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    1-5 Motor Control Theories

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    NatrayanRamesh
    This document provides an overview of several motor control theories: - Reflex theory proposes that complex movements emerge from sequences of reflexes, but cannot explain voluntary or novel movements. - Hierarchical theory postulates higher brain centers control lower centers and reflexes, but environment also influences movement. - Motor programming theories involve central motor patterns or rules for generating movements, though external factors are also important. - Systems theory, like Bernstein's degrees of freedom problem, considers body constraints and synergies to reduce variability. - Dynamic systems theory emphasizes self-organization and flexibility from interacting elements over specific commands. - Ecological theory focuses on perception-action coupling and exploring the environment to learn movement solutions.

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    1-5 Motor Control Theories

    Uploaded by

    NatrayanRamesh
    2K views51 pages
    This document provides an overview of several motor control theories: - Reflex theory proposes that complex movements emerge from sequences of reflexes, but cannot explain voluntary or novel movements. - Hierarchical theory postulates higher brain centers control lower centers and reflexes, but environment also influences movement. - Motor programming theories involve central motor patterns or rules for generating movements, though external factors are also important. - Systems theory, like Bernstein's degrees of freedom problem, considers body constraints and synergies to reduce variability. - Dynamic systems theory emphasizes self-organization and flexibility from interacting elements over specific commands. - Ecological theory focuses on perception-action coupling and exploring the environment to learn movement solutions.

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    This document provides an overview of several motor control theories: - Reflex theory proposes that complex movements emerge from sequences of reflexes, but cannot explain voluntary or novel movements. - Hierarchical theory postulates higher brain centers control lower centers and reflexes, but environment also influences movement. - Motor programming theories involve central motor patterns or rules for generating movements, though external factors are also important. - Systems theory, like Bernstein's degrees of freedom problem, considers body constraints and synergies to reduce variability. - Dynamic systems theory emphasizes self-organization and flexibility from interacting elements over specific commands. - Ecological theory focuses on perception-action coupling and exploring the environment to learn movement solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    2K views51 pages

    1-5 Motor Control Theories

    Uploaded by

    NatrayanRamesh
    This document provides an overview of several motor control theories: - Reflex theory proposes that complex movements emerge from sequences of reflexes, but cannot explain voluntary or novel movements. - Hierarchical theory postulates higher brain centers control lower centers and reflexes, but environment also influences movement. - Motor programming theories involve central motor patterns or rules for generating movements, though external factors are also important. - Systems theory, like Bernstein's degrees of freedom problem, considers body constraints and synergies to reduce variability. - Dynamic systems theory emphasizes self-organization and flexibility from interacting elements over specific commands. - Ecological theory focuses on perception-action coupling and exploring the environment to learn movement solutions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 51
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that movement emerges from the interaction between task constraints, individual constraints, and environmental constraints, and that motor control theories have evolved over time from reflex-based to more complex models.

    Some of the motor control theories discussed include the reflex theory, schema theory, dynamical systems theory, and ecological theory.

    Different rehabilitation approaches are based on different assumptions about normal and abnormal motor control, recovery of function, and clinical practices. Muscle reeducation focuses on changing function at the muscle level, while neurofacilitation approaches assume abnormal movement is due to the lesion and aim to inhibit abnormal patterns and facilitate normal ones through repetition.

    PTP 512

    Neuroscience in Physical
    Therapy
    Motor Control: Issues and
    Theories
    Min H. Huang, PT, PhD, NCS

    Objectives
    Identify individual, task, and
    environmental movement constraints
    Compare and contrast contemporary
    motor control theories
    Compare and contrast neurologic
    rehabilitation approaches with respect
    to assumptions underlying normal and
    abnormal movement control, recovery
    of function, and clinical practices.

    Reflection
    What is a theory?
    What is the value of theory to
    clinical practice?

    HOW DOES MOVEMENT


    EMERGE?

    Movement Emerges from


    the Interaction between
    Task, Individual,
    Environment

    Environmental Constraints
    on Movement
    Regulatory
    Essential elements that
    determine the
    movement, e.g. chair
    height
    Non-regulatory
    Feature that are not
    essential but may
    affect the performance,
    e.g. background noise

    Individual Constraints on
    Movement
    Action
    goal-directed
    movements
    Perception
    Sensory integration
    Cognition
    Mental functions
    underlying the
    establishment of a goal

    Task Constraints on
    Movement

    The nature of tasks determine


    the movement required.
    Classify tasks by
    Functional category, e.g.
    gait, bed-mobility, transfer
    Discrete (definite ending)
    vs. continuous (no end
    point), e.g. grasping vs.
    walking
    Stable vs. mobility, e.g.
    sitting vs. walking

    Gentiles Taxonomy for Task


    Classification

    M: manipulation, Variability: inter-trial


    variability

    Gentiles Taxonomy for Task


    Classification

    BodyStability
    M

    +M

    BodyTransport
    M

    +M

    Closedpredictableenvironment
    Variability
    + Variability

    Openunpredictableenvironment

    Variability

    M:
    manipulation, Variability: inter-trial
    + Variability
    variability

    MOTOR CONTROL
    THEORIES
    A TOUR THROUGH
    HISTORY

    Discuss at your table group


    1) What did the therapist do?
    2) What did the patient do? How did
    the patient perform the tasks?

    http://www.youtu
    be.com/watch?v=m
    CiBehv_FOw&featu
    re=related

    http://www.yo
    utube.com/wat
    ch?v=r5o5S9zGpE

    Reflex Theory
    Reflexes are the building blocks of
    complex motor behaviors or
    movements

    Reflex Theory
    Sir Charles Sherrington, the integrative
    action of the nervous system (1906)
    Reflex chaining: complex movements
    are a sequence of reflexes elicited
    together
    This is based on the observation that
    monkeys were unable to their arm after
    resection of one side of dorsal root
    ganglia. Therefore, sensory inputs must
    be essential in initiating movements.

    Limitations of Reflex Theory


    Unable to explain
    Spontaneous and voluntary movements
    Movement can occur without a sensory
    stimulus
    Fast sequential movements, e.g. typing
    A single stimulus can trigger various
    responses (reflexes can be modulated)
    Novel movements can be carried out.

    Limitations of Reflex Theory


    Taub demonstrated that monkeys
    with bilateral deafferentation were
    able to move the arms. If with
    unilateral deafferentation, the
    monkey relearned moving the
    affected arm when the good arm
    was constrained in a sling. His
    findings
    lead toConstrained-Induced
    the constraintStroke
    Rehabilitation:
    Movement
    inducedTherapy
    movement therapy.

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMTh2hWvB2g
    Taub Therapy Clinic: Constrained-Induced
    Movement Therapy

    Hierarchical Theory

    Hierarchical Theory
    Higher centers are always in control of
    lower centers
    Higher centers inhibit the reflexes
    controlled by lower centers
    Reflexes controlled by lower centers are
    present only when higher centers are
    damaged
    Neuromaturational theory of development
    The brain determines infant behavior!

    Hierarchical Theory

    Hierarchical Theory
    Based on the observation of motor
    development in children and adults
    A childs capacity to sit, stand, and
    walk is related to the progressive
    emergence and disappearance of
    reflexes
    Brain stem reflexes (associated with
    head control) emerge before midbrain
    reflexes (associated with trunk
    control)

    Current Concepts Related to


    Hierarchical Theory
    Each level of
    the motor
    system can
    act on other
    levels
    Reflexes are
    one of many
    processes of
    motor control

    Clinical Implications of
    Hierarchical Theory
    When the influence of higher centers is
    temporarily or permanently interfered
    with, normal reflexes become exaggerated
    and so called pathological reflexes
    appear Brunnstrom, 1970
    The release of motor responses
    integrated at lower levels from restraining,
    influences of higher center, especially that
    of the cortex, leads to abnormal postural
    reflex activityBobath, 1965

    Limitations of Hierarchical
    Theory
    Environment and other non-CNS
    factors can affect movement, e.g.
    Thelens experiments showed that
    babys stepping response reemerges with body weight support
    Normal adults exhibit lower level
    reflexes, e.g. flexor withdrawal

    Body Sense. Scientific America Frontier. (1:00-2:40,


    5:10-7:30)
    http://vsx.onstreammedia.com/vsx/pbssaf/search/P
    BSPlayer?
    assetId=68932&ccstart=235620&pt=0&preview=u

    Motor Programming
    Theories
    Concept of a central motor pattern
    or motor program
    Many studies found that
    movement is possible even in the
    absence of stimuli or sensory input
    Sensory inputs are not required to
    produce a movement but they are
    important in adapting and
    modulating the movement

    General setup for studies of


    locomotion in cats with spinal
    lesions

    Rossignol, 2011

    Central Pattern Generator


    (CPGs)
    F flexor
    motoneuron
    s
    E extensor
    motoneuron
    s
    DC dorsal
    columns
    DRG dorsal
    root
    Rossignol, 2011
    ganglion

    Evidence of a Motor
    Program:
    Central Pattern Generator
    (CPGs)

    CPGs are spinal networks capable of


    generating bilateral rhythmic
    movements, such as swimming or
    walking, in the absence of descending
    and sensory inputs
    CPGs are network of interneurons
    that alternatively activate flexors and
    extensors on one side, and coordinate
    with CPGs on the other side

    Motor Programming
    Theories
    Motor programs are
    Hardwired and stereotyped neural
    connections such as central pattern
    generators (CPGs)
    Abstract rules for generating
    movements at the higher level
    Motor program can be activated by
    sensory stimuli or by central
    processes

    Motor Programming
    Theories
    Writing

    Limitations of Motor
    Programming Theories
    Does not consider that the nervous
    system must deal with both
    musculoskeletal and environmental
    variables to produce movements
    e.g. identical neural commands
    to elbow flexors can produce
    different movements depending
    on the initial position of the arm
    and the force of gravity

    Clinical Implications of
    Motor Programming
    Theories
    Movement problems are caused by
    abnormal CPGs or higher level
    motor programs
    It is important to help patients
    relearn the correct rules for action
    Focus on retraining movements that
    are critical to a functional task, not
    just specific muscles in isolation

    Systems Theory:
    Bernsteins Degree of
    Freedom Problem

    How does the CNS select


    a
    solution from an infinite
    number of possibilities for
    a task?
    Solution
    Higher levels activate lower levels
    while lower levels activate synergies,
    i.e. groups of muscles that are
    constrained to act together as a unit

    Systems Theory:
    Bernsteins Degree of
    Freedom Problem

    Viewed body as a mechanical


    system, involving the interaction
    between mass, external force (e.g.
    gravity), internal force
    Coordination of movement is the
    process of mastering the
    redundant degrees of freedom of
    the moving organism (Bernstein,
    1967)

    Systems Theory: Latashs


    Principle of Abundance
    Synergy is a task-specific covariation of
    elemental variables with the purpose to
    stabilize a performance variable, i.e.
    minimize errors of a performance variable
    Reaching: joint rotation angle stabilize
    hand position
    Grasping: individual finger force
    stabilize total grasp force
    Standing stability: postural muscle
    activation stabilize COP

    Systems Theory: Latashs


    Principle of Abundance
    A muscle belongs to more than one
    synergy. Within a synergy, each
    muscle has a unique weighting factor
    that specifies the level of activation of
    that muscle within that synergy.
    Synergies assure small variability of
    the performance variable while
    allowing relatively large variability of
    each elemental variable

    Postural perturbation study: each


    muscle may be activated to a
    different degree by each muscle
    synergy

    Ting, 2005

    Dynamic Systems Theory:


    Principle of SelfOrganization

    Movement emerges as a result of


    interacting elements. No needs for
    specific neural commands or
    motor programs.
    Variability of movement is normal.
    Optimal amount of variability
    allows for flexible, adaptive
    strategies to meet the
    environmental demand

    Dynamic Systems Theory:


    Principle of SelfOrganization

    A new movement emerges when a control


    parameter reaches a critical value

    Limitation of Systems
    Theory
    Nervous system is fairly
    unimportant
    How do we apply mathematics and
    body mechanics to clinical
    practice?

    Clinical Implications of
    Systems Theory
    Body is a mechanical system. Consider
    musculoskeletal factors underlying a
    patients movement problem
    Changes in movements may not
    necessarily result from neural changes,
    e.g. faster vs. slow gait, speed during
    sit to stand
    Encourage the patient to explore
    variable movements

    Ecological Theory: Gibsons


    Perception-Action Coupling
    Action is specific to the task goal
    and the environment
    Perceptual information of the
    environmental factors relevant to
    the task goal is necessary to guide
    the action
    Limitations:
    emphasis on nervous system

    Clinical Implications of
    Ecological Theory
    Individual is an active explorer of
    the environment for learning
    Individual discovers multiple ways
    to solve movement problems in
    environment
    Fundamental to the play-based
    therapy
    for pediatric
    patients
    Baby
    Sense. Scientific
    America Frontier.
    (1:00-2:40,

    5:10-7:30)
    http://vsx.onstreammedia.com/vsx/pbssaf/search/P
    BSPlayer?
    assetId=68932&ccstart=235620&pt=0&preview=u

    Discuss at your table group


    What are the assumptions of
    movement control underling each of
    these treatment approaches?
    http://www.youtu
    be.com/watch?
    v=mCiBehv_FOw
    &feature=related

    http://www.yo
    utube.com/w
    atch?
    v=r5o5S9zGpE

    NEUROLOGIC
    REHABILITATION
    APPROACHES

    Motorcontrolmodels
    Reflex

    Hierarchical

    Systems

    Muscle
    reeducation

    Neurotherapeutic
    facilitation

    Contemporary
    task-oriented

    Neurologicrehabilitationmodels

    Muscle Reeducation
    Change function at
    the level of muscle
    Vera Carter, a
    practitioner
    beginning her
    work with muscle
    treatment of polio
    patients in
    Australia in the
    early 1930s
    Kendall Historical Collection

    Assumptions of
    Neurofacilitation
    Approaches

    Abnormal movement is a direct


    result of the neurologic lesion
    Inhibit abnormal movement
    patterns to facilitate the normal
    movement patterns will lead to the
    return of functional skills
    Repetition of normal movement
    patterns will automatically transfer
    to functional tasks

    Reflex- and Hierarchical


    Based Neurofacilitation
    Approaches

    Brunnstrom, Rood, Proprioceptive


    neuromuscular facilitation (PNF),
    Bobaths neurodevelopmental
    treatment (NDT)
    Retraining motor control through
    techniques to facilitate and/or
    inhibit different movement patterns
    e.g. PNF UE D1 Flexion/Extension
    http://davisplus.fadavis.com/kisner/C
    hapter06.cfm

    Task-Oriented Approach
    (motor control of motor
    learning approach)

    Task-Oriented Approach
    Movement is organized around a behavioral
    goal and is constrained by the environment
    Patients learn by actively attempting to
    solve the movement problem rather than
    by repetitively practicing normal patterns of
    movement.
    e.g. RIC constraint-induced movement
    therapy camp
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?
    v=NhLsh1SW4Ak

    Moving forward
    .currently available evidence of
    doseresponse relationships in motor
    learning, time-dependency of neuronal
    and functional recovery, and task
    specificity of treatment effects.the
    lack of evidence as well as major
    changes over time in our understanding
    of underlying mechanisms about stroke
    recovery, which do not concur with the
    obsolete and constantly changing
    assumptions used to explain the
    Bobath ConceptKollen, 2009

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