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    Impression Materia l4

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    Suvasish Suvasish
    This document provides information on impression materials. It begins by classifying materials as non-elastic (such as impression plaster and compound) or elastic (hydrocolloids and elastomers). Elastomeric materials are further described as accurate and rubber-like. Key elastomers discussed include polysulfides, polyethers, and silicones. Polysulfides were the first introduced but have an unpleasant odor. Condensation silicones were developed to overcome some disadvantages of polysulfides. Addition silicones, also called polyvinyl siloxane, have better properties than condensation silicones and are widely used. The document provides details on the composition, setting reactions, properties, advantages and

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    Impression Materia l4

    Uploaded by

    Suvasish Suvasish
    217 views48 pages
    This document provides information on impression materials. It begins by classifying materials as non-elastic (such as impression plaster and compound) or elastic (hydrocolloids and elastomers). Elastomeric materials are further described as accurate and rubber-like. Key elastomers discussed include polysulfides, polyethers, and silicones. Polysulfides were the first introduced but have an unpleasant odor. Condensation silicones were developed to overcome some disadvantages of polysulfides. Addition silicones, also called polyvinyl siloxane, have better properties than condensation silicones and are widely used. The document provides details on the composition, setting reactions, properties, advantages and

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    This document provides information on impression materials. It begins by classifying materials as non-elastic (such as impression plaster and compound) or elastic (hydrocolloids and elastomers). Elastomeric materials are further described as accurate and rubber-like. Key elastomers discussed include polysulfides, polyethers, and silicones. Polysulfides were the first introduced but have an unpleasant odor. Condensation silicones were developed to overcome some disadvantages of polysulfides. Addition silicones, also called polyvinyl siloxane, have better properties than condensation silicones and are widely used. The document provides details on the composition, setting reactions, properties, advantages and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    217 views48 pages

    Impression Materia l4

    Uploaded by

    Suvasish Suvasish
    This document provides information on impression materials. It begins by classifying materials as non-elastic (such as impression plaster and compound) or elastic (hydrocolloids and elastomers). Elastomeric materials are further described as accurate and rubber-like. Key elastomers discussed include polysulfides, polyethers, and silicones. Polysulfides were the first introduced but have an unpleasant odor. Condensation silicones were developed to overcome some disadvantages of polysulfides. Addition silicones, also called polyvinyl siloxane, have better properties than condensation silicones and are widely used. The document provides details on the composition, setting reactions, properties, advantages and

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    of 48

    Impression Materials

    Lecture 4
    PRESENTED BY:
    DR. HASAN MD. RIZVI
    BDS (DHAKA DENTAL COLLEGE), BCS(HEALTH), FCPS
    (ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS)

    LECTURER, DENTAL UNIT. SHAHID SHURUWARDI


    MEDICAL COLLEGE.

    Classification of Impression Materials


    Non-elastic

    Materials

    1- Impression plaster (rigid)


    2- Impression Compound (thermoplastic)
    3- Impression waxes (thermoplastic)
    4-Impression paste (rigid)
    Elastic

    I-

    Materials

    Hydrocolloids
    1- Reversible (Agar)
    a Rubber base b Mercaptan
    c Thiokol
    2- Irreversible (Alginate)

    II- Synthetic Elastomers


    1- Polysulphides

    2- Polyether
    3- Silicones
    a- Condensation silicone
    b- Addition cured silicone

    Elastomeric Impression Materials


    A material that is used when an extremely accurate

    impression is essential. The term elastomeric means


    having elastic or rubberlike qualities.
    They are soft and rubber like and far more stronger and
    stable than the hydrocolloids.
    They are liquid polymers which can be converted to
    solid rubber at room temperature. By mixing with a
    suitable catalyst, they undergo polymerization and/or
    crosslinking reaction to produce a firm elastic solid.
    Initially they were called rubber-base or rubber
    impression materials. Currently, they referred to as
    elastomeric impression materials.

    Types of Elastomeric Materials (chemically)


    Polysulfide
    Polyether
    Silicone

    a- Condensation silicones
    b- Addition cured silicones (Polyvinyl siloxane )

    Forms of Elastomeric Materials


    Light-bodied

    Also referred to as syringe type, or wash type. This


    material is used because of its ability to flow in and
    about the details of the prepared tooth. A special
    syringe, or extruder, is used to place the light-bodied
    material on and immediately around the prepared
    teeth.

    Forms of Elastomeric Materials (cont)


    Regular and heavy-bodied or very heavy body
    Often referred to as traytype materials, they are much
    thicker. As the names imply, they are used to fill the
    tray. Their stiffness helps to force the lightbodied
    material into close contact with the prepared teeth and
    surrounding tissues to ensure a more accurate
    impression of the details of a preparation.

    Elastic
    Elastic
    Polysulfides
    Polysulfides

    Polyethers
    Polyethers

    Non-aqueous
    Non-aqueous
    elastomers
    elastomers

    Condensation
    Condensation
    silicone
    silicone

    Addition
    Addition
    silicone
    silicone

    Uses of elastomeric impression materials


    In fixed partial dentures or fixed prosthesis for

    impressions of prepared teeth.


    Impressions of dentulous mouths for removable partial
    dentures.
    Impressions of edentulous mouths for complete dentures.
    Polyether is used for border molding of edentulous
    custom trays.
    For bite registration.
    Silicone duplicating material is used for making refractory
    casts during cast partial denture construction.

    Supplied as

    Collapsible tubes
    Light and regular body material are also supplied in

    cartridges to be used with automixing tips and


    dispensers.
    Putty consistent supplied in jars

    Polysulfide Impression Material


    The first elastomeric impression material to be introduced (1950). It is also known as

    Mercaptan or Thiokol. Comersial name= coe-flex(lead dioxide system) Omni


    flex(Copper hydrooxide system)
    Chemical makeup:
    Base paste: liquid polysulfied polymer 80-85% + fillers (Zinc sulfate, lithopone, or
    calcium sulfate dihydrate)
    Reactor paste:
    Catalysts: lead dioxide 60-68%, Dibutyle phthalate 30-35%, Copper hydroxides, zinc
    peroxide, organic hydroperoxide.
    Cross-linking agent: Sulfur and/or lead peroxide.
    Other subctance: Magnesium stearate (retarder) + deodorants
    Tray adhesive :
    Butyl rubber or styrene dissolved in a \ solvent such as chloroform or a ketone is used with
    polysulfide.

    Setting Reaction
    pbo2 +S
    Mercaptan + Lead dioxide
    (liquid polymer)

    polysulfide + H2O

    (solid highly elastic flexible)

    Exothermic reaction accelerated by moisture and


    heat

    Manipulation and Technique Considerations


    for Polysulfide Material
    Dispense pastes at the top of the mixing pad.
    Mix pastes with the tip of a spatula to incorporate the material

    first.
    Transfer the material to the fresh surface of the mixing pad.
    Water, saliva, and blood affect polysulfide material.
    Impression should be removed quickly after setting-do not rock
    the tray.
    Adhesive must be thin and dry before adding the impression
    material.
    Wait 20 to 30 minutes before pouring the impression for the
    stress relaxation to occur in the material.
    Be careful of glove powder contamination of the impression.

    PROPERTIES
    Advantages:
    Accurate if poured without delay (maximum storage time

    is 48 hours)
    Long working time (multiple preparations cases)
    Excellent tear resistance (high tensile strain before
    tearing)
    It has good flexibility (7%) and low hardness. A 2 mm
    spacing in the tray is sufficient for making an impression.
    It can be electroplated.
    The shelf life is good (2 years).

    PROPERTIES
    Disadvantages:
    Unpleasant odor and color. Is messy to work with as these
    materials are extremely viscous and sticky. mixing is
    difficult. The mixing time is 45 seconds.
    It has a long setting time of 12.5 minutes (at 37C). In
    colder climates setting can take as long as 16 minutes. This
    adds to the patient's discomfort.
    curing shrinkage is high (0.45%) and continues
    even after setting has the highest permanent deformation
    (3 to 5%) among the elastomers. Elastic recovery improves
    with time and so pouring of the
    model should be delayed by half an hour. Further delay is
    avoided to minimize curing shrinkage.

    SILICONE RUBBER IMPRESSION MATERIALS


    These materials were developed to overcome
    some of the disadvantages of polysulfide
    materials.

    Condensation silicones

    This was earlier of two silicone impression materials----refered to as conventional silicones.


    Supplied as:
    Collapsible tubes base tube being larger.
    Putty single large jar catalyst paste/liquid.
    Light /medium bodied , putty
    Commercial name: sil 21. coltex, dent-a-scon

    Chemical makeup:
    Base paste: polydimethyl siloxane + filler (metal
    oxide) 35-75% + coloring agent
    Reactor paste:
    Catalysts: Stannous octate
    Cross-linking agent: Orthoethyl silicate

    Setting Reaction
    A codensation polymerization(exothermic) reaction
    occurs ---leading to crosslinkage between Orthoethyl
    silicate and the terminal hydroxy group of dimethyl
    siloxane to form three dimensional network.
    Stannous octate

    Dimethyl siloxane + Orthoethyl silicate


    Silicone rubber + Ethyl alcohol
    ethyl alcohol formed as a by-product evaporates
    gradually from the set rubber leading to shrinkage.

    Tray adhesive
    The adhesive for silicones contain poly (dimethyl
    siloxane)(bonds with the rubber) and ethyl silicate
    (create a physical bond with the tray).

    PROPERTIES
    Advantages:
    Pleasant color and odor. Although nontoxic, direct
    skin contact should be avoided to prevent any
    allergic reactions.
    Setting time is 6 to 9 minutes. Mixing time is 45
    seconds.
    Excellent reproduction of surface details.
    Can be plated with silver/copper. Silver-plating is
    preferred.

    PROPERTIES
    Disadvantages:
    Dimensional stability is comparatively less because of

    the high curing shrinkage (0.4 to 0.6%), and shrinkage


    due to evaporation of the ethyl alcohol byproduct. To
    avoid this the cast should be poured immediately. The
    permanent deformation is also high(1-3%).
    Tear strength (3000) gm/cm is lower than the
    polysulfides.
    It is stiffer and harder than polysulfide. The hardness
    increases with time.The spacing in the tray is
    increased to 3 mm to compensate for the stiffness.

    Manipulation and Technique Considerations for


    Silicone Material
    The material has a limited shelf life.
    The tray requires a special tray adhesive.
    No syneresis or imbibition but does respond with

    shrinkage over time.


    The material is more flexible, so there is more chance
    for distortion during removal.
    Wait 20 to 30 minutes before pouring of models for
    stress relaxation to occur.

    Disadvantages:
    It is hydrophobic. The field should be well-dried

    before making an impression.Care should also be


    taken while pouring the cast to avoid air entrapment.
    Shelf life is slightly less than polysulfides due to the
    unstable nature of the orthoethyl silicates.

    Addition silicones (polyvinyl siloxane)


    These new materials had bettter properties when
    compared to the condensation silicones. Also known as
    polyvinyl siloxane. Currently, are perhaps the most
    widely used elastomeric impression material worldwide.
    Commercial names: Reprosil (Dentsply) , President
    (Coltene), Provil.
    Supplied as:
    The base and catalyst pastes come in equal sized tubes.
    The different viscosities usually come in different colors
    like orange, blue, green, etc.

    Supplied as:
    Cartridge form with automixing tips For use with a

    dispensing gun.
    Putty jars Two equal sized plastic jarscontaining
    the base and catalyst
    A larger electric driven autodispenser and mixing
    device is also available(PentamixESPE). This
    machine stores larger quantities. At the press of the
    button, it dispenses and mixes the material.
    Available in Four Viscosities
    Light bodied/Medium bodied/Heavy bodied/Putty

    COMPOSITION
    Base:
    Poly (methyl hydrogen siloxane)
    or Other siloxane prepolymers
    Fillers
    Accelerator:
    Divinyl polysiloxane Other siloxane prepolymers
    Platinum salt-catalyst (chloroplatinic acid)
    Palladium or hydrogen absorber
    Retarders
    Fillers

    Setting Reaction
    It is an addition reaction. In this case, the base polymer is
    terminated with vinyl groups and is crosslinked with silane
    (hydride groups). The reaction is activated by the platinum
    salt.
    Pt salt
    Vinyl siloxane +Silane siloxane
    Silicone rubber
    No byproducts as long as vinyl= silane if unbalanced H 2 is
    produced cause air bubble in stone model palladium added
    to absorb H2 nb sulfer retard setting reaction contamination can
    occur from latex gloves so use vinyl gloves.

    PROPERTIES
    Advantages:
    Pleasant odor and color.
    Excellent reproduction of surface details.
    Setting time ranges from 5 to 9 minutes. Mixing time is 45 seconds.
    It has the best dimensional stability among the elastomers. It has a

    low curing shrinkage (0.17%) and the lowest permanent


    deformation (0.05 to 0.3%). If hydrogen gas is liberated pouring of
    stone should be delayed by 1-2 hours. Otherwise air bubbles will
    result.
    It has good tear strength (3000 gm/cm).
    It can be electroplated with silver or copper. However, hydrophilic
    silicones are more difficult to electroplate because of the surfactant
    added.
    Shelf life ranges from 1 to 2 years.

    PROPERTIES
    Disadvantages:
    This may also cause allergic reaction so direct skin contact
    should be avoided.
    It is extremely hydrophobic, so similar care should be taken
    while making the impression and pouring the wet stone.
    Some manufacturers add a surfactant (detergent) to make it
    more hydrophilic.
    It has low flexibility and is harder than polysulfides. Extra
    spacing (3 mm) should be provided in the impression tray.
    Care should also be taken while
    removing the stone cast from the impression to avoid any
    breakage.

    Manipulation and Technique Considerations for


    Polyvinyl Siloxane Material
    For dimensional stability, this is the best impression

    material.
    Pouring of the model can be delayed up to 7 to 10
    days.
    Stiffness of the material makes removal of the tray
    difficult.
    Material dispensed using auto-mixing unit and
    mixing tips.

    One step impression technique

    Two stage putty wash technique

    POLYETHER RUBBER IMPRESSION MATERIAL

    Polyether was introduced in Germany in the late 1960s. It


    has good mechanical properties and dimensional stability.
    Its disadvantage was that the working time was short and
    the material was very stiff. It is also expensive.
    Supplied as:
    Available as base and accelerator in collapsible tubes. The
    accelerator tube is usually smaller. A third tube containing a
    thinner was provided. Now it is available in three viscosities:
    Light bodied
    Medium bodied
    Heavy bodied

    Supplied as:
    Commercial name: Impregum F(premier),Ramitec,
    polyjel(Dentsply)

    COMPOSITION
    Base:
    Polyether polymer
    Colloidal silica --------filler
    Glycolether or phthalate-------plasticizer
    Accelerator Paste:
    Aromatic sulfonate ester ----cross-linking agent
    Colloidal silica -----------filler
    Phthalate or glycolether------plasticizer

    SETTING REACTION
    It is cured by the reaction between aziridine rings which are at the
    end of branched polyether molecule.
    Crosslinking is brought about by the aromatic sulfonate ester via
    the imine end groups. The reaction is exothermic (4 to 5C).

    Polyether + Sulfonic ester


    Crosslinked rubber

    PROPERTIES
    Advantages:
    Pleasant odor and taste.
    Dimensional stability is very good. Curing shrinkage is low
    (0.24%)permanent deformation is also low (0.8 to 1.6%). However,
    polyethers absorb water and can change dimension. Therefore
    prolonged storage in humid climates is not recommended.
    Tear strength is good (3000 gm/cm).
    It is hydrophilic, so moisture in the impression field is not so critical
    the best compatibility with stone among the elastomers.
    It can be electroplated with silver or copper.
    The shelf life is excellent more than 2 years.
    It has excellent detail reproduction (20 micron).

    PROPERTIES
    Disadvantages:
    The sulfonic ester can cause skin reactions. Thorough mixing is

    recommended before making an impression and direct skin contact


    should be avoided.
    Setting time is around 6 to 8 minutes. Mixing should be done
    quickly which is 30 seconds. Heat decreases the setting time.
    It is extremely stiff,(flexibility 3%). It is harder than,polysulfides and
    increases with time. Removing it from undercuts can be difficult, so
    additional spacing of
    (4 mm) is recommended. Care should also be taken while
    removing the cast from the impression to avoid any
    breakage.
    Prolonged exposure may cause the surface of the impression to
    become sticky (depolymerizes) after several days

    Manipulation of rubber impression materials


    PUTTY
    With addition silicones, equal scoops of base and accelerator are taken.
    With condensation silicones, the required number of scoops of base and

    recommended amount of liquid or paste accelerator is taken.


    In either case mixing is done by kneading between the fingers. Mixing is
    done until a streak free mix is obtained.
    PASTE
    For Polysulfides and Addition Silicones
    Equal lengths of base and accelerator is extruded onto the mixing pad sideby-side without touching.
    The accelerator paste is then incorporated into the base paste. Mixing is
    done using a tapered stiff bladed spatula.
    Just before loading the tray the material should be spread in a thin layer to
    release the trapped air bubbles. A streak free mix is obtained in 45 seconds.

    Manipulation of rubber impression materials


    Condensation Silicons
    Unlike addition silicone, the quantity of catalyst paste needed
    is very little. The manufacturer usually marks the length
    required on the mixing pad. The two pastes therefore are of
    unequal length and diameter
    For Polyether
    The required amount of thinner (when supplied) may be added
    to the base and accelerator depending on the viscosity needed.
    Again, like condensation silicone. the quantity of accelerator
    needed is very little. The ratio is usually displayed on the
    mixing pad. The mixing should be done quickly. The mixing
    time is 30 seoconds

    TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
    Impressions can be made in custom or stock trays.
    Elastomers do not adhere well to the tray. An

    adhesive should be applied to the tray and allowed


    to dry before making impressions. The
    adhesive cements provided with the various
    elastomers are not interchangeable. A slightly
    roughened tray surface will increase the adhesion.
    For putty impressions, a perforated stock tray is
    used. The perforations help to retain the putty in the
    tray .

    TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
    The spacing given is between 2 to 4 mm.

    METHODS OF MAKING IMPRESSIONS:


    SINGLE MIX TECHNIQUE
    Tray used Resin custom tray with 2-4 mm spacing.
    Viscosity used Regular only.
    Method :
    The paste is mixed and part of it is loaded on to the tray and
    part into a syringe. The syringe material is then injected on to
    the prepared area of impression.
    The tray with material is seated over it. The material is
    allowed to set.

    METHODS OF MAKING IMPRESSIONS:


    MULTIPLE MIX TECHNIQUE
    Tray used Resin custom tray with 2-4 mm spacing.
    Viscosity used (a) Heavy bodied and (b) light bodied.
    Method : The two viscosities are mixed
    simultaneously on separate pads.heavy body is loaded
    into the tray while the light bodied is loaded into the
    syringe. The syringe material is injected over the
    preparation. The tray containing the heavy body if
    then seated over it. Both materials set together to
    produce a single impression.

    METHODS OF MAKING IMPRESSIONS:


    ONE-STAGE PUTTY-WASH TECHNIQUE
    shown
    TWO-STAGE PUTTY-WASH TECHNIQUE
    shown

    REMOVAL OF THE IMPRESSION


    Removal is facilitated by breaking the airseal. This

    can be done by teasing the borders of the tray


    parallel to the path of insertion until the air leaks
    into the tray.
    In addition to the holding the tray handle, a finger
    on the buccal portion of the tray may be used to
    apply additional pressure to dislodge the tray.

    INFECTION CONTROL
    Rubber impression materials are disinfected by
    immersing in disinfectant solutions. 10 minutes in 2%
    glutaraldehyde or 3 minutes in chlorine dioxide
    solutions have been found to be satisfactory. Because
    of its tendency to absorb water, a spray of chlorine
    dioxide is preferred in case of polyether. Other disin
    fectants used are phenol and iodophor.

    THANK YOU

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