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    Biosensor

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    Yash Shah
    This document discusses biosensors, including their components, principles of operation, types, and applications. It provides the following key points: 1) Biosensors integrate a biological recognition element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to the concentration of an analyte. They have four main components: a biological element, analyte, transducer, and electronic signal processor. 2) There are several types of biosensors depending on the transducer used, including amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric, optical, piezoelectric, and cantilever biosensors. Biosensor arrays allow for efficient detection and measurement of multiple analytes. 3) Biosensors have a wide range

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Biosensor

    Uploaded by

    Yash Shah
    150 views29 pages
    This document discusses biosensors, including their components, principles of operation, types, and applications. It provides the following key points: 1) Biosensors integrate a biological recognition element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to the concentration of an analyte. They have four main components: a biological element, analyte, transducer, and electronic signal processor. 2) There are several types of biosensors depending on the transducer used, including amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric, optical, piezoelectric, and cantilever biosensors. Biosensor arrays allow for efficient detection and measurement of multiple analytes. 3) Biosensors have a wide range

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    This document discusses biosensors, including their components, principles of operation, types, and applications. It provides the following key points: 1) Biosensors integrate a biological recognition element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to the concentration of an analyte. They have four main components: a biological element, analyte, transducer, and electronic signal processor. 2) There are several types of biosensors depending on the transducer used, including amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric, optical, piezoelectric, and cantilever biosensors. Biosensor arrays allow for efficient detection and measurement of multiple analytes. 3) Biosensors have a wide range

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    150 views29 pages

    Biosensor

    Uploaded by

    Yash Shah
    This document discusses biosensors, including their components, principles of operation, types, and applications. It provides the following key points: 1) Biosensors integrate a biological recognition element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to the concentration of an analyte. They have four main components: a biological element, analyte, transducer, and electronic signal processor. 2) There are several types of biosensors depending on the transducer used, including amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric, optical, piezoelectric, and cantilever biosensors. Biosensor arrays allow for efficient detection and measurement of multiple analytes. 3) Biosensors have a wide range

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    BIOSENSORS

    Parita Savla 60013115020


    Kavya Subramanian 60013115027

    OVERVIEW

    Introduction
    Components
    Principle and working
    Types of biosensors
    Biosensor array
    Applications

    BIOSENSORS

    INTRODUCTION

    A sensor that integrates a


    biological element with a
    physiochemical transducer to
    produce an electronic signal
    proportional to a single analyte
    which is then conveyed to a
    detector

    BIOSENSORS

    COMPONENTS

    Sensitive biological element


    Analyte.
    Transducer or the detector element.
    Electronic or signal processor / Amplifier

    BIOSENSORS

    SENSITIVE BIOLOGICAL ELEMENT


    Biological material is tissue, cell receptor, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic
    acid etc.
    Functions:
    It specifically recognizes the analyte .
    Interacts with it in such a manner , which produces some physical
    change detectable by the transducer.

    ANALYTE
    An analyte is a compound whose concentration is to be determined by the
    biosensor.
    The nature of interaction between the analyte and the biological material
    used, the biosensor may be of two types
    CATALYTIC BIOSENSOR.
    AFFINITY BIOSENSOR.

    TRANSDUCER OR DETECTOR
    ELEMENT
    Transducer detects & measures this change and converts it into an
    electrical signal.
    This signal is necessarily very small, and is amplified by an amplifier
    before it is fed into the microprocessor.
    The signal is then processed and interpreted.

    WORKING OF A BIOSENSOR

    BIOSENSORS

    TYPES OF BIOSENSOR, AND THE BIOLOGICAL


    MATERIALS USED

    CALORIMETRIC BIOSENSORS
    Schematic diagram of a calorimetric
    biosensor. The sample stream (a) passes
    through the outer insulated box (b) to
    the heat exchanger (c) within an
    aluminium block (d). From there, it flows
    past the reference thermistor (e) and into
    the packed bed bioreactor containing the
    biocatalyst, where the reaction occurs. The
    change in temperature is determined by
    the thermistor (g) and the solution passed
    to waste (h). External electronics (l)
    determines the difference in the resistance,
    and hence temperature, between the
    thermistors.

    BIOSENSORS

    10

    AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSORS

    BIOSENSORS

    11

    POTENTIOMETRIC BIOSENSORS
    Schematic diagram showing
    an enzyme-based
    potentiometric biosensor for
    urea. A solution of the enzyme
    urease is trapped between a
    dialysis membrane and a gas
    permeable membrane. Urea
    diffuses across the dialysis
    membrane and reacts with
    urease, producing NH3 that
    diffuses across the gas
    permeable membrane. The
    resulting change in the internal
    solutions pH is measured with
    the pH electrode.
    BIOSENSORS

    12

    CONDUCTOMETRIC BIOSENSORS

    Detection is based on change in electrical conductivity of a solution(due to


    ion concentration changes).

    Mainly used for the determination of urea.

    (NH2)2CO + 3H2O

    2NH4++ HCO3- + OH-

    BIOSENSORS

    13

    OPTICAL BIOSENSORS

    Two basic principles of detection:


    Colorimetric for colour: Measures change in light adsorption as the
    reactants get converted to products. Mainly used for whole blood
    monitoring.
    Peroxidase Chromogen (2H) + H2O2 ---> Dye + 2H2O
    Photometric for light intensity: Photon output for a luminescent or
    fluorescent process can be detected with photomultiplier tubes or
    photodiode systems.

    BIOSENSORS

    14

    PIEZOELECTRIC BIOSENSORS

    These sensors are used to measure a change in mass.

    Detects a change in resonant frequency proportional to the mass of


    absorbed material.

    Sensor is made of quartz.

    BIOSENSORS

    15

    DETECTION BY CANTILEVER

    Cantilevers (springboard) are nanomechanical biosensors microfabricated


    with silicon technology. Their sizes range in um or nm.
    Have high intrinsic flexibility.
    Each cantilever incorporates a piezoresistor in a wheatstone bridge
    configuration.
    Pair of cantilevers ( one as reference) is used and difference is taken to
    obtain output signal.

    BIOSENSORS

    16

    Surface stress change detection

    Microcantilever technology: a) with


    immobilised protein for a specific bacterium b)
    bending after adsorption of bacteria to the
    protein
    BIOSENSORS

    17

    Mass change detection

    Shift in resonant frequency with increasing number of virus


    particles.

    BIOSENSORS

    18

    Detection by cantilever

    Change in the resonant frequency: AcV1 antibody (green) and baculovirus particles (red).

    BIOSENSORS

    19

    SENSING METHODS

    BIOSENSORS

    20

    BIOSENSOR ARRAYS

    Dense, two-dimensional grid of biosensors


    Most microarrays consist of a Cartesian grid of sensors

    Advantages

    Easier to fabricate
    Dimensions can be standardised
    Facilitates efficient detection of analytes
    Facilitates efficient measurement of analytes

    BIOSENSORS

    21

    FABRICATION OF BIOSENSOR ARRAYS

    2D array on a solid substrate

    Passive -usually a glass slide or silicon thin-film cell(e.g. silicon or


    glass)
    Active- integrated electronics or micromechanical devices

    Surface chemistry is used to covalently bind the sensor molecules to the


    substrate medium.

    BIOSENSORS

    22

    TYPES OF BIOSENSOR ARRAYS

    Types of microarrays include:


    DNA microarrays, such as cDNA microarrays, oligonucleotide microarrays
    and SNP microarrays
    MM Chips, for surveillance of microRNA populations
    Protein microarrays- to determine the presence of proteins in biological
    samples, e.g. blood.
    Tissue microarrays
    Cellular microarrays (also called transfection microarrays)
    Chemical compound microarrays
    Antibody microarrays
    Carbohydrate arrays (glycoarrays)

    BIOSENSORS

    23

    PROTEIN ARRAY APPLICATIONS

    Fluorescence detection:
    Fluorescence is used as a nondestructive way of tracking for the
    analysis of biological molecules
    This is done using the fluorescent
    emission at a specific frequency

    Endothelial cells under the microscope with three separate


    channels marking specific cellular components
    BIOSENSORS

    24

    FLUORESCENCE DETECTION
    Source
    230 to
    340nm
    UV

    Excitation Filter Photon


    emission

    Emission
    Spectrum

    Emission Filter

    Fluorescence
    Detection

    Source: A. Agah,.Design requirements for integrated biosensor arrays

    BIOSENSORS
    25
    Source: A. Agah,.Design
    requirements for integrated biosensor
    arrays

    LIMITATIONS OF BIOSENSOR ARRAYS

    Limited number of analytes can be detected

    Protein detection is difficult

    BIOSENSORS

    26

    APPLICATIONS

    DNA Sensors: Genetic and disease monitoring


    Immunosensors: HIV, Hepatitis, other viral disease, drug testing
    Point-of-care sensors: blood, urine, electrolytes, gases, steroids, drugs,
    hormones, proteins
    Enzyme sensors for diabetics and drug testing
    Measurement of Metabolites: measurements of blood gases, ions and
    metabolites
    Diagnosis of diabetes
    Insulin Therapy

    BIOSENSORS

    27

    IMPLANTABLE DEVICES

    BIOSENSORS

    28

    THANK YOU

    BIOSENSORS

    29

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