

real-time (embedded) computer with extensive input/output

Measure, Control, Protect

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 2

analog inputs / outputs

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 3

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 4

example: turbine control (in the test lab)

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 5

(Messen, Schtzen, Regeln = MSR)

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 6

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 7

PLC: Location in the control architecture

Sensor Bus (e.g. ASI)

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 8

Why 24V / 48 V supply ?

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 9

Total sales in 2004: 7000 Mio

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 10

2.3.3 PLCs: Kinds

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 11

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 12

Monolithic (one-piece) construction

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 13

Specific Controller (example: Turbine)

Relays and fuses

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 14

housed in a 19" (42 cm) rack

large choice of I/O boards

concentration of a large number of I/O

interface boards to field busses

requires marshalling of signals

supply 115-230V~ , 24V= or 48V= (redundant)

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 15

Small modular PLC

mounted on DIN-rail, 24V supply

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 16

Specific controller (railways)

three PLCs networked by a data bus.

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 17

modular PLC (variable number of I/Os

Limit of local I/O

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 18

Competes with modular PLC

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 19

Soft-PLC (PC as PLC)

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 20

Programmable Logic Controllers 2.3 - 21

Comparison Criteria what matters