ANGLE MODULATION

CHAPTER 3

ANGLE MODULATION

Part 1
Introduction

Introduction

Angle modulation is the process by

which the angle (frequency or phase)
of the carrier signal is changed in
accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of modulating or message
signal.

Contd

classified into two types such as

Frequency modulation (FM)

Phase modulation (PM)

Used for :

Commercial radio broadcasting

Television sound transmission
Two way mobile radio
Cellular radio
Microwave and satellite communication system

Contd
Advantages over AM:

Freedom from interference: all natural and

external noise consist of amplitude variations,
thus receiver usually cannot distinguish
between amplitude of noise or desired signal.
AM is noisy than FM.
Operate in very high frequency band (VHF):
88MHz-108MHz
Can transmit musical programs with higher
degree of fidelity.

FREQUENCY MODULATION
PRINCIPLES

In FM the carrier amplitude remains

constant, the carrier frequency varies
with the amplitude of modulating
signal.
The amount of change in carrier
frequency produced by the modulating
signal is known as frequency
deviation.

Carrier

Resting fc

Increasing fc

Decreasing fc

Increasing fc

Resting fc

Modulating signal

FM

PHASE MODULATION(PM)

The process by which changing the phase of carrier

signal in accordance with the instantaneous of message
signal. The amplitude remains constant after the
modulation process.
Mathematical analysis:
Let message signal:

m t Vm cos mt

And carrier signal:

c t Vc cos[ c t ]

PM (contd)

Where = phase angle of carrier signal. It is changed in

accordance with the amplitude of the message signal;

i.e.

KVm (the
t ) instantaneous
KVm cos mvoltage
t
After phase modulation
will be
or
v pm ( t ) VC cos(C t KVm cos m t )

Where mpv=pmModulation
index
modulation
( t ) VC cos(
C of
t phase
m p cos
m t )

K is a constant and called deviation sensitivities of the phase

FREQUENCY MODULATION
(FM)

A process where the frequency of the

carrier wave varies with the magnitude
variations of the modulating or audio
signal.
The amplitude of the carrier wave is
kept constant.

FM(contd)

Mathematical analysis:
Let message signal:

m t Vm cos mt

And carrier signal:

c t Vc cos[ ct ]

FM (contd)

During the process of frequency modulations the

frequency of carrier signal is changed in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of
message signal .Therefore the frequency of
carrier after modulation is written as
i c K1v m t C K1Vm cos m t

To find the instantaneous phase angle of modulated

signal, integrate equation above w.r.t. t

i i dt C K1Vm cos m t dt C t

K1Vm
sin m t
m

FM(contd)

Thus, we get the FM wave as:

K1Vm
v FM ( t ) Vc cos 1 VC cos(C t
sin m t )
m

vFM (t ) VC cos(C t m f sin mt )

Where modulation index for FM is given by

K1Vm
mf
m

FM(contd)

Frequency deviation: f is the relative

placement of carrier frequency (Hz) w.r.t
its unmodulated value. Given as:

max C K1Vm
min C K1Vm

d max C C min K1Vm

d K1Vm
f

2
2

FM(contd)

Therefore:
K1Vm
f
;
2
f
mf
fm

Equations for Phase- and Frequency-Modulated Carriers

Tomasi
Electronic Communications Systems, 5e

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

Example (FM)

Determine the peak frequency deviation

(f) and modulation index (m) for an FM
modulator with a deviation sensitivity K 1 = 5
kHz/V and a modulating signal,

v m ( t ) 2 cos(22000 t )

Example (PM)

Determine the peak phase deviation (m)

for a PM modulator with a deviation
sensitivity K = 2.5 rad/V and a modulating
signal, v m ( t ) 2 cos(22000 t )

FM&PM (Bessel function)

Thus, for general equation:

vFM (t ) VC cos(C t m f cos mt )

cos( m cos )

J
(
m
)
cos

n
2

m( t ) VC J n ( m) cos c t nm t

Bessel function

v t FM VC {J 0 (m f ) cos C t J1 (m f ) cos (C m ) t J1 (m f ) cos (C m ) t

2
2

J 2 (m f ) cos (C 2m ) t J 2 (m f ) cos (C 2m ) t ...J n (m f )...}

B.F. (contd)

It is seen that each pair of side band is preceded by J

coefficients. The order of the coefficient is denoted by
subscript m. The Bessel function can be written as

mf

J n m f
2

1 m f / 2 2 m f / 2 4

....

n 1! n 1! 2! n 2 !

N = number of the side frequency

Mf = modulation index

B.F. (contd)

Bessel Functions of the First Kind, Jn(m)

for some value of modulation index

Representation of frequency spectrum

Example

For an FM modulator with a modulation

index m = 1, a modulating signal v m(t) =
Vmsin(21000t), and an unmodulated
carrier
vc(t)
=
10sin(2500kt).
Determine the number of sets of
significant side frequencies and their
amplitudes. Then, draw the frequency
spectrum
showing
their
relative
amplitudes.

Angle Modulation

Part 2
FM

Bandwidth
Power distribution of FM
Generation & Detection of FM
Application of FM

FM Bandwidth

Theoretically, the generation and transmission of FM

requires infinite bandwidth. Practically, FM system have
finite bandwidth and they perform well.
The value of modulation index determine the number of
sidebands that have the significant relative amplitudes
If n is the number of sideband pairs, and line of
frequency spectrum are spaced by fm, thus, the
bandwidth is:

B fm 2nf m

For n1

FM Bandwidth (contd)

Estimation of transmission b/w;

Assume mf is large and n is approximate m f + 2; thus
Bfm=2(mf + 2)fm

2(

f
2) f m
fm

B fm 2(f f m )........(1)
(1) is called Carsons rule

Example

For an FM modulator with a peak frequency

deviation, f = 10 kHz, a modulating-signal
frequency fm = 10 kHz, Vc = 10 V and a 500
kHz carrier, determine
Actual minimum bandwidth from the Bessel
function table.
Approximate minimum bandwidth using
Carsons rule.
Then
Plot the output frequency spectrum for the
Bessel approximation.

Deviation Ratio (DR)

The worse case modulation index which produces the widest

output frequency spectrum.

DR

f (max)
f m (max)

Where

f(max) = max. peak frequency deviation

fm(max) = max. modulating signal frequency

Example

Determine the deviation ratio and bandwidth

for the worst-case (widest-bandwidth)
modulation index for an FM broadcast-band
transmitter with a maximum frequency
deviation of 75 kHz and a maximum
modulating-signal frequency of 15 kHz.
Determine the deviation ratio and maximum
bandwidth for an equal modulation index
with only half the peak frequency deviation
and modulating-signal frequency.

FM Power Distribution

As seen in Bessel function table, it shows that

as the sideband relative amplitude increases,
the carrier amplitude,J0 decreases.

This is because, in FM, the total transmitted

power is always constant and the total
average power is equal to the unmodulated
carrier power, that is the amplitude of the FM
remains constant whether or not it is
modulated.

FM Power Distribution (contd)

In effect, in FM, the total power that is

originally in the carrier is redistributed
between all components of the spectrum, in
an amount determined by the modulation
index, mf, and the corresponding Bessel
functions.
At certain value of modulation index, the
carrier component goes to zero, where in this
condition, the power is carried by the
sidebands only.

Average Power
Vc2
Pc
2R

The average power in unmodulated carrier

The total instantaneous power in the angle modulated carrier.

m( t ) 2 Vc2
Pt

cos 2 [c t ( t )]
R
R
Vc2 1 1
Vc2

Pt
cos[2c t 2( t )]
R 2 2
2R

The total modulated power

Vc2 2(V1 ) 2 2(V2 ) 2

2(Vn ) 2
Pt P0 P1 P2 .. Pn

..
2R
2R
2R
2R

Example

For an FM modulator with a modulation

index m = 1, a modulating signal
vm(t) = Vmsin(21000t),
and an unmodulated carrier
vc(t) = 10sin(2500kt).
Determine the unmodulated carrier power
for the FM modulator given with a load
resistance, RL = 50. Determine also the
total power in the angle-modulated wave.

Quiz

For an FM modulator with modulation index,

m = 2, modulating signal,
vm(t) = Vmcos(22000t),
and an unmodulated carrier,
vc(t) = 10 cos(2800kt).

a)

Determine the number of sets of significant sidebands.

Determine their amplitudes.
Draw the frequency spectrum showing the relative
amplitudes of the side frequencies.
Determine the bandwidth.
Determine the total power of the modulated wave.

b)
c)
d)
e)

Generation of FM

Two major FM generation:

i)

Direct method:
straight forward, requires a VCO whose oscillation
frequency has linear dependence on applied
voltage.
Advantage: large frequency deviation
Disadvantage: the carrier frequency tends to drift
and must be stabilized.
Common methods:

i)

ii)
iii)

iv)
i)

ii)

FM Reactance modulators
Varactor diode modulators

Generation of FM (contd)
1) Reactance
modulator

Generation of FM (contd)
2) Varactor diode
modulator

Generation of FM (contd)
ii) Indirect method:
Frequency-up conversion.
Two ways:

i.
ii.
a.
b.

iii.

Heterodyne method
Multiplication method

One most popular indirect method is the Armstrong

modulator

Wideband Armstrong Modulator

Armstrong Modulator
A complete Armstrong modulator is supposed to
provide a 75kHz frequency deviation. It uses a
balanced modulator and 90o phase shifter to phasemodulate a crystal oscillator. Required deviation is
obtained by combination of multipliers and mixing,
raise the signal from 400kHz 14.47Hz to 90.2MHz 75kHz
suitable for broadcasting.

FM Detection/Demodulation

FM demodulation

is a process of getting back or regenerate the original

modulating signal from the modulated FM signal.

It can be achieved by converting the frequency deviation

of FM signal to the variation of equivalent voltage.

The demodulator will produce an output where its

instantaneous amplitude is proportional to the
instantaneous frequency of the input FM signal.

FM detection (contd)

To detect an FM signal, it is necessary to

have a circuit whose output voltage varies
linearly with the frequency of the input
signal.

The most commonly used demodulator is

the PLL demodulator. Can be use to detect
either NBFM or WBFM.

PLL Demodulator
V0(t)

fi

FM input
Phase
detector

Low pass
filter

Amplifier

fvco
VCO

Vc(t)

PLL Demodulator

The phase detector produces an average output voltage that

is linear function of the phase difference between the two
input signals. Then low frequency component is pass through
the LPF to get a small dc average voltage to the amplifier.

After amplification, part of the signal is fed back through VCO

where it results in frequency modulation of the VCO
frequency. When the loop is in lock, the VCO frequency
follows or tracks the incoming frequency.

PLL Demodulator

Let instantaneous freq of FM Input,

fi(t)=fc +k1vm(t),
and the VCO output frequency,
f VCO(t)=f0 + k2Vc(t);
f0 is the free running frequency.
For the VCO frequency to track the
instantaneous incoming frequency,
fvco = fi; or

PLL Demodulator

f0 + k2Vc(t)= fc +k1vm(t), so,

Vc (t ) f c f 0 k1vm (t )

If VCO can be tuned so that fc=f0, then

Where Vc(t) is also taken as the output voltage,

which therefore is the demodulated output

Vc (t ) k1vm (t )

Comparison AM and FM

Its the SNR can be increased without increasing transmitted power

about 25dB higher than in AM

Certain forms of interference at the receiver are more easily to

suppressed, as FM receiver has a limiter which eliminates the
amplitude variations and fluctuations.

The modulation process can take place at a low level power stage in
the transmitter, thus a low modulating power is needed.

Power content is constant and fixed, and there is no waste of power

transmitted

There are guard bands in FM systems allocated by the

standardization body, which can reduce interference between the
adjacent channels.

Application of FM

FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for

high-fidelity broadcasts of music and speech (FM
broadcasting). Normal (analog) TV sound is also
broadcast using FM. The type of FM used in
broadcast is generally called wide-FM, or W-FM
A narrowband form is used for voice
communications in commercial and amateur radio
settings. In two-way radio, narrowband narrow-fm
(N-FM) is used to conserve bandwidth. In addition,
it is used to send signals into space.

Summary of angle modulation

-what you need to be familiar with

Summary (contd)

Summary (contd)

a)

Bandwidth:
Actual minimum bandwidth from Bessel
table:
B 2(n f m )

b)

Approximate minimum bandwidth using

Carsons rule:
B 2(f f m )

Summary (contd)

Multitone modulation (equation in general):

i c Kvm1 Kvm 2

i c 2f1 cos 1t 2f 2 cos 2t....

f1
f 2
i C t
sin 1t
sin 2t......
f1
f2

Summary (contd)
v fm t VC cos i
f1
f 2
v fm t VC cos[C t
sin 1t
sin 2t ]
f1
f2
VC cos[C t m f 1 sin 1t m f 2 sin 2t ]...........

Summary (contd)Comparison NBFM&WBFM

ANGLE MODULATION

Part 3
Advantages
Disadvantages

Advantages

Wideband FM gives significant improvement in the SNR at the output

of the RX which proportional to the square of modulation index.
Angle modulation is resistant to propagation-induced selective fading
since amplitude variations are unimportant and are removed at the
receiver using a limiting circuit.
Angle modulation is very effective in rejecting interference. (minimizes
the effect of noise).
Angle modulation allows the use of more efficient transmitter power in
information.
Angle modulation is capable of handing a greater dynamic range of
modulating signal without distortion than AM.

Disadvantages

Angle modulation requires a

transmission bandwidth much larger
than the message signal bandwidth.
Angle modulation requires more
complex and expensive circuits than
AM.

END OF ANGLE
MODULATION

Exercise

Determine the deviation ratio and

worst-case bandwidth for an FM signal
with a maximum frequency deviation
25 kHz and maximum modulating
signal 12.5 kHz.

Exercise 2

For an FM modulator with 40-kHz

frequency deviation and a modulatingsignal frequency 10 kHz, determine
the bandwidth using both Carsons
rule and Bessel table.

Exercise 3

For an FM modulator with an

unmodulated carrier amplitude 20 V, a
modulation index, m = 1, and a load
resistance of 10-ohm, determine the
power in the modulated carrier and
each side frequency, and sketch the
power spectrum for the modulated
wave.

Exercise 4

A frequency modulated signal (FM) has

the following expression:

v fm (t ) 38 cos(400 10 t m f sin 10 10 t )
6

The frequency deviation allowed in this

system is 75 kHz. Calculate the:

Modulation index
Bandwidth required, using Carsons rule