Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 61 views

    Air Interface

    Uploaded by

    Mihaela Alexandra
    The document discusses the GSM radio interface and network architecture. It provides details on: 1) GSM uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with 8 time slots per radio frequency carrier. It operates in the bands 890-915 MHz for the uplink and 935-960 MHz for the downlink. 2) GSM combines frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and TDMA. The bandwidth is divided into 200 kHz channels that can be shared by up to 8 stations through timeslot assignment. 3) GSM uses paired radio channels, with the uplink and downlink in separate frequency bands to avoid interference between transmissions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Air Interface

    Uploaded by

    Mihaela Alexandra
    61 views37 pages
    The document discusses the GSM radio interface and network architecture. It provides details on: 1) GSM uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with 8 time slots per radio frequency carrier. It operates in the bands 890-915 MHz for the uplink and 935-960 MHz for the downlink. 2) GSM combines frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and TDMA. The bandwidth is divided into 200 kHz channels that can be shared by up to 8 stations through timeslot assignment. 3) GSM uses paired radio channels, with the uplink and downlink in separate frequency bands to avoid interference between transmissions.

    Original Description:

    telecom

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses the GSM radio interface and network architecture. It provides details on: 1) GSM uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with 8 time slots per radio frequency carrier. It operates in the bands 890-915 MHz for the uplink and 935-960 MHz for the downlink. 2) GSM combines frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and TDMA. The bandwidth is divided into 200 kHz channels that can be shared by up to 8 stations through timeslot assignment. 3) GSM uses paired radio channels, with the uplink and downlink in separate frequency bands to avoid interference between transmissions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    61 views37 pages

    Air Interface

    Uploaded by

    Mihaela Alexandra
    The document discusses the GSM radio interface and network architecture. It provides details on: 1) GSM uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with 8 time slots per radio frequency carrier. It operates in the bands 890-915 MHz for the uplink and 935-960 MHz for the downlink. 2) GSM combines frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and TDMA. The bandwidth is divided into 200 kHz channels that can be shared by up to 8 stations through timeslot assignment. 3) GSM uses paired radio channels, with the uplink and downlink in separate frequency bands to avoid interference between transmissions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    The GSM Radio Interface

    AIR INTERFACE
    BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION

    MOBILE

    The GSM Network Architecture


    Time division multiple access-TDMA
    124 radio carriers, inter carrier spacing
    200khz.
    890 to 915mhz mobile to base - UPLINK
    935 to 960mhz base to mobile DOWNLINK
    8 channels/carrier

    GSM uses paired radio channels


    INK
    L
    P
    U

    INK
    L
    WN
    O
    D
    890MHz

    915MHz

    124

    935MHz

    960MHz

    124

    Access Mechanism

    FDMA, TDMA, CDMA

    Frequency multiplex

    Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands


    A channel gets a certain band of the
    spectrum for the whole time
    k1
    k2
    k3
    k4
    Advantages:
    c
    no dynamic coordination
    necessary
    works also for analog signals
    Disadvantages:
    waste of bandwidth
    if the traffic is
    distributed unevenly
    t
    inflexible
    guard spaces

    k5

    k6

    Time multiplex

    A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount of


    time
    Advantages:
    only one carrier in the
    medium at any time
    throughput high even
    for many users

    Disadvantages:
    precise
    synchronization
    necessary

    k1

    k2

    k3

    k4

    k5

    k6

    c
    f

    Time and Frequency Multiplex


    Combination of both methods
    A channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain
    amount of time
    k
    k
    k
    k
    1

    k5

    k6

    c
    f

    Time and Frequency Multiplex

    Example: GSM
    Advantages:

    Better protection against


    tapping
    Protection against frequency
    selective interference
    Higher data rates compared to
    code multiplex

    But: precise coordination


    required
    t

    k1

    k2

    k3

    k4

    k5

    k6

    c
    f

    GSM combines FDM and TDM: bandwidth


    is subdivided into channels of 200khz,
    shared by up to eight stations, assigning
    slots for transmission on demand.

    GSM uses paired radio channels


    INK
    L
    P
    U

    INK
    L
    WN
    O
    D
    890MHz

    915MHz

    124

    935MHz

    960MHz

    124

    Code Multiplex
    k1

    k2

    Each channel has a unique code


    All channels use the same spectrum at the same
    time
    Advantages:
    Bandwidth efficient
    No coordination and synchronization
    necessary
    Good protection against interference and
    tapping
    Disadvantages:
    Lower user data rates
    More complex signal regeneration
    t
    Implemented using spread spectrum technology

    k3

    k4

    k5

    k6

    Various Access Method

    Cells

    Capacity & Spectrum Utilization


    Solution
    The need:
    Optimum spectrum usage
    More capacity
    High quality of service
    Low cost

    Network capacity at required QoS


    with conventional frequency plan
    Out of
    Capacity!!!
    Subscriber
    growth
    Time

    increase capacity
    without adding NEW BTS!

    I wish I could

    What can I do?

    Representation of Cells

    Ideal cells

    Fictitious cells

    Cell size and capacity


    Cell size determines number of cells
    available to cover geographic area and
    (with frequency reuse) the total capacity
    available to all users
    Capacity within cell limited by available
    bandwidth and operational requirements
    Each network operator has to size cells to
    handle expected traffic demand

    Cell structure

    Implements space division multiplex: base station covers a certain transmission


    area (cell)
    Mobile stations communicate only via the base station
    Advantages of cell structures:
    higher capacity, higher number of users
    less transmission power needed
    more robust, decentralized
    base station deals with interference, transmission area etc. locally
    Problems:
    fixed network needed for the base stations
    handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary
    interference with other cells
    Cell sizes from some 100 m in cities to, e.g., 35 km on the country side (GSM) even less for higher frequencies

    Capacity of a Cellular System


    Frequency Re-Use Distance
    The K factor or the cluster size
    Cellular coverage or Signal to interference
    ratio
    Sectoring

    Increasing cellular system


    capacity
    Cell sectoring
    Directional antennas subdivide cell into 3 or 6
    sectors
    Might also increase cell capacity by factor of 3
    or 6

    Increasing cellular system


    capacity
    Cell splitting
    Decrease transmission power in base and
    mobile
    Results in more and smaller cells
    Reuse frequencies in non-contiguous cell
    groups
    Example: cell radius leads 4 fold capacity
    increase

    Tri-Sector antenna for a cell

    Cell Distribution in a Network

    Rural
    Highway
    Suburb

    Town

    Concept of TDMA Frames and


    Channels
    c
    f

    GSM combines FDM and TDM: bandwidth is subdivided


    into channels of 200khz, shared by up to eight stations,
    assigning slots for transmission on demand.

    GSM uses paired radio channels


    INK
    L
    P
    U

    INK
    L
    WN
    O
    D
    890MHz

    915MHz

    124

    935MHz

    960MHz

    124

    GSM delays uplink TDMA frames


    The start of the uplink
    TDMA is delayed of
    three time slots

    TDMA frame (4.615 ms)

    Downlink TDMA
    F1MHz

    R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
    T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

    Fixed transmit
    Delay of three time-slots

    Uplink TDMA
    Frame
    F1 + 45MHz

    GSM - TDMA/FDMA
    qu
    en
    c

    935-960 MHz
    124 channels (200 kHz)
    downlink

    fre

    890-915 MHz
    124 channels (200 kHz)
    uplink

    higher GSM frame structures


    time

    GSM TDMA frame


    1

    8
    4.615 ms

    GSM time-slot (normal burst)


    guard
    space

    tail

    3 bits

    user data

    S Training S

    user data

    57 bits

    1 26 bits 1

    57 bits

    guard
    tail space

    546.5 s
    577 s

    LOGICAL CHANNELS

    TRAFFIC

    FULL RATE
    Bm 22.8 Kb/S

    SIGNALLING

    HALF RATE
    Lm 11.4 Kb/S
    BROADCAST

    FCCH

    SCH

    COMMON CONTROL

    DEDICATED CONTROL

    BCCH
    PCH

    FCCH -- FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL


    SCH -- SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL
    BCCH -- BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
    PCH -- PAGING CHANNEL
    RACH -- RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL
    AGCH -- ACCESS GRANTED CHANNEL
    SDCCH -- STAND ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL
    SACCH -- SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
    FACCH -- FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL

    RACH

    AGCH

    SDCCH

    SACCH

    DOWN LINK ONLY


    UPLINK ONLY

    FACCH

    BOTH UP &
    DOWNLINKS

    Broadcast Channel BCH

    Broadcast control channel (BCCH) is a base


    to mobile channel which provides general
    information about the network, the cell in
    which the mobile is currently located and
    the adjacent cells
    Frequency correction channel (FCCH) is a
    base to mobile channel which provides
    information for carrier synchronization
    Synchronization channel (SCH) is a base to
    mobile channel which carries information
    for frame synchronization and identification
    of the base station transceiver

    Common Control
    Channel - CCH
    Paging channel (PCH) is a base to
    mobile channel used to alert a mobile to
    a call originating from the network
    Random access channel (RACH) is a
    mobile to base channel used to request
    for dedicated resources
    Access grant channel (AGCH) is a base
    to mobile which is used to assign
    dedicated resources (SDCCH or TCH)

    Dedicated Control
    Channel - DCCH
    Stand-alone dedicated control
    channel (SDCCH) is a bidirectional channel allocated to a
    specific mobile for exchange of
    location update information and
    call set up information

    Dedicated Control
    Channel - DCCH
    Slow associated control channel (SACCH) is a bidirectional channel used for exchanging control
    information between base and a mobile during the
    progress of a call set up procedure. The SACCH is
    associated with a particular traffic channel or stand
    alone dedicated control channel
    Fast associated control channel (FACCH) is a bidirectional channel which is used for exchange of
    time critical information between mobile and base
    station during the progress of a call. The FACCH
    transmits control information by stealing capacity
    from the associated TCH

    DEFINITION OF TIME SLOT - 156.25 BITS 15/26ms = 0.577ms


    NORMAL BURST
    - NB

    FREQUENCY
    CORRECTION
    BURST - FB

    SYNCHRONISATION
    BURST - SB

    57

    26

    142

    39

    ACCESS
    BURST - AB

    TAIL BIT

    ENCRYPTION BIT

    57

    39

    64

    41
    GUARD PERIOD

    TRAINING BITS

    36
    FIXED BITS

    FLAG BITS

    8.25

    8.25

    8.25

    68.25
    SYNCHRONISATION BITS

    MIXED BITS

    LOGICAL CHANNELS

    TRAFFIC

    FULL RATE
    Bm 22.8 Kb/S

    SIGNALLING

    HALF RATE
    Lm 11.4 Kb/S
    BROADCAST

    FCCH

    SCH

    COMMON CONTROL

    DEDICATED CONTROL

    BCCH
    PCH

    FCCH -- FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL


    SCH -- SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL
    BCCH -- BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
    PCH -- PAGING CHANNEL
    RACH -- RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL
    AGCH -- ACCESS GRANTED CHANNEL
    SDCCH -- STAND ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL
    SACCH -- SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
    FACCH -- FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL

    RACH

    AGCH

    SDCCH

    SACCH

    DOWN LINK ONLY


    UPLINK ONLY

    FACCH

    BOTH UP &
    DOWNLINKS

    Location update from the mobile


    Mobile looks for BCCH after switching on
    RACH send channel request
    AGCH receive SDCCH
    SDCCH request for location updating
    SDCCH authenticate
    SDCCH authenticate response
    SDCCH switch to cipher mode
    SDCCH cipher mode acknowledge
    SDCCH allocate TMSI
    SDCCH acknowledge new TMSI
    SDCCH switch idle update mode

    Call establishment from a mobile


    Mobile looks for BCCH after switching on
    RACH send channel request
    AGCH receive SDCCH
    SDCCH send call establishment request
    SDCCH do the authentication and TMSI allocation
    SDCCH send the setup message and desired number
    SDCCH require traffic channel assignment
    FACCH switch to traffic channel and send ack (steal bits)
    FACCH receive alert signal ringing sound
    FACCH receive connect message
    FACCH acknowledge connect message and use TCH
    TCH conversation continues

    Call establishment to a mobile


    Mobile looks for BCCH after switching on
    Mobile receives paging message on PCH
    Generate Channel Request on RACH
    Receive signaling channel SDCCH on AGCH
    Answer paging message on SDCCH
    Receive authentication request on SDCCH
    Authenticate on SDCCH
    Receive setup message on SDCCH
    Receive traffic channel assignment on SDCCH
    FACCH switch to traffic channel and send ack (steal bits)
    Receive alert signal and generate ringing on FACCH
    Receive connect message on FACCH
    FACCH acknowledge connect message and switch to TCH

    Thank You

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy