Topic 1 Tachimetry - CC201 N

TOPIC 1 : TACHIMETRY
DEFINATION OF TACHIMETRY
Tacheometry is an optical solution to the
measurement of distance. The word is derived
from the Greek Tacus, meaning 'swift', and
metrot, meaning 'a measure'.
Tacheometry /tachemetry /telemetry is a
branch of angular surveying in which the
horizontal and Vertical distances of points are
obtained by optical means as propposed to the
ordinary slower process of measurements by
tape or chain.
WHY USING THIS METHOD
The method is very rapid and convenient.

It is best adapted in obstacles such as steep and
broken ground, deep ravines, stretches of water or
swamp and so on, which make chaining difficult or
impossible,
The primary object of tachimetry is the preparation
of contoured maps or plans requiring both the
horizontal as well as Vertical control.
Also, on surveys of higher accuracy, it provides a
check on distances measured with the tape.
USES OF TACHEOMETRY
The direct methods of measurement of horizontal

distances and differences in elevations
Preparation of topographic maps which require both
elevations and horizontal distances.
Survey work in difficult terrain where direct methods
are inconvenient
Detail filling
Reconnaissance surveys for highways, railways, etc.
Checking of already measured distances
Hydrographic surveys and
Establishing secondary control.
DATA NEEDS TO PLOTTING TOPOGRAPHY MAP
Bearing
(horizontal
angle)-Hr
Vertical
axis(distance V
Horizontal
distance(H)
Figure 1.0 : Three dimensional data where x =
horizontal distance, y = bearing and z =
elevation(vertical distance)
STEPS IN TACHIMETRY WORK

RECONAISSANCE
for a good planning and selecting the appropriate
SURVEY station.
MAKE SURE total of survey station suitable with the
plan area.

HORIZONTAL CONTROL
Tachimetry surveys are usually performed to
measure the three dimensional location of
points on the landscape so as to produce
contour and detail plans for further work, or to
produce coordinates for area and volume
calculations.
Observations are usually performed from known
survey stations(refer to existing plan), often
established by traversing.

HORIZONTAL CONTROL
Station 1 is reference
object/datum (bearing
2-1 is refer to existing
plan )
Known
bearing 21
1
Figure 1.1 : Traverse

control
HORIZONTAL CONTROL
Making a traverse control for the final bearing of

each traverse line.
survey stations or line traverse can be determined
using theodolite traverse measurement.

VERTICAL CONTROL
This is required to transfer reduced level from

bench mark to each traverse station.
Vertical control are carried out using a secondclass levelling.
VERTICAL CONTROL
FS
2
BS
1
Known Reduce Level
at point 1.Example,
RL point 1 =
100.00m

DETAILING
Details measurement is observation of all ground information

either natural or non natural details.
Can be conduct using total station, the level or EDM, staff or
mini
prism with pole.
For the example building(edges), drainage(invert and top), road,
contour(ground level), parking lot etc.
The following information of details needs to observe and
booking: 1. Height of instrument (Hi))
2. Bearing (horizontal angle-Hr)
3. Vertical angle(Vr)
4. Stadia readings top, middle, lower
DETAILING
201
200
202
1
Traverse
control
2
Instrument
station
1-5 horizontal
angle/bering
4
5
Traverse
control
203
203
DETAILING
301
bu
ild
ing
201 202
101
204
2
102
103
302
205
3
303
305
104
505
504
105
304
5
501
503
401
502
405
403
404
402
Line traverse
1
204,102,105
Line detail
Point station
Point detail which are where it can consist of items such
as roads, edges of buildings, drains
DATA OBSERVATION
Observation of data devided into several method/system :
system
Stadia System
tangential system
Electronic
Tacheometry
Stadia System
The theodolite is directed at the level staff and the distance is measured by
reading the top and bottom stadia hairs on the telescope view.
Handle with two situation. Its depends on terrain.
Observation of point will be conduct either HORIZONTAL SIGHTING or
INCLINED SIGHTING.
Stadia System
HORIZONTAL SIGHT
INCLINE SIGHT
Based on principe
As height differences
distance-elevation
between staff positions and
stadia formulae derived
instrument increase, it will
for the horizontal sights.
become impossible to use
the horizontal line of sight
which so far has only been
considered.
Stadia System
HORIZONTAL SIGHT
It is principe stadia system.
Where Principe stadia system is derived from distance and elevation

formulae for horizontal sight
Object lens
Diafragma
Focal point
b
i
d
D
instrument
axis
Stadia System
HORIZONTAL SIGHT
Stadia System
HORIZONTAL SIGHT
From the figure given, look at the similar triangle AOB and AOB
Vertical dist AB = OC
AB OC
d f
s i
equation 1
d D- (f c) equation 2
Insert the equation 2 to the equation 1

D- (f c) f
s
i
stadia Formula is :
D
fS
f c
i
f/i is stadia constant and f+c is

additive constant
So, stadia formula is:
D = Ks+c
Stadia System
INCLINED SIGHT
HANDLE WITH TWO SITUATION
VERTICAL
STAFF
NORMAL /
INCLINES
STAFF
Stadia System
VERTICAL STAFF
INCLINED SIGHT
From figure
S = stadia intercept
h = middle stadia readings
V = Vertical distance
H = horizontal distance
D = Slope distance
= vertical angle
staff vertical(angle of elevation)
Staff vertical(Angle of depression)
Stadia System
INCLINED SIGHT
VERTICAL STAFF FORMULA
where the additive constant is zero and K not = 100 and c not = 0, these
formulae are simplified as follows:
H = Ks cos2 + C cos
D = Ks cos + C
V = Ks sin 2 + C sin
where the additive constant is zero and K = 100, these formulae are simplified
as follows:
H = 100s (cos)
V = (100/2) s sin 2
D = Ks cos
VERTICAL STAFF FORMULA

Reduced Level of instrument = Reduced Level TBM + Hi V - h
TBM
Reduced Level of point
TBM
Instrument
= Reduced Level of instrument + Hi V - h
Instrument
Point station
Stadia System
INCLINED SIGHT
NORMAL/INCLINE STAFF
line of sight
Staff held normal

(90 with line of
sight)
Stadia System
INCLINED SIGHT
NORMAL/INCLINE STAFF FORMULA
D = Ks + C
H = (Ks + C) cos h sin
V = (Ks + C) sin
C is zero, K = 100 and the value of is less than 10 (the assumption is
generally made that the term h sin is zero), these formulae can be simplified
as :
H = 100 s cos
V = 100 s sin
Stadia System
INCLINED SIGHT
NORMAL/INCLINE STAFF FORMULA
Reduced Level of instrument = Reduced Level TBM + Hi V h cos
Reduced Level of point
= Reduced Level of instrument + Hi V - h cos
EDM
(ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT)
The term EDM is used to describe a category of instruments that

measure distance using an electronic signal.
The instrument broadcasts a focused signal that is returned by a
prism or reflection from the object.
EDM
Therefore, if the speed of the signal is known (speed of light),
and the time for the signal to travel to the target and back is
known, the distance can be calculated.
Advantages of EDMs
1.
2.
3.
4.
Precise measurement of
distance.
Line of sight instrument
Capable of measuring long
distances
Reflectorless are single
person operation
Disadvantages of EDMs
1.
2.
3.
Electronic = batterers
Accuracy affected by
atmospheric
conditions.
Can be expensive
EDM
When should horizontal distance be used?
When should slope distance be used?
Distances can be
measured in two ways:
Horizontal distance
Slope (surface)
distance
The horizontal distance between two points is the distance
between those points measured on a horizontal plane.

The slope distance between two points is a distanced
measured along the surface of the earth.(either instrument
point higher or lower than station observe)
Formula :
H = D distance
V=0
= 90/0
H distance
Situation 1
(D)
e
nc
a
t
dis
e
p
Slo
H distance
Situation 2
V distance
Formula :
H = D kos
V = D tan
RL point = RL instrument + Hi V prism reading
EDM
When the measurements require horizontal distance, the individual has
two choices.
Use equipment and techniques to record horizontal distance.

Record slope distance and collect the additional information
required to calculate horizontal distance.
Example 1:
(Find out the constant value of instrument-theodolite)
A levelling staff is held vertical at distance of 100 m and 300m from the axis
of a tachimetry and the staff intercept for horizontal sights are 0.99m and
3.00m respectively. Find the constants of the instrument.
The instrument is set up at station A and the staff is held vertical at a point B.
With the telescope inclined at an angle depression of 10 to the horizontal.
The readings on the staff are 2.670, 1.835 and 1.000m. calculate te R.L of B
and its horizontal distance from A. The H.I is 1.42 m and R.L is 450.5m.
Solution :
D = Ks +C
Given D1 = 100m, D2 = 300m, s1 = 0.99, s2 = 3.00
D1 = Ks1 + C .. equation 1
D2 = Ks2 + C ..equation 2
100 = 0.99K + C (1)
300 = 3.00K + C ..(2)
Equation 1 equation 2
200 = 2.01 K + C .equation 3
Find K value, assumed c value = 0
200 = 2.01 K + 0
K = 99.502
K = 99.052, find c value using equation 3
200 = 2.01(99.502) + C
C=1
Example 2:
(vertical staff problem distance)
It was required to determine the distance between two points A and B by a

tachimeter fitted with an analatic lens. Given k = 100and c = 0. instrument
set up at point A and staff at point B. the observation made were a vertical
angle = 946 and staff intercept = 1.915m.
What is the horizontal distance AB.
Later on its founds that the constant of the instrument were 100 and 0.5.
What would be the percentage error in the horizontal distance computed?
Solution:
K= 100, c = 0
H = Ks cos2 + C cos
= 100x1.915 (cos 946) + 0
= 185.9893
And K= 100, c = 0.5
H = Ks cos2 + c cos
= 100x1.915 (cos 946) + 0.5 cos 946
= 185.9893 + 0.4927
= 186.482
Actual distance
Error
Percentage of error
= 185.9893
= 186.482 185.9893 = 0.4927
= 0.4927 x100 = 0.2649%
185.9893

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TOPIC 1 : TACHIMETRY

WHY USING THIS METHOD

The method is very rapid and convenient.

The direct methods of measurement of horizontal

DATA NEEDS TO PLOTTING TOPOGRAPHY MAP

STEPS IN TACHIMETRY WORK

STEPS IN TACHIMETRY WORK

STEPS IN TACHIMETRY WORK

Figure 1.1 : Traverse

Making a traverse control for the final bearing of

STEPS IN TACHIMETRY WORK

This is required to transfer reduced level from

STEPS IN TACHIMETRY WORK

Details measurement is observation of all ground information

It is principe stadia system.

Where Principe stadia system is derived from distance and elevation

Insert the equation 2 to the equation 1

f/i is stadia constant and f+c is

staff vertical(angle of elevation)

Staff vertical(Angle of depression)

VERTICAL STAFF FORMULA

Staff held normal

Reduced Level of point

= Reduced Level of instrument + Hi V - h cos

The term EDM is used to describe a category of instruments that

measured in two ways:

The horizontal distance between two points is the distance

between those points measured on a horizontal plane.

Use equipment and techniques to record horizontal distance.

It was required to determine the distance between two points A and B by a

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