FORMS OF

GOVERNMENT
Comparing
Governments

PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
The Philippines is a republic with a
presidential form of government wherein
power is equally divided among its three
branches: executive, legislative, and
judicial.
One basic corollary in a presidential
system of government is the principle of
separation of powers wherein legislation
belongs to Congress, execution to the
Executive, and settlement of legal
controversies to the Judiciary.

Philippine Government

The Philippines is a democratic and republican State.

Sovereignty resides in the people and all government
authority emanates from them.
(Article II, Section 2)

Article VII, Section 1, of the 1987 Constitution vests executive

power to the President of the Philippines, who functions as the
Head of State, Head of Government, and Commander-in-Chief
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. As Chief Executive, the
President of the Philippines exercises control over all the
executive departments, bureaus, and offices.

PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

The President of the
Philippines is elected
by direct vote by the
people for a term of six
years. He may only
serve for one term and
is ineligible for
reelection. The term of
the President of the
Philippines starts at
noon of the 30th day of
June after an election is
held.

QUALIFICATIONS
1. Natural born Filipino
2. A registered
3. Must be able to
read and write
4. 40 years of age at
the day of the
election
5. Must have resided
in the Philippines
ten years before
the election is held

POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

1. Power of control over the Executive Branch
The President of the Philippines has the mandate of
control over all the executive departments, bureaus,
and offices. This includes restructuring, reconfiguring,
and appointments of their respective officials. The
Administrative Code also provides for the President to
be responsible for the above mentioned offices strict
implementation of laws.

2. Ordinance Power
The President of the Philippines has the power give
executive issuances. Executive Issuance are means to
streamline the policy and programs of an
administration. There are six issuances that the
President may issue.

3. Power over Aliens

The President of the Philippines has the power over nonFilipinos in the Philippines

4. Powers of Eminent Domain, Escheat, Land

Reservation and Recovery of Ill-gotten Wealth
5. Power of Appointment
The President may appoint officials of the Philippine
Government as provided by the Constitution and laws of
the Philippines. Some of these appointments, however,may
need the approval of the Committee on Appointments.

6. Power of General Supervision Over Local

Governments
The President of the Philippines, as Chief Executive, has the
mandate to supervise local governments in the Philippines,
despite their autonomous status as provided by RA 7160
otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991.

LINE OF SUCCESSION
Preside
nt
Vice
President
Senate
Presiden
t
Hous
e
Spea
ker

CABINET SECRETARIES
A.Functions of a Cabinet Secretary
. Cabinet Secretaries act as the alter ego of the President
executing, with his authority, the power of the Office of the
President in their respective departments.
. The number of Cabinet Secretaries varies from time to time
depending on the need of an Administration. According to
the Administrative Code of 1987, the President of the
Philippines may create or dissolve any department as he
sees fit.
B. Appointment of Cabinet Secretaries
. According to the Article 7, Section 16, the President may
appoint anyone to executive departments with the consent
of the Commission on Appointments. Names of individuals
nominated to cabinet posts are submitted to the Commission
on Appointments for their consideration.

CABINET SECRETARIES

TERM LIMITS/TENURE OF
OFFICE
Position

Term of office

Maximum Term

Maximum No. of
Years

President
Vice president

6 years
6 years

1
2`

6
12

Senator
Congress
Governor
Vice Governor

6
3
3
3

years
years
years
years

2
3
3
3

12
9
9
9

Board Member

3 years

3
3
3
3

years
years
years
years

3
3
3
3

9
9
9
9

3 years

Mayor
Vice Mayor
Councilor
Barangay
Chairman
Councilman

According to the 1987 Constitution, legislative power

shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines,
which shall consist of a Senate and a House of
Representatives.

THE PHILIPPINE
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
The power to make laws and
to alter or amend them.
It is vested in the Congress of
the Philippines is composed
of the Senate, or the Upper
House, and the House of the
Representatives, or the lower
house.

SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE POWER

1. Main Function: To legislate
2. Other functions:
a. General power to enact laws intended as rules
of conduct to govern the relations among
individuals or between individuals and the state.
b. Special Powers choose who shall become the
President in case 2 or more candidates have an
equal number of votes. Conform certain
appointments from the president.
c. Implied Powers the powers essential or
necessary to the effective exercise of the powers
expressly granted.
d. Inherent Powers powers which are possessed
and can be exercised by every government
because they exist as an attribute of sovereignty.

ADVANTAGES OF BICAMERALISM
1. There is a body who can check the
parochial tendencies of district
representatives.
2. There is a more careful study of
legislation
3. It makes the legislation less
susceptible or to control by the
executive
4. It provides training ground for
national leaders.

COMPOSITION,
QUALIFICATION & TERM OF
OFFICE

Congress

Composition

Senate

24

House

250

Qualification

1. Natural-born citizens of the

Philippines
2. At least 35 years old on the day
of the election
3. Must be able to read and write
4. Registered voter
5. Resident of the Philippines for a
period of not less than 2 years
immediately preceding the day of
the election
1. Natural-born citizen
2. At least 25 years old on the day
of the election
3. Must be able to read and write
4. Except for party-list
representatives, a registered
voter in the district in which he
shall be elected
5. Resident thereof for a period of
not less than 1 year immediately

Term of
office

Max Term

6 years

2 terms

3 years

3 terms

SALARY OF THE MEMBERS OF

CONGRESS
P240,000/year
for Senate
President and
Speaker of the
house
P204,000/year
for members
of the lower
house

PARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITY
The representatives right not to be
questioned nor be held liable to any
one for any speech or debate in
Congress or in any Committee of
Congress or in any other place.
The immunity gives the members a
freedom from any civil, criminal or
administrative liability arising from
what he says while discharging his
duties in Congress or its committee.

HOW A BILL BECOMES A LAW?

The President may approve the bill by
signing it.
The President may veto the bill totally
and return it with his objections to the
House where it originated.
The President may not act on the bill.
If the president does not act on the
bill within 30 days from its receipt, the
same shall be considered as
approved.

Judicial power rests with the Supreme

Court and the lower courts, as
established by law (Art. VIII, sec. 1 of
the 1987 Constitution).

CONCEPT OF JUDICIAL POWER

The authority to interpret the law.
The adjudicatory power or duty of courts of
justice to settle actual controversies
involving Rights, which are legally
demandable and enforceable, and to
determine whether or not there has been a
grave abuse of discretion amounting to
lack or excess of jurisdiction or power to
hear and decide a case and execute
decision thereof on the part of any branch
or instrumentality of government.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF COURTS
1.Constitutional courts the
Supreme Court is a constitutional
court in the sense of being a
creation of the constitution.
2.Statutory Courts all other
courts, including SandiganBayan, they are creation of Law.
They are referred to lower courts
in the Constitution.

Regular
Courts

Lower
Court
s
QuasiJudicial
Courts

Speci
al
Court
s

KINDS OF LOWER COURTS

1. Regular Courts
. The Court of
Appeals
. Regional Trial
court
. Metropolitan Trial
court
. Municipal Trial
Court
. Municipal Circuit
trial court

KINDS OF LOWER
COURTS

2.Special
Courts
. The Court of
Tax Appeals
. The
Sandiganbaya
n
. Sharia District
courts and

3. Quasi-judicial
agencies
administrative bodies
under the executive
branch performing
quasi-judicial functions.
. National Labor Relation
Commission
. Securities and Exchange
Commission
. Employees
Compensation
Commission
. Insurance Commission,
etc.

IMPORTANCE OF THE
JUDICIARY
Confidence in the certain and
even administration of justice
Preservation of the
government
Respect for Law and order

COMPOSITION OF THE
SUPREME COURT
The Constitution
provides that
membership in the
Supreme Court shall
consists of 15 members
including the Chief
Justice.
If ever there is vacancy,
it shall be filled within
90 days from the
occurrence of the said

QUALIFICATIONS/TENURE OF THE
MEMBERS OF THE SUPREME COURT
Judicia
ry

Supre
me
Court
Justic
es

Composit
ion

15

Qualification

Term of Max
office
Term

1. Natural-born
citizen
2. At least 40 years
old
3. Has been
engaged for at
flexibl 70
years
least 15 years or
e
old
more as a judge
of lower courts
or engaged in
the practice of

MAXIMUM RENDITION OF
DECISIONS OF COURTS
Lower Courts three
months
Court of appeals 12
months
Supreme court 24 months

MONARCHY
A look into U.Ks Government
System

WHAT IS MONARCHY?
A monarchy is a form of government where
there is an absolute ruler, usually a king or
queen, and where the people have little to no
say
The head of state is typically the descendant
of a specific noble family that earned the
allegiance of other noble families and
established a dynasty.
The reputation and acknowledgement
sometimes comes from one aristocrat that has
gained allegiance through warfare or marriage
and will remain in power until death or
abdication.

TYPES OF MONARCHY
ABSOLUTE
ThisMONARCHY
type of

LIMITED/CONSTITUTIONAL
MONARCHY

monarchy is really
rare because there is
little to no people
form of democratic
representation.
government in which
People do not like this
a nonpolitical
because the
monarch acts as head
monarch's (king,
of state within the
queen, emperor, etc.)
boundaries of a
constitution, whether
power is unchecked,
written or unwritten.
leaving them to make
any decisions that
they want.

United Kingdom
Government System
'Dieu et Mon Droit
(The God and My Right)

Scotland
Northern
Ireland

England
Wales

UNITED KINGDOM
GOVERNMENT SYSTEM
The United Kingdom is a parliamentary
democracy: government is voted into
power by the people, to act in the interests
of the people. Every adult has the right to
vote - known as 'universal suffrage'.
Alongside this system, the UK is also a
constitutional monarchy. This is a situation
where there is an established monarch
(currently Queen Elizabeth II), who remains
politically impartial and with limited
powers.

PARLIAMENT VS. GOVERNMENT

Parliament is the highest legislative authority in the UK.
It has responsibility for checking the work of government
and examining, debating and approving new laws. It is
also known as the Legislature.
Parliament is separate from government. Made up of the
House of Commons and the House of Lords, its role is to:
look at what the government is doing
debate issues and pass new laws
set taxes

There are 650 elected MPs in the House of Commons

The government runs the country. It has responsibility
for developing and implementing policy and for drafting
laws. It is also known as the Executive.

FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT
The political party that
wins the most seats in a
general election forms the
new government, led by
their party leader - who
becomes Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister
appoints ministers,
including the Cabinet, who
often work in a
government department,
and run and develop public
services and policies.

The British Executive

THE PRIME MINISTER

The Prime Minister is head
of the UK government. He
is ultimately responsible
for all policy and
decisions. He:
a. oversees the operation of
the Civil Service and
government agencies
b. appoints members of the
government
c. is the principal
government figure in the
House of Commons

THE DEPUTY PRIME

MINISTER
The Deputy Prime
Minister, Nick Clegg
MP, is the deputy
head of government.
He is the leader of the
Liberal Democrats
and was appointed
Deputy Prime Minister
when the coalition
government was
formed following the
2010 general election.

THE CABINET
Ministers are

Ministers

The Cabinet is made up

of the senior members
of government. Every
Tuesday during
Parliament, members of
the Cabinet (Secretaries
of State from all
departments and some
other ministers) meet
to discuss what are the
most important issues
for the government.

chosen by the
Prime Minister from
the members of
the House of
Commons and
House of Lords.
They are
responsible for the
actions, successes
and failures of their
departments.

Draft
legislation

Acts of
Parliament

White papers outline

These are bills
proposals for new laws.
which have been
Green papers ask for
approved by the
public comments
Commons, the
before the white paper
Lords, and The
is published.
Queen. The
Bills are proposals for
relevant
new laws or changes to
existing ones. Once
government
agreed by Parliament,
department is
they have to be
responsible for
approved by The
putting the act into
Queen before
practice.
becoming law.

The British Legislature

Laws go through several stages before

they are passed by Parliament. The
House of Commons and the House of
Lords work together to make them.

COMPOSITION OF BRITISH
LEGISLATURE

House of Commons

House of Lords

THE HOUSE OF LORDS

The House of Lords is the second chamber of the UK
Parliament. It is independent from, and
complements the work of, the elected House of
Commons. The Lords shares the task of making and
shaping laws and checking and challenging the work
of the government.
The House of Lords is made up of around 825
members from a variety of professions and walks of
life
The Lords has three main roles:
1. Making laws
2. In-depth consideration of public policy
3. Holding government to account.

HOUSE OF COMMONS
The House of Commons is the publicly
elected chamber of Parliament.Members of
the Commons debate the big political issues
of the day and proposals for new laws.
The UK public elects 650 Members of
Parliament (MPs) to represent their interests
and concerns in the House of Commons. MPs
consider and propose new laws, and can
scrutinize government policies by asking
ministers questions about current issues
either in the Commons Chamber or in
Committees.

FEDERAL SYSTEM
OF GOVERNMENT
A look into U.S
Government System

FEDERAL SYSTEM OF
GOVERNMENT
Federal system, power is shared between a
central government and smaller government
units.
In the United States, for example, there is a
federal, or central, government for the entire
country. In addition, each of the 50 states has its
own government.
Insomematters,thestate governments have final
say. In other matters, the federal government
rules. Each state, for example, sets its own speed
limits. Only the federal government, however, can
mint money or declare war.

The United States

Government
IN GOD WE TRUST

HOW THE U.S. GOVERNMENT IS

ORGANIZED

Executive

Legislative

Judiciary

SEPARATION OF POWERS
The president can veto laws passed by
Congress.
Congress confirms or rejects the president's
appointments and can remove the president
from office in exceptional circumstances.
The justices of the Supreme Court, who can
overturn unconstitutional laws, are
appointed by the president and confirmed
by the Senate.
The U.S. federal government seeks to act in
the best interests of its citizens through this
system of checks and balances.

The American
Executive

 The executive branch carries out

and enforces laws. It includes the
president, vice president, the
Cabinet, executive departments,
independent agencies, and other
boards, commissions, and
committees.
American citizens have the right
to vote for the president and vice
president through free,
confidential ballots.

KEY ROLES OF THE EXECUTIVE

BRANCH INCLUDE:
Preside
nt
Cabinet
Executi
ve

Vice
Preside
nt

PRESIDENT

The president leads

the country. He/she
is the head of state,
leader of the federal
government, and
commander-in-chief
of the United States
Armed Forces. The
president serves a
four-year term and
can be elected no
more than two times.

VICE PRESIDENT
The vice president
supports the
president. If the
president is unable
to serve, the vice
president becomes
president. He/she
can serve an
unlimited number
of four-year terms.

CABINETS
Cabinet members serve as
advisors to the president. They
include the vice president and
the heads of executive
departments. Cabinet members
are nominated by the president
and must be approved by the
Senate (with at least 51 votes).

The American Legislature

THE LEGISLATIVE
The legislative branch enacts
legislation, confirms or rejects
presidential appointments, and has the
authority to declare war.
This branch includes Congress (the
Senate and House of Representatives)
and several agencies that provide
support services to Congress. American
citizens have the right to vote for
senators and representatives through
free, confidential ballots.

SENATE
There are two
elected senators
per state, totaling
100 senators. A
senate term is six
years and there's
no limit to the
number of terms
an individual can
serve.

HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVE
There are 435 elected representatives,
which are divided among the 50 states
in proportion to their total population.
There are additional non-voting
delegates who represent the District of
Columbia and the territories. A
representative serves a two-year term,
and there's no limit to the number of
terms an individual can serve.

Judicial Branch

Supreme
Court
The Supreme Court is the
highest court in the United
States. The justices of the
Supreme Court are
nominated by the president
and must be approved by
the Senate (with at least
51 votes). Congress
decides the number of
justices. Currently, there
are nine. There is no fixed
term for justices. They
serve until their death,
retirement, or removal in
exceptional circumstances.

Other Federal
Courts

The
Constitution
grants
Congress the
authority to
establish other
federal courts.