Chapter 4 Fluid Mechanics

FLUID MECHANICS
CLD 10603
INTERNAL FLOW IN PIPES AND CONDUITS
CLD 10603
Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits
Steam pipe bridge in a geothermal power plant. Pipe flows are

everywhere, often occurring in groups or networks. They are
designed using the principles outlined in this chapter.
Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology
Objectives
Student should be able to:
Identify the characteristics of laminar flow
and turbulent flow
Employ Poiseulle and Darcy equation in basic
problems
Recall Bernoullis equation
Employ Bernoullis equation in flow
measurement
Identify major losses
Identify minor losses
CLD 10603

Types of Flow
The three regimes of viscous flow:

a) Laminar flow at low Re;
b) Transition at intermediate Re;
c) Turbulent flow at high Re
CLD 10603

Types of Flow
Laminar Flow
Flow structure is characterized by smooth
motion in lamina or layer. There is no
macroscopic mixing of adjacent fluid layer.
- E.g. : A thin filament of dye injected into
a laminar flow appears as a single line.
There is no dispersion of dye
throughout the flow, except the slow
dispersion due to molecular motion.
CLD 10603

Types of Flow
Laminar Flow
- Re < 2000
- 'low' velocity
- Dye does not mix with water
- Fluid particles move in straight lines
- Simple mathematical analysis possible
- Rare in practice in water systems.
CLD 10603

Types of Flow
Turbulent Flow
Flow structure is characterized by random,
three-dimensional motion of fluid particles
superimposed on the mean motion.
- E.g.: If a dye filament injected into a
turbulent flow, it disperses quickly throughout
the flow field; the line of dye breaks up into
myriad entangled threads of dye.
CLD 10603

Types of Flow
Turbulent Flow
- Re > 5000
- 'high' velocity
- Dye mixes rapidly and completely
- Particle paths completely irregular
- Average motion is in the direction of the
flow
CLD 10603

Types of Flow
Turbulent Flow
- Cannot be seen by the naked eye
- Changes/fluctuations are very difficult to
detect. Must use laser.
- Mathematical analysis very difficult - so
experimental measures are used
- Most common type of flow.
CLD 10603

Types of Flow
Laminar
Turbulent
Re < 2000
Re > 4000
Inefficient mixing low Radial mixing can be

radial mixing
enhanced
Broad residence time
distribution
Short residence time

distribution
Low power
High power
CLD 10603
10

Reynolds Number
The primary parameter correlating the viscous
behaviour of all Newtonian fluids.
The ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.
VD uD
Re
Where V = velocity (m/s), D = diameter (m),

is kinematic viscosity (m2/s).
CLD 10603
10

Reynolds Number
Used to determine whether a flow is laminar
or turbulent.
Reynolds Number is dimensionless.
Re < 2000: Laminar Flow
Re between 2000 to 4000 : Transitional
Flow
Re > 4000 : Turbulent Flow
CLD 10603
12

Reynolds Number
Question 1
Water flow through a pipe 25 mm in
diameter at a velocity of 6 m/s. Determine
whether the flow will be laminar or
turbulent assuming that the viscosity of
water is 1.30 x 10-3 kgm-1s-1 and its density
1000 kgm-3.
CLD 10603
13

Reynolds Number
Question 2
If oil of S.G 0.9 and viscosity 9.6 x 10 -2
kgm-1s-1 is pumped through the same pipe,
what type of flow will occur?
CLD 10603
15

Discharge
The total quantity of fluid flowing in unit time
past any particular cross section of a stream
is called the discharge or flow at that section.
It can be measured either in terms of:
i. volume (volumetric flowrate = Q = Au)
Unit : m3/s
= Q).
ii. mass (mass flowrate = m
Unit : kg/s
CLD 10603
17

Reynolds Number
Question 3
Water flowing at the rate of 10 gal/min in
pipe having an inside diameter of 0.0525
m. Calculate the Reynolds Number if =
8.007 x 10-4 Pa.s. Given H2O = 996 kg/m3.
CLD 10603
18

Bernoulli's Equation
The Bernoullis equation states that:
P + u2 + gz = constant
Where:
P
g
z
u
CLD 10603
= pressure
= density
= acceleration of gravity
= height
= velocity
34

It may be written as:
2
p1 u1
p2 u 2
z1
z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
CLD 10603
35

Bernoulli's equation has some restrictions in
its applicability, they are:
Flow is steady;
Density is constant (incompressible fluid)
Friction losses are negligible.
The equation relates the states at two
points along a single streamline
CLD 10603
36

Bernoulli's Application
Flow through a small orifice
actual
Vena contractor
Orifice
CLD 10603
40

2
p1 u1
p2 u 2
z1
z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
u1 = 0 (negligible)
P1 = 0 (P atm)
P2 = 0 (P atm)
Take z2 as the datum z1= h, z2= 0
CLD 10603
41

2
p1 u1
p2 u 2
z1
z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
2
u2
z1
2g
u 2 2gz1
CLD 10603
42

Flow Measurement - Orifice

Discharge through the orifice is given by:
Q = Au
Q actual = A actual u actual
= cd A orifice u theoretical
= cd A orifice 2gh
CLD 10603
43


Question 5
A 100 mm diameter standard orifice
discharges water under a 6.1 m head.
What is the volumetric flow rate? Given cd
= 0.594
CLD 10603
44


Question 6
The actual velocity in the contracted
section of a jet of liquid flowing from a 50
mm diameter orifice is 8.53 ms-1 under a
head of 4.57 m. If the measured discharge
is 0.0114 m3s-1,what is the value of the
coefficient of discharge (cd)?
CLD 10603
46

Flow Measurement Pitot Tube

A device to measure the
local velocity along a
streamline.
2
2
p1 u1
p2 u 2
z1
z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
u2 = 0 (stagnation point)
z1=z2= 0
CLD 10603
37


2
P1 u1
P2 u2
z1
z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
2
P2 P1 u1
g
2g
P2 P1
u1 2 (
)
P2 P1
u1 2 (
)
CLD 10603
38


P
u1 2 ( )
Where:
P
CLD 10603
= h(man -)g
39

Flow Measurement - Venturi

A device for measuring discharge in a
pipe.
Consists of a rapidly converging section
which increases the velocity of flow and
hence reduces the pressure.
Then returns to the original dimensions of
the pipe by a gently diverging 'diffuser'
section.
CLD 10603
48

A Venturi Meter
CLD 10603
49

CLD 10603
50

CLD 10603
50


Discharge can be expressed in terms of
the manometer reading , giving:
Qactual C d A1 A2
CLD 10603
52
man
2 gh
1

2
2
A1 A2


Question 7
A Venturi meter is being used to measure flow
in a pipeline of diameter 250 mm which carries
water. When the pressure difference between
the throat and the entrance of the Venturi meter
is 300 mm on a mercury manometer, determine
the flow in the pipeline. The Venturi meter has
a throat diameter of 80 mm and a coefficient of
discharge of 0.97. The relative density of
mercury is 13.6.
CLD 10603
53


Question 8
A Venturi meter measures the flow speed of water through a pipe.
The speed to be measured is v1, the speed in the pipe where the
cross-sectional area is A1 = 4.10 104 m2. Pressure meters
measure the pressure in this pipe (P1), and the pressure (P2) at a
narrow section of pipe with cross-sectional area A2 = 3.24 104 m2.
Assume water behaves as an ideal, non-viscous fluid. (Density of
water is 1000 kg/m3.) If the pressure difference, P1 P2 is measured
to be 81.0 Pa, calculate the speed v1 of the water in the pipe.
CLD 10603
55

Internal Flow
Roughness
Friction factor
Darcy Weisbach Equation
Hagen Poiseuille Law
Energy Equation
Major head loss
Minor head loss
CLD 10603

Roughness
Relative pipe roughness is the ratio of the
pipe surface roughness () to its diameter
(D).
Relative pipe roughness = /D
CLD 10603
20

Roughness
Types of Roughness
CLD 10603
21

Friction Factor
The loss of pressure or head due to the
resistance to flow in the pipe and fittings.
Friction loss is influenced by pipe size and
fluid velocity, and is usually expressed in
feet of head.
CLD 10603
22

Friction Factor
The friction coefficient (f), depends on the
flow (laminar, transient or turbulent ) and
the roughness of the tube or duct.
For fully developed laminar flow the
roughness of the duct or pipe can be
neglected.
f = 64/Re
CLD 10603
23

Friction Factor
For hydraulically smooth pipes (= 0) in
turbulent flow:
f = 0.3164 / Re 0.25
For rough pipe in turbulent flow, use the
Moody Diagram to obtain f.
CLD 10603
24

Friction Factor
CLD 10603
25


Proposed by Julius Weisbach, a German
professor who in 1850 published the first
modern textbook on hydrodynamics.
An important and widely used equation in
hydraulics.
It enables calculation of the head loss due to
friction within a given run of pipe.
Valid for duct flows of any cross section and
for laminar and turbulent flow.
CLD 10603
25
26


2
2
L Q
LV
f
hl f
2
D 2gA
D 2g
Where:
hl = head loss
f = friction factor
L = pipe length
D = pipe diameter
V = average flow velocity
g = acceleration of gravity
CLD 10603
27

Question 4
Oil of absolute viscosity 0.101 N.s/m2 and
S.G 0.850 flows through 3000 m of 300 mm
cast iron pipe at the rate of 0.0444 m3/s.
1) What is the head loss in the pipe?
CLD 10603
32

Energy Equation
2
p1 u1
p2 u 2
z1
z2 h f hm
g 2 g
g 2 g
hf = Friction @ Major head loss

hm = Minor head loss
CLD 10603
41

Major Losses
- Head loss due to the friction of fluid
flowing through a length of pipe.
- For Laminar Flow
L V2
hl 64
D 2g
2
LV
- For Turbulent Flow hl f
D 2g
CLD 10603
57

Minor Losses
Energy losses that come from fittings,
entrances and exits.
2
V
hL KL
- E.g.:
2g
i. Valves and pipe bends
ii. Pipe entrances (for fluid flowing from a
tank to a pipe) and pipe exits (fluid
flowing from a pipe to a tank).
CLD 10603
58

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FLUID MECHANICS

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Steam pipe bridge in a geothermal power plant. Pipe flows are

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

The three regimes of viscous flow:

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Inefficient mixing low Radial mixing can be

Short residence time

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Where V = velocity (m/s), D = diameter (m),

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Flow Measurement - Orifice

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Flow Measurement - Orifice

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Flow Measurement - Orifice

Chapter 4: Internal Flow in Pipe & Conduits

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Flow Measurement Pitot Tube