Reynolds Theorem and Applications (Simplified)

ReynoldsTransport Theorem (RTT)
A system is a quantity of matter of fixed identity. No

mass can cross a system boundary.
A control volume is a region in space chosen for study.
Mass can cross a control surface.
The fundamental conservation laws (conservation of
mass, energy, and momentum) apply directly to systems.
However, in most fluid mechanics problems, control
volume analysis is preferred over system analysis
Therefore, we need to transform the conservation laws
from a system to a control volume. This is accomplished
with the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT).
ME33 : Fluid Flow
Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics
Average Velocity and Volume Flow Rate

Vavg
1
Vn dAc
Ac Ac
m& Vavg Ac
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Mass and Volume Flow Rates

m& m Vn dAc
Ac
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Ac
ReynoldsTransport Theorem (RTT)

General RTT, nonfixed CV (integral analysis):
r r
b dV CS bV gndA
CV
dt
t
dBsys
Mass Momentum
B, Extensive properties
b, Intensive properties
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r
mV
r
V
Energy
E
e
Angular
momentum
r
H
r r
r V
Conservation of Mass Principle
r r
b dV CS bV gndA
CV
dt
t
dBsys
r r
d
dV V gn dA 0
dt CV
CS
ME33 : Fluid Flow
SteadyFlow Processes
ME33 : Fluid Flow
Newtons Laws
Newtons laws are relations between motions of bodies
and the forces acting on them.
First law: a body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion
remains in motion at the same velocity in a straight path when
the net force acting on it is zero.
Second law: the acceleration of a body is proportional to the
net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.
Third law: when a body exerts a force on a second body, the

second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
Choosing a Control Volume

Selection of CV can either simplify or
complicate analysis.
Fixed, moving, and deforming control
volumes: for mass flow calculation use
relative velocity
;
but use absolute velocity for Newtons Law!
ME33 : Fluid Flow
Forces Acting on a CV
Forces acting on CV consist of body forces that act
throughout the entire body of the CV (such as gravity,
electric, and magnetic forces) and surface forces that
act on the control surface (such as pressure and viscous
forces, and reaction forces at points of contact).
Body forces act on each
volumetric portion dV of the CV.
Surface forces act on each
portion dA of the CS.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
Body Forces
The most common body force
is gravity, which exerts a
downward force on every
differential element of the CV
The different body force
Typical convention is that
acts in the negative z-direction,
Total body force acting on CV
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10
Surface Forces
Surface forces are not as simple to
analyze since they include both normal
and tangential components
Diagonal components xx, yyzz are
called normal stresses and are due to
pressure and viscous stresses
Off-diagonal components xy, xz etc.,
are called shear stresses and are due
solely to viscous stresses
Total surface force acting on CS
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11
Linear Momentum Equation

Newtons second law for a system:
Use RTT with b = V and B = mV:
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12
Special Cases
Steady Flow
Average velocities
Approximate momentum flow rate
To account for error, use momentum-flux
correction factor
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13
Problem
For the elbow duct SAE30 oil at 20C (specific weight is 8720 N/m3)
enters section 1 at 350 N/s where the flow is laminar, and exits at
section 2 where trhe flow is turbulent: u1=Vmax1(1-(r/R1)^2),
u2=Vmax2(1-(r/R2)^(1/7). Assuming steady incompressible flow,
compute the force and its direction of the oil on the elbow due to
momentum change only (no pressure changes or friction effects).
D1=10 cm; D2=6 cm; angle=30.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
14
Problem
Gravel is dumped from a hopper at a rate of 650 N/s, onto a moving
belt, as in Fig. The gravel then passes off the end of the belt. The
drive wheels are 80 cm in diameter and rotate clockwise at 150
r/min. Neglecting system friction and air drag, estimate the power
required to drive this belt.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
15
Angular Momentum
Motion of a rigid body can be considered to be the
combination of
the translational motion of its center of mass (Ux, Uy, Uz)
the rotational motion about its center of mass (x, y, z)
Translational motion can be analyzed with linear

momentum equation.
Rotational motion is analyzed with angular momentum
equation.
Together, the body motion can be described as a 6
degreeoffreedom (6DOF) system.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
16
Review of Rotational Motion

Angular velocity is the
angular distance
traveled per unit time, and
angular acceleration is
the rate of change of
angular velocity.
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17
Review of Angular Momentum

Moment of a force:
Moment of momentum:
For a system:
Therefore, the angular momentum equation can

be written as:
To derive angular momentum for a CV, use RTT
with
and
ME33 : Fluid Flow
18
Angular Momentum Equation for a CV

General form
Approximate form using average
properties at inlets and outlets
Steady flow
ME33 : Fluid Flow
19
Problem
The horizontal lawn sprinkler in Fig has a water flow rate
of 4.0 gal/min introduced vertically through the center.
Estimate (a) the retarding torque required to keep the
arms from rotating and (b) the rotation rate (r/min) if
there is no retarding torque.
d = in
R = 6 in
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20
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy change of a fluid during
incompressible flow
emech
ME33 : Fluid Flow
P2 P1 V V
g z2 z1
2
2
2
21
2
1
General Energy Equation

Recall general RTT
r r
d
bdV b Vr gn dA
CS
dt
dt CV
dBsys
Derive energy equation using B=E and b=e
dEsys
dt
Q&net ,in W&net ,in
r r
d
edV e Vr gn dA
CS
dt CV
Break power into rate of shaft and pressure work
W&net ,in W&shaft ,net ,in W&pressure ,net ,in

ME33 : Fluid Flow
22
r r
W&shaft ,net ,in P V gn dA

Where does expression for pressure work
come from?
When piston moves down ds under the
influence of F=PA, the work done on the
system is Wboundary=PAds.
If we divide both sides by dt, we have
ds
W&pressure W&boundary PA PAV piston
dt
For generalized control volumes:
r r
&
W pressure PdAVn PdA V n
Note rsign conventions:
n is outward pointing normal

Negative sign ensures that work done is
positive when is done on the system.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
23

Moving integral for rate of pressure work
to RHS of energy equation results in:
Qnet ,in Wshaft ,net ,in
r r
d
P
&
edV
e e Vr n dA
dt CV

CS
Recall that P/ is the flow work, which is

the work associated with pushing a fluid
into or out of a CV per unit mass.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
24

As with the mass equation, practical analysis is
often facilitated as averages across inlets and
exits
m
r r
V n dAc
AC
P
d
& m& P e m
&
edV
dt CV

out
in

Since e=u+ke+pe = u+V2/2+gz

ME33 : Fluid Flow
2
2
d
P
V
P
V
& m& u
&
edV
gz
gz
dt CV
2
2
out
in

25
Energy Analysis of Steady Flows

V2
V2
m& h
gz m& h
gz
2
2
out
in
For steady flow, time rate of change of the

energy content of the CV is zero.
This equation states: the net rate of energy
transfer to a CV by heat and work transfers
during steady flow is equal to the difference
between the rates of outgoing and incoming
energy flows with mass.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
26

For single-stream
devices, mass flow rate
is constant.
V22 V12
qnet ,in wshaft ,net ,in h2 h1
g z2 z1
2
P1 V12
P2 V22
wshaft ,net ,in
gz1
gz2 u2 u1 qnet ,in

1 2
2 2
P1 V12
P2 V22
gz1 wpump
gz2 wturbine emech ,loss

1 2
2 2
ME33 : Fluid Flow
27

Divide by g to get each term in units of length
P1 V12
P2 V22
z1 hpump
z2 hturbine hL
1 g 2 g
2 g 2 g
Magnitude of each term is now expressed as an
equivalent column height of fluid, i.e., Head
ME33 : Fluid Flow
28
The Bernoulli Equation

If we neglect piping losses, and have a system without
pumps or turbines
P1 V12
P2 V22
z1
z2
1 g 2 g
2 g 2 g
This is the Bernoulli equation
It can also be derived using Newton's second law of
motion (see Cengel text, p. 187).
3 terms correspond to: Static, dynamic, and hydrostatic
head (or pressure).
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29
HGL and EGL

It is often convenient
to plot mechanical
energy graphically
using heights.
Hydraulic Grade Line
P
HGL
z
g
Energy Grade Line
(or total energy)
P V2
EGL
z
g 2g
ME33 : Fluid Flow
30

The Bernoulli equation
is an approximate relation
between pressure,
velocity, and elevation
and is valid in regions of
steady, incompressible
flow where net frictional
forces are negligible.
Equation is useful in flow
regions outside of
boundary layers and
wakes.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
31

Limitations on the use of the Bernoulli Equation
Steady flow: d/dt = 0
Frictionless flow
No shaft work: wpump=wturbine=0
Incompressible flow: = constant
No heat transfer: qnet,in=0
Applied along a streamline (except for irrotational
flow)
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32
Problem
When the pump in Fig. draws 220 m3/h of water at 20C from the reservoir, the total
friction head loss is 5 m. The flow discharges through a nozzle to the atmosphere.
Estimate the pump power in kW delivered to the water.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
33
Problem
Bernoullis 1738 treatise Hydrodynamica contains many excellent sketches of flow
patterns. One, however, redrawn here as Fig., seems physically misleading. What is
wrong with the drawing?
ME33 : Fluid Flow
34
Problem
In the spillway flow of Fig., the flow is assumed uniform
and hydrostatic at sections 1 and 2. If losses are
neglected, compute (a) V2 and (b) the force per unit width
of the water on the spillway.
ME33 : Fluid Flow
35

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ReynoldsTransport Theorem (RTT)

A system is a quantity of matter of fixed identity. No

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Average Velocity and Volume Flow Rate

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Mass and Volume Flow Rates

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

ReynoldsTransport Theorem (RTT)

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Conservation of Mass Principle

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Third law: when a body exerts a force on a second body, the

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Choosing a Control Volume

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Linear Momentum Equation

Use RTT with b = V and B = mV:

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Translational motion can be analyzed with linear

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Review of Rotational Motion

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Review of Angular Momentum

Therefore, the angular momentum equation can

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Angular Momentum Equation for a CV

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

ME33 : Fluid Flow

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

General Energy Equation

Derive energy equation using B=E and b=e