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    Axial Compressor

    Uploaded by

    Sumiran Manghani
    The document summarizes key concepts regarding axial flow compressors including: 1) The work done per unit mass in a compressor stage is equal to the change in stagnation enthalpy from inlet to outlet. 2) The degree of reaction indicates the fraction of total enthalpy rise that occurs in the rotor versus the stator and depends on the velocity diagrams. 3) Stage loading refers to the fraction of the inlet velocity that is converted to increased stagnation enthalpy and depends on the compressor flow coefficient and blade angles.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Axial Compressor

    Uploaded by

    Sumiran Manghani
    185 views18 pages
    The document summarizes key concepts regarding axial flow compressors including: 1) The work done per unit mass in a compressor stage is equal to the change in stagnation enthalpy from inlet to outlet. 2) The degree of reaction indicates the fraction of total enthalpy rise that occurs in the rotor versus the stator and depends on the velocity diagrams. 3) Stage loading refers to the fraction of the inlet velocity that is converted to increased stagnation enthalpy and depends on the compressor flow coefficient and blade angles.

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    axial compressor

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    The document summarizes key concepts regarding axial flow compressors including: 1) The work done per unit mass in a compressor stage is equal to the change in stagnation enthalpy from inlet to outlet. 2) The degree of reaction indicates the fraction of total enthalpy rise that occurs in the rotor versus the stator and depends on the velocity diagrams. 3) Stage loading refers to the fraction of the inlet velocity that is converted to increased stagnation enthalpy and depends on the compressor flow coefficient and blade angles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    185 views18 pages

    Axial Compressor

    Uploaded by

    Sumiran Manghani
    The document summarizes key concepts regarding axial flow compressors including: 1) The work done per unit mass in a compressor stage is equal to the change in stagnation enthalpy from inlet to outlet. 2) The degree of reaction indicates the fraction of total enthalpy rise that occurs in the rotor versus the stator and depends on the velocity diagrams. 3) Stage loading refers to the fraction of the inlet velocity that is converted to increased stagnation enthalpy and depends on the compressor flow coefficient and blade angles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 18
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are about axial flow compressors, velocity diagrams, work done per unit mass, degree of reaction, stage loading, and three dimensional flows in axial turbo machines.

    The main losses in an axial compressor are profile drag, annulus drag, and secondary losses. Empirical formulas are given for secondary and annulus drag losses.

    The radial equilibrium equation expresses the balance between pressure and centrifugal forces on a fluid element. It relates the change in pressure with radius to the square of the circumferential velocity.

    Axial flow Compressor

    Flow
    direction

    Velocity diagrams of
    compressor stage

    Work done/unit mass,


    cy1) --------- (1)
    Writing

    = h02- h01 = u (cy2-

    h0 = h+ c = h+ (cx+cy)

    In the Rotor
    h02- h01= (h2-h1) + (c22 c12)
    =(h2-h1)+ [cx22 +cy22-(cx12 +cy12) =(h2-h1)+(cy2cy1)
    (Because cx1 =cx2 )
    =u(cy2-cy1)
    (From
    (1) )
    From last two terms above
    h2- h1 = u(cy2-cy1) - (cy2+ cy1)(cy2- cy1)
    h2 - h1 = (cy2-cy1) (2u-cy2-cy1) =0
    (h2 - h1)= (cy2-cy1) {(u-cy2) + (u-cy1)}

    =0

    But u = cy1+ wy1 =cy2 +wy2 gives


    (cy2 - cy1) = (wy1 wy2)
    h2 - h1 (wy1-wy2)(wy2+wy1) =0
    Or
    h2 h1 + (wy2 wy1) = 0
    Add and subtract (1/2) cx to the above
    equation
    h2 h1 + (w2 w1) = 0
    h2 + w2 = h1 + w2
    Or h02rel = h01rel-------------- (2)
    (For the Rotor}
    This is valid as long as
    u 1 = u2
    Across the stator
    h2 + (1/2) c2 = h3 + (1/2) c3

    Stagnation pressure and enthalpy loss coefficients are defined as


    For Rotor
    Stagnation pressure loss coefficient
    YR = (po) R / w1 = (po1 rel po2 rel) / w1 -----------(3)
    Enthalpy loss coefficient
    R = (h2 h2s) / w1 = 2cp(T2 T2s)/ w1 -------------(4)
    For stator or diffuser
    YD = (po)D / (1/2) c2 = (po2 po1) / (1/2) c2
    --------- (5)

    And
    D = (h3 h3s)/ (1/2) c2 = 2cp(T3-T3s) / c2
    ----------(6)

    Efficiency:The ideal work in the stage


    Ws = h03ss h01 = cp (T03ss T01)
    Actual work
    Wa = h02 h01 = h03 h01 = cp (T03 T01)
    Total-to-total stage efficiency
    tt = ws / wa = (h03ss h01) / (h03 h01)
    But from Tds equation
    Tds = dh v dp
    For isentropic flow, ds =0; therefore dh = dp/
    tt
    = (p)s / (h03 h01)

    ----------------(7)

    Degree of reaction:For incompressible flow


    R = (p2 p1)/ (p3 p1)

    ----------------- (8)

    for compressible and irreversible flow a more general definition is


    R = (h2 h1) / (h3 - h1)
    --------------- (9)
    From (2)
    (h2 h1) = (1/2)(w1 - w2)
    For normal stage
    c1 = c3
    h3 h1 = h03 h01 = u(cy2 cy1)
    Hence
    Degree of reaction,
    R =
    (w1 - w2) / {2u(cy2
    cy1)}

    But

    w = cx + wy; w12 w22 =wy12 wy22 = (wy1 + wy2)(wy1 wy2)


    R = (wy1 + wy2)(wy1 wy2) / {2u(cy2 cy1)}
    But

    Hence

    cy2 = u wy2 and cy1 = u wy1

    cy2 cy1 = wy1 - wy2

    So
    R = (wy1 + wy2) / 2u
    = (cx/2u) (tan1+tan2) -------------------------- (10)
    With

    wy1 = u cy1
    R = (u cy1 + wy2) / 2u = +(1/2u)(wy2 cy1)
    R = + (tan 2 - tan 1).cx/ 2u

    ------------------ (11)

    If

    R = 0.5

    then

    1 = 2

    and 2 = 1

    R > 0.5

    then 2 > 1

    R < 0.5

    then

    2 < 1
    1

    (b)

    R < 50%
    2 < 1

    u
    Asymmetry of velocity diagrams for reaction greater or less
    than 50%

    Stage loading (): = w / u = (h03 h 01) /u


    = (cy2- cy1) / u
    = cy / u
    With

    cy2 = u wy2

    Hence

    = [u - (cy1 + wy2)] / u
    = 1- (cx/u).(tan1 + tan 2)

    Or
    = 1 - (tan1 + tan 2)

    ------------------

    (12)
    Where

    = cx / u is called flow coefficient

    Simplified off- design performance:In equation (12) the quantity (tan2 +tan1) can be assumed constant in a wide
    range of incidence up the stalling limit
    Writing
    A= -ve
    A = tan 2 + tan1
    A= 0
    Hence

    A=+ve
    = 1A
    Losses

    Ideal

    Actual

    Work done factor:w = u (cy2 cy1),

    for increased axial velocity cy2 is less and cy1 is more . Work
    capacity of the stage is reduced with an increase of the axial
    velocity and vice versa, hence work capacity of the stage is
    reduced in central region. The expected increase in the hub and
    tip region is not obtained in actual practice on account of higher
    losses. Therefore stage work is less than that given by Eulers
    equation.

    Casin
    g

    Actual

    Flo
    w

    Annulus height
    Mean

    First

    Last

    Hub

    w=h03 h01 = u(Cy2 Cy1);


    where is called as work done factor and its
    value varies between ( 0.98 to 0.85) depending on the number of stages

    Losses in compressor: profile drag(CDp)


    annulus drag (CDa)
    secondary loss (CDs)
    For typical axial compressor design , the following empirical formulae
    have been derived
    CDs = 0 .018CL
    CDa = 0.020s/h
    Where CL is the lift coefficient
    s & h are pitch and blade height of blades.

    Three Dimensional flows in Axial turbo machines:Radial Equilibrium equationWhen hub tip ratio is less than 0.8,
    radial velocities through a blade row may become appreciable .
    The basic equation expressing the balance between pressure force and inertial forces
    can be derived by considering the forces acting on the fluid element as under

    p+
    dp

    dr

    d/2

    p+
    dp

    P
    r

    p+
    dp

    Taking unit depth perpendicular to the section shown


    Radial equilibrium of fluid element:Pressure forces balances the centrifugal
    forces
    (p + dp )(r + dr)d p.r.d - (p+dp).dr.d = dm . C y/ r
    Ignoring second order terms, we get
    (1/) dp/dr = C/r
    ------------------- (1)
    This is referred to as radial equilibrium equation. C r is very
    small as compared to Cx & C0 and can be assumed to be
    negligible.

    Stagnation enthalpy;
    h0 = h + (Cx+Cy)
    ---------------------- (2)
    Its variation with radius is
    dh0 / dr = dh / dr + Cx dCx/dr+ y dCy/dr
    --------------------- (3)

    From thermodynamic relation; Tds = dh - (dp/)


    T ds/dr = dh /dr - (1/) (dp / dr) -------------------- (4)
    Substituting dh/dr from (4) and dp/dr from (1) & (3), We get
    dh0 /dr - T(ds / dr) = Cx dCx/dr + (Cy/r)d/dr(r.C) ----------------(5)
    If the stagnation enthalpy h0 and entropy s remains same at all radii hence
    dh0/dr=0=ds/dr
    Then equation 5 becomes
    Cx.(dCx/dr)+(Cy/r).d/dr(r.Cy)=0
    When Cx is maintained constant across the annuls then dCx/dr=0
    Cy.r=constant
    This is known as free vortex condition .
    This condition gives air angel and reactions as shown in figure
    For forced vortex condition
    Cy/r= constant

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