Handover (Locating) : Legend Technologies

Handover (Locating)
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www.legend-technologies.org
Handover (Locating) Algorithm

The Handover (Locating) Algorithm is the basic feature to provide mobility in the Radio
Network.
Aims At? i) Keep the continuity of a current call with acceptable quality.
ii) Cell size control in-order to decrease total interference in the system.
Implemented where? In the BSC.
Location process initiated when? After Hand Over (HO), Assignment or Immediate
Assignment.
Inputs to the Algorithm? Signal Strength & Quality measurements for serving cell and
Signal Strength measurements for neighbor cells.
Output from the Algorithm? List of candidates which the algorithm judges to be possible
candidates for HO (List of HO candidates are ranked and sorted in descending order)
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What types of Handover (locating) algorithm we have?
i) SS & Path Loss based Algorithm: Follows the GSM specifications. HO decision is taken
based on both Signal Strength (SS) and Path Loss.
ii) SS based Algorithm: HO decision is taken based on Signal Strength only and this leads
to better performance.
It is less complex, uses less parameters and easy to be
maintained
in the Radio Network.
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The main Flow of the Handover (locating) Algorithm goes as follow:
Initiations
Filtering
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Basic Ranking
Urgency Conditions Handling
Auxiliary Radio Network

Features Evaluation
Organizing the List
Sending the List &

Allocation Reply
Initiation
Filtering.
Basic Ranking.
Urgency Conditions Handling.
Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation.
Organizing the List.
Sending the List & Allocation Reply
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Initiation of the Handover (Locating) Process/Algorithm

The Locating Process is initiated when one of the following occurs:
1.
Handover: Normal, Intra Cell HO (IHO), Sub-cell change (OLUL or ULOL)
2.
Assignment: You completed call setup on SDCCH and youre assigned a TCH
channel to talk on.
3.
Immediate assignment: You are assigned SDCCH to make call setup, or a TCH to
make call setup on when no free SDCCH channels exist.
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Initiation of the Handover (Locating) Process/Algorithm

.
Handover on SDCCH can be enabled/disabled based on parameter SCHO
At initiation of Locating after successful HO, Assignment or Immediate assignment

a timer TINIT starts which will disable HO for some time until it expires.
The reason is to leave the connection on the current channel for some time until the
locating algorithm produces reliable results we can rely on.
TINIT will disable HO only, but Assignment on own or other cell will occur normally
and will not wait TINIT till expired.
TINIT is a BSC parameter not a cell parameter and it measured in SACCH periods.
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Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking.
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Filtering
.
Simply it is the process of collecting the required data on Signal Strength (SS),
Quality and Time Advance (TA) for serving and neighbor cells and average these
consecutive measurements over a specified period to rank these cells.
.
1.
2.
This is accomplished in two steps:

Measurements preparation
SS, Quality and TA filtering
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Filtering
1.
Measurements preparation
Data that is measured:

Cell on which
measurements are
reported
Measured Quantity
Who makes
the
measurements
?
MS
MS
BTS
SS DL
Quality DL (rxqual_DL)
Quality UL (rxqual_UL)
Serving Cell
SS UL (only in some special
MS
cases)
TA
BTS
SS DL
MS
Strongest
neighborthe
6 SS of up to 32 neighbors
TA
BTS
The
MS can measure
but only the six strongest
neighbors
cells
SS UL (only in some special
(which it succeeded to decode its BSIC over
the last 10 seconds) are MS
reported and
cases)
considered candidates for HO.
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Filtering
1.
Measurements Preparation
SS measurements are delivered as integer values 0 63 corresponds to real SS from

-110 dBm -47 dBm
.
i)
ii)
Quality is measured based on the BER and it may be represented in two forms:
Integers 0 (Best) 7 (Worst)
Decitransformed Quality units (dtqu) from 0 (Best) 70 (Worst)
) Time Advance (TA) is reported as values between 0 63 bits

N.B: If TA=1 then the MS is at nearly 0.5 km from the cell
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Filtering
2.
SS, Quality and TA filtering:
The consecutive measurements for SS, Quality and TA are averaged in some way based
on the equation of the filter used.
Weve 5 Types of Filters that may be used, each one has its own equation or its way to
produce output results from the collected consecutive measurements:
A. General FIR filters
B. Recursive Straight Average filter
C. Recursive exponential filter
D. Recursive 1st order Butterworth filter
E. Median filter
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Filtering
2.
In addition to the way each filter use to produce output results from the consecutive
measurements, each filter has what we call filter length which is the period over which
measurements are considered.
We have controlling parameters on cell basis to select the type of filter used and the
length of the filter.
Also the type of the filter used in signaling (call setup) and dedicated phases may be
configured separately as well see.
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Filtering
2.
2-i) Signal Strength Filters controlling parameters

SSEVALSI Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Signaling phase.
SSEVALSD Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Connection phase.
SSLENSI Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Signaling phase.
SSLENSD Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Connection phase.
N.B: SSLENSI&SSLENSD are measured in the form of SACCH periods, i.e. if SSLENSD=10,
then the length of the filter during the connection phase = 10*0.12 sec = 1.2 seconds
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Filtering
2.
2-ii) Quality Filters controlling parameters

QEVALSI Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Signaling phase.
QEVALSD Selects the Type of the filter that will be used during Connection phase.
QLENSI Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Signaling phase.
QLENSD Selects the Length of the filter that will be used during Connection phase.
N.B: QLENSI&QLENSD are measured in the form of SACCH periods, i.e. if QLENSD=10,
then the length of the filter during the connection phase = 10*0.12 sec = 1.2 seconds
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Filtering
2.
2-iii) Time Advance (TA) controlling parameters

.
One single type of filters is used which is the Recursive Straight Average Filter and the
length of the filter is specified by parameter TAAVELEN which is also measured in
SACCH periods.
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Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking

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Basic Ranking
It is called Basic coz in this stage ranking is done before handling the urgency
conditions and evaluation of the auxiliary radio network features.
As mentioned earlier, two algorithms are available for basic ranking (SS&Path loss
based Algorithm and SS based Algorithm) and theyre selected according to the
parameter EVALTYPE
EVALTYPE=1, SS & Path loss based Algorithm is used for basic ranking taking into
consideration both Signal Strength measurements and the path loss.
EVALTYPE=3, SS based Algorithm is used for basic ranking taking into consideration
Signal Strength measurements only.
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Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm will be done on four steps:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correction of Base Station output power.

Evaluation of the minimum signal strength condition for neighbors.
Subtraction of signal strength penalties.
Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis.
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Common for
both Algorithms
Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
A.
Correction of Base Station output power
. The location algorithm aims at making the Pure traffic frequencies to control the cell
borders and not the BCCH frequencies, coz most of the time the seized TCH Time slot
will be located on a TCH frequency.
BSPWR is a parameter to set the output power of the BCCH carrier and
BSTXPWR is a parameter to set the output power of the TCH frequencies.
. Correction for the output power will done for both:
(A-i) Correction for Neighbor Cells.
(A-ii) Correction for Serving Cell.
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Basic Ranking
A.
(A-i) Correction for Neighbor Cells

.
The MS is informed by the BCCH frequencies of the neighbors cells on which he has to
perform his measurements.
SS_corrected_DLneighbor = SS_measured_DLneighbor - ( BSPWR - BSTXPWR )
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Basic Ranking
A.
(A-ii) Correction for Serving Cell

1) TCH Time Slot (TS) is on the BCCH frequency
SS_corrected_DLservingcell = SS_measured_DLservingcell - ( BSPWR - BSTXPWR )
2) TCH TS is hopping between a BCCH frequency and a TCH frequency:
SS_corrected_DLservingcell = SS_measured_DLservingcell - ( BSPWR - BSTXPWR )/N ,
Where N is the no. of the hopping frequencies
3) TCH TS is on the OL (Over Laid sub cell)
SS_corrected_DLUnderLaid = SS_measured_DLOverLaid+ ( BSPWRUnderLaid - BSTXPWROverLaid )
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Basic Ranking
B.
Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors
.
.
.
Not all the neighbors are allowed to be ranked!!

The neighbor should pass the minimum signal strength condition in order to be ranked.
SS_corrected_DLneighbor will be compared with respect to parameter called MSRXMIN,
If SS_corrected_DLneighbor MSRXMIN this neighbor will be included in ranking

If SS_corrected_DLneighbor < MSRXMIN this neighbor will be excluded from ranking
If UL measurements are included then SS_corrected_ULneighbor will be compared with
respect to parameter called BSRXMIN,
If SS_corrected_ULneighbor BSRXMIN this neighbor will be included in ranking
.
If SS_corrected_ULneighbor < BSRXMIN this neighbor will be excluded from ranking
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Basic Ranking
B.
Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors
Example: Assume that a MS is connected to cell A that has five neighbors B,C,D,E&F,
the MSRXMIN for all the cells is -104 dBm and the SS_corrected_DLneighbor for each cell
after correcting the BTS o/p power is given in the below Table
Neighbors
SS_corrected_DLneighbor
dBm 85-
dBm 110 -
dBm 87 -
dBm 70 -
dBm 100 -
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Cell C will be excluded from

ranking and wont be considered in
the next stage and the MS will never
HO to it
Basic Ranking
C. Subtraction of signal strength penalties
.
Penalties or Punishments will be applied on cells that are for some reasons temporarily
undesirable.
A Penalty value will decrease the rank of some cells for certain penalty time.
SS_punished_DL = SS_corrected_DL Locating Penalties HCS Penalties
. In the coming slides well talk about the two types of penalties:
(C-i) Locating Penalties
(C-ii) HCS Penalties
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Basic Ranking
1) Due to HO failure: If HO to a neighbor cell failed then weve to apply a penalty value for
some time on this neighbor so when basic ranking is done again we dont
go back to this cell.
Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSHF (default 63 dB)
Penalty time will be configured using parameter PTIMHF (default 5 sec)
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Basic Ranking
2) Due to Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO:
If a cell was abandon due to BQ, then it should have been the best cell from SS point of
view so without penalties using the basic ranking well be back to this cell.
Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSBQ (default 7 dB)
Penalty
time will be configured using parameter PTIMBQ (default 5 seconds)
3) Due to Excessive TA Urgency HO:
Handled in the same manner like the BQ case.
Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSTA (default 63 dB)
time will be configured using parameter PTIMTA (default 30 seconds)
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Penalty
Basic Ranking
(C-ii) HCS Penalties
.
It is related to the HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure) feature when a MS is detected as a fast
moving mobile.
A penalty will be applied on lower layer cells so in ranking we will prioritize cells in the same
layer of the serving cell and cells in higher layers and in this way unnecessary HOs are
prevented ( ex: layer2 cells will be prioritized than layer1 cells)
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Basic Ranking
D. Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis
. Ranking for neighbor cells will be done after
applying Offsets and Hysteresis.
.
Offset: Displace the cell border as compared to

The border strictly given by SS.
Controlling parameter: OFFSET (default: zero dBm)
.
Hysteresis: To reduce the risk of ping pong HO

a region for Hysteresis is applied
around the cell border.
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Basic Ranking
.
If the Hysteresis value is too high there will be a risk that the MS will be connected to the cell
of low SS for long time and if the Hysteresis is too low then there will be a risk that ping
pong HOs occur.
So the applied value of Hysteresis will be variable based on the received SS of the serving
cell.
SS_corrected_DLservingcell will be compared to value HYSTSEP (default -90 dBm),
. If SS_corrected_DLservingcell > HYSTSEP, then the serving cell is strong enough and high
value of Hysteresis will be applied such that Hysteresis value=HIHYST (default 5 dBm)
. If SS_corrected_DLservingcell < HYSTSEP, then the serving cell is not strong enough and low
value of Hysteresis will be applied such that Hysteresis value=LOHYST (default 3 dBm)
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Basic Ranking
SS_corrected_DLservingcell > HYSTSEP
HYST=LOHYST
HYST=HIHYST
Output from Basic
Ranking
Now,
Rankservingcell = SS_corrected_DLservingcell
Rankneighbor= SS_punished_DLneighbor OFFSETneighbor HYSTneighbor
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Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking

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After the Basic Ranking stage a check is made on the serving cell to know if Urgency
conditions are detected or not.
1.
2.
We have two types of Urgency HO:

Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO
Excessive Time Advance (TA) Urgency HO
If Urgency conditions are detected then the serving cell should be abandon as fast as
possible, but some of the neighbors will be removed from the candidate list and the MS
will not be able to HO to them as we will see later.
As seen before, cells that were abandon due to Urgency HO will be subjected to
punishment/penalty.
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1.
The Quality measured at the DL and UL for the serving cell will be compared with two
parameters QLIMDL & QLIMUL (default 50 dtqu) and if:
rxqual_DL > QLIMDL
rxqual_UL > QLIMUL Or Urgency HO due to BQ should be performed
The Quality may drop like that as a result of Co-Channel Interference or when the SS
became very low.
When Urgency condition is detected the MS has to leave the cell and make HO to other cell,
but in this case the serving cell is the one that has the highest SS so the MS has to HO to a
cell of worse SS, but is the MS allowed to HO to any worse cell?
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1.
Is the MS allowed to HO to any worse cell? No, this will be based on a parameter called
BQOFFSET which will ensure that far neighbors wont be selected.
If Rankservingcell Rankneighbor < BQOFFSET, then this neighbor is near to the serving cell and it
is not much worse than the serving cell and it can be candidate for HO.
If Rankservingcell Rankneighbor > BQOFFSET, then this neighbor is far from the serving cell and it
will be removed from the candidate list.
Ex: If Urgency condition is detected where Rankservingcell = -75 dBm and the neighbors: RankB
= -79 dBm ,RankC = -90 dBm ,RankD = -87 dBm and BQOFFSET=5dB
Rankservingcell RankB = 4dB < BQOFFSET= 5dB Cell B is kept in the candidate list
Rankservingcell RankC = 15dB > BQOFFSET= 5dB Cell C is removed from the candidate list
Rankservingcell Rank = 8dB > BQOFFSET= 5dB Cell D is removed from the candidate list
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2.
Excessive Time Advance (TA) Urgency HO
TA can be used as a measure for the distance between the BTS and the MS.
If TA > TALIM (63 bits) Urgency HO due to TA is initiated.
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After Basic Ranking and Evaluation of the Urgency Conditions, the Serving
cell and Neighbor cells will be divided into 3 Groups
Better Cell
Categorization #1
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Serving Cell
Worse Cell
Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking
Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Assignment to Another Cell Evaluation

Cell Load Sharing Evaluation
Over Laid/Under Laid sub-cell Evaluation
IHO Evaluation
HCS Evaluation
. After these Evaluations, some candidates will be removed from the HO candidate list and
Categorization#2 will be performed.
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1.
The Locating Algorithm may be initiated after immediate assignment to know whether it is
better for the MS to take a TCH time slot on the current cell or not.
If during the signaling phase a better cell was found after ranking then
Assignment to Better Cell will be initiated.
If during the signaling phase no better cell was found, then the MS will normally be assigned
a TCH time slot on the current cell.
If the Better/Serving cells were congested then Assignment to Worse Cell will be done.
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1.
Is the MS allowed to take TCH time slot on any worse cell? No, this will be based on a
parameter called AWOFFSET which will ensure that far neighbors wont be selected.
Only if Rankservingcell Rankneighbor < AWOFFSET, then this neighbor is near to the serving cell
and it is not much worse than the serving cell and assignment to it can be done.
If Rankservingcell Rankneighbor > AWOFFSET, then this neighbor is far from the serving cell and
it will be removed from the candidate list.
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2.
Cell Load Sharing (CLS) Evaluation
.
.
This feature is used to reduce congestion on the serving cell.

When CLS is activated and the load on the serving cell becomes higher than certain
threshold then:
Valid CLS HO candidates are defined
Re-calculation of their ranking values will be performed.
i)
ii)
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2.
Cell Load Sharing (CLS) Evaluation
i)
)
)
)
)
Valid CLS HO candidates are defined as follow:

Worse cells: Coz if they were better then theyll be chosen at Basic Ranking
Load on neighbor cells < CLS load threshold
Internal cells: lies in the same BSC
Same Layer
i)
)
Re-calculation of their ranking values will be performed

Were going to recalculate the Ranking values of the valid CLS neighbors with reduced
Hysteresis so these worse neighbors will appear with higher SS than they really are and the
MS can make HO to them and relief the congestion on the current cell.
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3.
OL/UL Sub-Cell Evaluation
The OL/UL feature provides a way of increasing the traffic capacity in a cellular network
without building new sites.
Since OL subcell serves smaller area than the corresponding UL subcell a smaller reuse
distance can be used in in the OL subcell than in the under laid.
The OL/UL evaluation may result in a recommendation to change the subcell from the one
currently in use, this evaluation is based on:
DL SS, TA serving Cell, Distance to cell border, Traffic Load in the cell
This feature will be discussed in details afterwards.
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4.
Intra Cell HO (IHO) Evaluation
The IHO feature provides a way to improve the speech quality during the conservation when
bad quality is detected while the SS is high.
This is can be accomplished by changing the channel the connection is currently using
within the same cell.
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5.
Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS) Evaluation
The HCS feature provides the possibility to give priority to cells that are not strongest but
provide sufficient SS.
The priority of a cell is given by associating a layer to the cell.
We have 8 layers from layer 1 (Highly prioritized) to layer 8 (least prioritized).
Micro cells are prioritized than Macro cells for capacity purposes.
Cells of lower layers will be ranked higher than cells of higher layers in the HO candidate
list.
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After the Auxiliary Radio Network features evaluation some candidates may
be prioritized and the order of the candidate list will be modified.
The Serving cell and Neighbor cells will be divided into 3 Groups
Above S
Categorization #2
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Serving Cell (SC)

Below S
Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking
Organizing the List

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Organizing the List
The final list will contain maximum up to six neighbors + the serving cell and categorized as
follows: Serving Cell (SC), Above S, Below S
A.
B.
To reach the final form before sending the list the following steps will be done:
Removal of Candidates
Ordering the Candidate list based on the Current Conditions.
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Organizing the List

A. Removal of Candidates
Some Candidates may be removed coz:
.
The Frequency band of the Candidate cell is not supported by the MS.
. Some Controlling timers are active and preventing HO to certain cell:

TALLOC: This timer prevents HO on a target cell for some time after assignment/HO failure due
to congestion on target cell. (N.B: No penalties are applied on this cell)
TURGEN: This timer prevents HO on a target cell for some time after urgency HO failure due
to congestion on target cell.
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Organizing the List

B.
Ordering the Candidate list based on the Current Conditions
Means what? Means in what order the 3 categories (Above S, S, Below S) will be arranged
before sending the candidate list. This will be based on some condition flags.
Condition flags: 1 Assignment Request Arrived
2 Assignment to Worst Cell is in use
3 Excessive TA detected
4 BQ Urgency HO
5 OL/UL Subcell load change or IHO
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Organizing the List

B. Ordering the Candidate list based on the Current Conditions
Condition flags: 1 Assignment Request Arrived 2 Assignment to Worst Cell is in use
3 Excessive TA detected
1
0
Condition Flags
2
3
4
x
0
0
5
0
Case
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4 BQ Urgency HO
Ordering
5 OL/UL Subcell load change or IHO

Comment
Above S
Normal Case
Serving Cell has BQ so it should be
Above S Below S
abandon either to the Above S or
Below S cell
An Assignment request came and the
Above S S
AW flag is not raised
Above S S
An Assignment request came and the
Below S
AW flag is raised
Above S S
Below S
Serving Cell has BQ so it should be

abandon but coz the OL/UL subcell
change flag is raised, then the serving
cell is included coz this subcell change
may solve the issue with no need to
go for a below worse cell
Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking
Organizing the List
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The resulting candidate list will form the basis on which HO will be performed.
Empty list means that no options are better than remaining on the current cell and no HO
will occur.
The channel allocation reply may be success or failure.
Failure may be due to congestion or signaling failure on the target cell.
Based on the result of allocation either success/failure, some actions will be taken like
applying some penalties or enabling of certain timers as we saw previously.
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Example:
Assume that the o/p from the Filtering stage for the SS measurements is as below and we
want to prepare the Basic Ranking Candidate list for HO:
Cell
A
B (Serving
Cell)
C
D
E
F
G
SS(dBm)
70747868809295-
Where,
BSPWR = BSTXPWR, MSRXMIN = -90 dBm,
Cell A was abandon due to BQ urgency HO (PSSBQ=7dB)
SS based Algorithm is in use where OFFSET=0, HYSTSEP= -90 dBm,
HIHYST= 5 dB, LOHYST= 3 dB
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Solution:
A) Correction of Base Station output power:
Since BSPWR = BSTXPWR then the current measurements will be kept as it is.
SS_corrected_DLneighbor = SS_measured_DLneighbor
SS_corrected_DLserving = SS_measured_DLserving
B) Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors

The SS for neighbors will be compared against MSRXMIN = -90 dBm
Cell
SS(dBm) Cell F and Cell G have SS < MSRXMIN then they will be removed
A
70from the list and cant be candidates for HO.
B (Serving
Cell)
C
D
E
F
G
747868809295-
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Solution:
C) Subtraction of signal strength penalties
Since Cell A was abandon due to BQ urgency HO (PSSBQ=7dB) then it will be punished,
SS_punished_DL Cell A = SS_corrected_DL PSSBQ = -70 7 = -77 dBm
The candidate list will now be in the following form:

Cell
SS(dBm)
77-
B (Serving Cell)
74-
78-
68-
80-
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Solution:
D) Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis
Cell
SS(dBm)
77-
B (Serving Cell)
74-
78-
68-
80-
Since SSServing cell B = -74 dBm > HYSTSEP= -90 dBm, then it is
better to stay on the current cell and high Hysteresis will be applied
i.e. HYST = HIHYST = 5 dB
Rankservingcell B = -74 dBm Serving Cell

RankA= -77 dBm OFFSET HYST = -77 0 5 = -82 dBm Worse Cell
RankC= -78 dBm OFFSET HYST = -78 0 5 = -83 dBm Worse Cell
RankD= -68 dBm OFFSET HYST = -68 0 5 = -73 dBm Better Cell
RankE= -80 dBm OFFSET HYST = -80 0 5 = -85 dBm Worse Cell
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Solution:
Now the final list according to Categorization#1 will be arranged as follows:

Categorization#1
Cell
SS(dBm) Category
73-
Better Cell
74-
Serving Cell
82-
Worse Cell
83-
Worse Cell
85-
Worse Cell
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Disconnection Criteria
The Disconnection algorithm is not part of the locating algorithm but for completeness, the
topic is treated here.
The Disconnection algorithm manages when the connection between the MS and the
Network shall be dropped when signaling failure is detected.
The Disconnection criterion can be made in both the DL and the UL such that:
In the DL: managed by the MS and in the UL: managed by the BSC.
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Disconnection Criteria
In DL:
Controlled by a parameter RLINKT , when the MS couldnt decode a SACCH message
(0.48 sec), the RLINKT will be decreased by 1 unit, when the MS successfully decodes a
SACCH message, the RLINKT will be increased by 2 units, if RLINKT reached value = Zero
then disconnection will occur, recommended value RLINKT=16
In UL:
The disconnection algorithm will run in the same way, the BSC will make the evaluation, and
the controlling parameter is called RLINKUP, , recommended value RLINKUP=16
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Parameters Summary
Parameter
Name
EVALTYPE
Algorithm Selection
Recommended
Value Range
Value
or 3 1
3
Parameter
Name
Flow Control Parameters

Recommended
Value Range
Value
TINIT
to 120 0
10
TALLOC
to 120 0
TURGEN
to 120 0
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Unit
Unit
SACCH period=480
msec
SACCH period=480
msec
SACCH period=480
msec
Parameters Summary
Parameter
Name
SSEVALSI
SSEVALSD
QEVALSI
QEVALSD
Filtering Control Parameters

Recommended
Value Range
Value
to 9 1
6
6
to 9 1
to 9 1
6
to 9 1
6
SSLENSI
to 20 1
SSLENSD
to 20 1
10
QLENSI
to 20 1
QLENSD
to 20 1
10
TAAVELEN
to 20 1
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Unit
SACCH period=480
msec
SACCH period=480
msec
SACCH period=480
msec
SACCH period=480
msec
SACCH period=480
msec
Parameters Summary
Signal Strength based Basic Ranking Parameters
Parameter
Value Range
Recommended Value
Name
HYSTSEP
to 0 150
90LOHYST
to63 0
3
HIHYST
to63 0
3
0
OFFSET
to 63 63
Unit
dBm
dB
dB
dB
Handover Failure Parameters (Signaling Failure)

Parameter
Name
PSSHF
PTIMHF
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
to 63 0
to 600 0
63
5
dB
Seconds
GEND TECHNOLOGIES
Parameters Summary
Parameter
Name
QLIMUL
QLIMDL
BQOFFSET
PSSBQ
PTIMBQ
Urgency Conditions Parameters

Recommended
Value Range
Value
to 100 0
55
to 100 0
55
3
to 63 0
to 63 0
7
to 600 0
15
TALIM
to 63 0
62
PSSTA
PTIMTA
to 63 0
to 600 0
63
30
Parameter
Name
RLINKT
RLINKUP
Unit
dtqu
dtqu
dB
dB
Seconds
Bit Period
(0.577msec)
dB
Seconds
Disconnection Algorithm Parameters

Recommended
Value Range
Unit
Value
to 64 in steps of 4
SACCH period=480
16
4
msec
SACCH period=480
to 63 1
16
msec
GEND TECHNOLOGIES
GEND TECHNOLOGIES
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Handover (Locating) : Legend Technologies

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Handover (Locating)

Handover (Locating) Algorithm

Handover (Locating) Algorithm

Handover (Locating) Algorithm

Urgency Conditions Handling

Auxiliary Radio Network

Organizing the List

Sending the List &

Handover (Locating) Algorithm

Initiation of the Handover (Locating) Process/Algorithm

Handover: Normal, Intra Cell HO (IHO), Sub-cell change (OLUL or ULOL)

Initiation of the Handover (Locating) Process/Algorithm

Handover on SDCCH can be enabled/disabled based on parameter SCHO

At initiation of Locating after successful HO, Assignment or Immediate assignment

Handover (Locating) Algorithm

This is accomplished in two steps:

Data that is measured:

considered candidates for HO.

SS measurements are delivered as integer values 0 63 corresponds to real SS from

) Time Advance (TA) is reported as values between 0 63 bits

SS, Quality and TA filtering:

SS, Quality and TA filtering:

SS, Quality and TA filtering:

2-i) Signal Strength Filters controlling parameters

SS, Quality and TA filtering:

2-ii) Quality Filters controlling parameters

SS, Quality and TA filtering:

2-iii) Time Advance (TA) controlling parameters

Handover (Locating) Algorithm

Urgency Conditions Handling.

Correction of Base Station output power.

Correction of Base Station output power

Correction of Base Station output power

(A-i) Correction for Neighbor Cells

SS_corrected_DLneighbor = SS_measured_DLneighbor - ( BSPWR - BSTXPWR )

Correction of Base Station output power

(A-ii) Correction for Serving Cell

Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors

Not all the neighbors are allowed to be ranked!!

If SS_corrected_DLneighbor MSRXMIN this neighbor will be included in ranking

If SS_corrected_ULneighbor < BSRXMIN this neighbor will be excluded from ranking

Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors

Cell C will be excluded from

SS_punished_DL = SS_corrected_DL Locating Penalties HCS Penalties

Offset: Displace the cell border as compared to

Hysteresis: To reduce the risk of ping pong HO

SS_corrected_DLservingcell will be compared to value HYSTSEP (default -90 dBm),

Handover (Locating) Algorithm

Urgency Conditions Handling

Urgency Conditions Handling

We have two types of Urgency HO:

Urgency Conditions Handling

Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO

Urgency Conditions Handling

Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO

Urgency Conditions Handling

Excessive Time Advance (TA) Urgency HO

If TA > TALIM (63 bits) Urgency HO due to TA is initiated.