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    ch06 07

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    Kunwar Mahipal Singh Kheechee
    - The entropy balance equation for a closed system is: entropy transfer in + entropy generated = change in entropy of the system - Entropy is transferred in and out of systems by heat transfer across boundaries and by mass flow. Heat transfer always results in entropy transfer of Q/T. - Entropy is generated (Sgen) within the system due to irreversible processes like friction. Sgen is zero for reversible processes. - For an open system, the entropy balance includes terms for entropy entering and leaving with mass flows in addition to heat and Sgen terms. - Examples show applying the entropy balance to systems, determining Sgen within a system and for the system plus surroundings, and identifying the sources of Sgen.

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    ch06 07

    Uploaded by

    Kunwar Mahipal Singh Kheechee
    64 views18 pages
    - The entropy balance equation for a closed system is: entropy transfer in + entropy generated = change in entropy of the system - Entropy is transferred in and out of systems by heat transfer across boundaries and by mass flow. Heat transfer always results in entropy transfer of Q/T. - Entropy is generated (Sgen) within the system due to irreversible processes like friction. Sgen is zero for reversible processes. - For an open system, the entropy balance includes terms for entropy entering and leaving with mass flows in addition to heat and Sgen terms. - Examples show applying the entropy balance to systems, determining Sgen within a system and for the system plus surroundings, and identifying the sources of Sgen.

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    ch06-07

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    - The entropy balance equation for a closed system is: entropy transfer in + entropy generated = change in entropy of the system - Entropy is transferred in and out of systems by heat transfer across boundaries and by mass flow. Heat transfer always results in entropy transfer of Q/T. - Entropy is generated (Sgen) within the system due to irreversible processes like friction. Sgen is zero for reversible processes. - For an open system, the entropy balance includes terms for entropy entering and leaving with mass flows in addition to heat and Sgen terms. - Examples show applying the entropy balance to systems, determining Sgen within a system and for the system plus surroundings, and identifying the sources of Sgen.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    64 views18 pages

    ch06 07

    Uploaded by

    Kunwar Mahipal Singh Kheechee
    - The entropy balance equation for a closed system is: entropy transfer in + entropy generated = change in entropy of the system - Entropy is transferred in and out of systems by heat transfer across boundaries and by mass flow. Heat transfer always results in entropy transfer of Q/T. - Entropy is generated (Sgen) within the system due to irreversible processes like friction. Sgen is zero for reversible processes. - For an open system, the entropy balance includes terms for entropy entering and leaving with mass flows in addition to heat and Sgen terms. - Examples show applying the entropy balance to systems, determining Sgen within a system and for the system plus surroundings, and identifying the sources of Sgen.

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    Entropy Balance

    Entropy Balance
    Sin Sout + Sgen = Ssystem
    Ssystem = Sfinal Sinitial
    Ssystem = 0 if the state of the
    system does not change.
    example: steady-flow devices.

    Energy and
    entropy balances.

    Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout

    By heat transfer
    the only method of entropy
    transfer for a closed system.

    Heat transfer always results in entropy transfer of Q/Tb.

    If temperature of the
    boundary is not constant,
    then need to integrate or
    sum.

    Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout


    By heat transfer

    the only method of entropy transfer for a


    closed system.
    If two systems are in contact, -Sout1 = Sin2
    since there is no boundary.

    By work
    Swork = 0

    Can be used to define the difference


    between work and heat transfer.

    Entropy is generated in
    the system by friction.

    However, state of system


    changes so entropy
    changes. How?

    Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout

    By mass flow
    only for an open system.
    Smass = ms

    Mass contains entropy as well as energy so produces both


    entropy and energy transfer.

    Entropy Generation, Sgen


    Sgen is a measure of the entropy created
    by irreversibilities.
    Sgen is zero only for reversible processes.
    so for reversible processes, the entropy
    balance is like the energy balance.

    Sgen is withing the system boundary only.


    so if Sgen = 0 then process is internally
    reversible but maybe not externally
    reversible.

    For total Sgen must look at system and


    its immediate surroundings.

    When evaluating the


    entropy transfer
    between an extended
    system and its
    surroundings,
    boundary temp is
    environment temp.

    Entropy Balance for Closed Systems


    No entropy transfer from mass.
    Qk/Tk + Sgen = S2 S1

    If adiabatic, Sgen = S2 S1
    For system and surroundings,
    (an adiabatic system)
    Sgen = Ssystem + Ssurroundings

    Should start from the general


    form and whittle it down.

    Entropy Balance for Control Volumes

    Again, should start with general


    entropy balance equation and
    whittle it down.
    Qk/Tk + misi mese + Sgen = (S2
    S1)system
    If a steady-flow device:
    Qk/Tk + misi mese + Sgen = 0

    Example 6-17 Entropy generation in a wall and in its surroundings


    First take wall as system. Entropy balance is:
    Qk/Tk + misi mese + Sgen = (S2 S1)system
    Sgen = 1035 W/278 K 1035 W/293 K = .191 W/K
    Next take wall and surroundings
    as system. How does our
    entropy balance change?
    Just different temperatures to
    divide by.
    Sgen,total = .341 W/K
    The sgen is due to heat transfer
    through a T.

    Example 6-18 Entropy Generation Through a Throttling Valve


    Take the throttling valve as system. Entropy balance is:
    Qk/Tk + misi mese + Sgen = (S2 S1)system

    Assumptions?

    From energy balance: if Q = 0 and W = 0, then h2 = h1.


    sgen = (s2 s1) = .3691 kJ/kgK
    The sgen is caused
    by unrestrained
    expansion.

    Example 6-19 A Hot Block in a Lake


    S of the iron?

    Siron = mCavln(T2/T1) = -12.65 kJ/K

    S of the lake?

    Slake = Qlake/Tlake = 16.97 kJ/K

    Total Sgen?

    Sgen = Siron + Slake = 4.32 kJ/K

    Example 6-21 Entropy Generation Associated with Heat Transfer


    What do we take as a system?
    What are our assumptions?
    With the water as our system, isothermal, internally reversible..
    What is Sgen? What is S of the system?
    How do we get the total Sgen
    for this process?
    System?
    Where is the entropy generated?
    How can a wall be 100C on one
    side and 25C on the other?

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