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    This document summarizes the history and current state of research on superconductors in magnetic fields. It discusses the key discoveries in superconductivity including the BCS theory. High-temperature superconductors were discovered in 1986. While superconductors expel magnetic fields, vortices form within the materials in the presence of fields, causing resistance. Research aims to use defects to effectively "pin" the vortices in place to increase critical current. Molecular dynamics simulations are providing insights into vortex dynamics and optimal defect configurations for pinning. Further work is exploring phenomena like vortex lattice melting and avalanches.

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    Mgb2 Slide

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    Intikhab
    63 views25 pages
    This document summarizes the history and current state of research on superconductors in magnetic fields. It discusses the key discoveries in superconductivity including the BCS theory. High-temperature superconductors were discovered in 1986. While superconductors expel magnetic fields, vortices form within the materials in the presence of fields, causing resistance. Research aims to use defects to effectively "pin" the vortices in place to increase critical current. Molecular dynamics simulations are providing insights into vortex dynamics and optimal defect configurations for pinning. Further work is exploring phenomena like vortex lattice melting and avalanches.

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    This document summarizes the history and current state of research on superconductors in magnetic fields. It discusses the key discoveries in superconductivity including the BCS theory. High-temperature superconductors were discovered in 1986. While superconductors expel magnetic fields, vortices form within the materials in the presence of fields, causing resistance. Research aims to use defects to effectively "pin" the vortices in place to increase critical current. Molecular dynamics simulations are providing insights into vortex dynamics and optimal defect configurations for pinning. Further work is exploring phenomena like vortex lattice melting and avalanches.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    63 views25 pages

    Mgb2 Slide

    Uploaded by

    Intikhab
    This document summarizes the history and current state of research on superconductors in magnetic fields. It discusses the key discoveries in superconductivity including the BCS theory. High-temperature superconductors were discovered in 1986. While superconductors expel magnetic fields, vortices form within the materials in the presence of fields, causing resistance. Research aims to use defects to effectively "pin" the vortices in place to increase critical current. Molecular dynamics simulations are providing insights into vortex dynamics and optimal defect configurations for pinning. Further work is exploring phenomena like vortex lattice melting and avalanches.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    High Tc Superconductors

    in Magnetic Fields
    T. P. Devereaux

    Kamerlingh Onnes, 1913


    Nobel Prize for Discovery of
    Superconductivity in Mercury

    Theory of Superconductivity by
    Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer
    Earns Nobel Prize in 1972
    Most successful many-body theory.

    Quantum Coherent State


    paired electrons condense into
    coherent state -> no resistance.
    perfect diamagnetism electrons
    circulate to screen magnetic field
    (Meissner effect).

    High Tc Superconductors
    Discovered in 1986, Nobel Prize
    for Bednorz and Mller in 1987

    Critical Current On the


    Rise

    New Superconductor
    Developments
    Fullerenes: Tc engineered to
    117K.
    Iron becomes a superconductor
    under pressure.
    Plastic superconductor:
    polythiophene.
    DNA can be made
    superconducting.
    MgB2 changes our thinking
    (again).

    Large Scale
    Applications
    Top speed: 552 km/hr

    US Navy: 5,000 HP*


    In-place in Detroit.*

    *American Superconductor Corp.

    Small Scale Devices?


    Transistors (RSFQ peta-flop
    supercomputer)?
    Filters?
    Nano-scale motors and devices?
    Superconducting DNA?
    Quantum computers!?
    OBSTACLES:
    cooling.
    architecture.
    ever-present magnetic fields

    destroy coherence.

    Small Devices?
    Magnetic Fields!
    Resistance
    reappears!

    <- Resistivity
    of Pure
    Copper
    H. Safar et al (1993)

    Problem: Vortices!
    Electrons swirl in magnetic field increased
    kinetic energy kills superconductivity.
    SOLUTION: Magnetic field kills superconductivity
    in isolated places -> VORTICES (swirling
    normal electrons)

    Direct Vortex Imaging Using


    Scanning Tunneling
    Microscope

    Animation: Increasing
    Magnetic Field

    Apply current: Lorentz force causes


    vortices to move -> Resistance!

    Solution: Defects to Pin


    Vortices

    Krusin-Elbaum et al (1996).
    Critical current enhanced by orders of
    magnitude over virgin material.
    Splayed defects better than straight ones.
    Optimal splaying angle ~ 5 degrees.

    Animation: Pinning
    Moving Vortices

    Problems to Overcome
    1) High TC
    Elastic string under
    tension F:
    u2= kBTy(L-y)/FL
    ~ kBT/F

    2) Planar Structure
    pancake vortices in
    layers weakly coupled
    Decreased string
    tension -> vortex
    decoupling

    String is floppier at
    higher T -> vortex
    liquid

    Molecular Dynamics
    Simulations
    Widely used for a variety of
    problems:
    - protein folding, weather
    simulation, cosmology, chaos,
    avalanches, marine pollution,
    other non-equilibrium
    phenomena.
    Solves equations of motion for
    each particle.
    Large scale simulations on pcs
    and supercomputers (parallel).

    Molecular Dynamics
    Simulations for Vortices

    Vortices = elastic strings under tension.


    Vortices strongly interact (repel each other).
    Temperature treated as Langevin noise.
    Solve equations of motion for each vortex.
    Calculate current versus applied Lorentz force, find
    what type of disorder gives maximum critical
    current.

    Abrikosov Lattice Melting - >


    Vortex Liquid
    At low T,
    lattice forms
    with defects.

    At higher T,
    lattice melts.

    Pinning
    At low T, a few
    pins can stop
    whole lattice.

    At larger T,
    pieces of
    lattice shear
    away.

    Pinning at low fields


    Columns of
    defects are
    effective at
    pinning vortices.

    But channels of
    vortex flow
    proliferate at larger
    fields.

    Depinning <-> vortex


    avalanche

    Splayed defects effective at


    cutting off channels of vortex
    flow

    But too much splaying and vortices


    cannot accommodate to defects.

    Resistivity is smaller for


    splayed defects

    Optimal angle for splaying

    Acknowledgement & Future


    Work
    All simulations performed by Dr. C.
    M. Palmer.
    Complex vortex dynamics.
    Future work to investigate

    Melting phenomena.
    Oscillatory motion of driven vortices.
    Onset of avalanches.
    Behavior as a qubit (quantum
    computing).
    Behavior of other dual systems
    (polymers, DNA,).

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