Seminar On Nano Fluid Based Solar Thermal Systems

Nano Fluids-An Introduction
Fluids containing Nano sized particles,called Nano
particles
engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid.

nanoparticles used in nano fluids are typically made of metals,
oxides, carbides, or carbon nanotubes. Common base fluids

include water, ethylene glycol and oil.
Nano fluid examples:
Aluminum-Water
Copper-Water
etc
ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF
NANO FLUID BASED DIRECT ABSORPTION
IN SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS
Solar thermal Applications of Nano fluids

Solar collectors are of particular kind of heat exchangers which absorbs the
incoming solar radiation and convert it into thermal energy.

The collected solar thermal energy is carried through a working fluid (liquid/gas)
which could be used for hot water or space conditioning or may be for thermal
storage to use during cloudy days/night times.
In the conventional solar thermal collectors water, glycol and organic/synthetic oils
were used as working fluid.
However, these fluids have relatively low thermal conductivity and thus cannot
reach high heat exchange rates in thermal engineering devices.
A way to overcome this barrier is using ultra fine solid particles suspended in
common fluids to improve their thermal conductivity.
The use of nanofluids in solar water heaters is discussed with respect to two aspects
1) Efficiency view point
2) Economic and Environmental view point
NANO FLUID BASED DIRECT ABSORPTION IN
SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS
Efficiency of nano fluid-based solar

collectors
A schematic of the direct absorption collector is shown in the following
figure.
The upper side of this collector is covered by a glass.
This allows the high frequency radiation entering the absorber and acts as trap for the low
frequency radiation going out.
while the lower side is well insulated, so it is adiabatic.

This insulation prevents the heat loss from observer rear surface.
The working fluid is a mixture of water and aluminum nanoparticles.

The efficiency of the collector is obtained by the following equation:
Where is the mass flow rate kg/s, Cp is the specific heat co-efficient
Tout and Tin are temperatures at outlet and inlet of solar collector,
ENERGY
OF
A is AND
the ECONOMIC
Area of ADVANTAGES
collector(m2)
and Gt is the available solar energy(W/m2
Effect of number/concentration of
particles
As the number of nano particles increases or the volume fraction of
particels incrases as a percentage of total working fluid volume

conductive nature and there by heat transfer capacity should increase
there by leading to better efficiency.
A study done resulted in the following observations.
In this % volume of nano particles is increased from 0.1% to 5% and
efficiency got asymptotic gradually.
They attributed the increase of collector efficiency to the increase in
attenuation of sunlight passing through the collector due to the
nanoparticles addition that leads to the increase of collector efficiency.
However, for a volume fraction higher than 2%, the efficiency remains
nearly constant, so adding more nanoparticles is not beneficial
Effect of size of particles

The size of particles has less effect compared to that of
increase in volume
efficiency variation with particle size is given as
follows:
The variation is less due to the fact that for a given
volume even though size is varied conductivity of fluid
remains the same.

Effect of type of nano particle used

In other study variation of efficiency using different types of nano-particles is
estimated.
Working fluids considered in this study are
1) water with reflective coating on back side of collector, 2) water with black
painted back side of collector
3) water with carbon nanotubes, 4) water with graphite nano-particles 5)water with
silver as nano-particles
Highest efficiency is reported in silver nanoparticle
which is due to high conductivity of silver compared
to other nano-particles.
In CNT and graphite nanofluids efficiency increased
when particle volume fraction is increased up to 0.5%
and then reduced which is attributed to high
ENERGY
AND ECONOMIC
ADVANTAGES
OF
absorption
of fluid
at larger particle
volume fraction
Nano fluids application in concentrated

solar collectors for power production
Concentrated solar collectors produce more thermal
energy compared to flat plate collectors. So efficiency is

superior than that of flat plate collectors.
This efficiency can be further improved if nanofluids are
used in place of normally used fluids like therminol oil
thermal efficiency of NCPSC compared to a conventional
parabolic solar collector is about 510% higher under the
same weather conditions.
7
Economic considerations
An accepted way to determine the economic and environmental impacts of a
product is life cycle assessment.

The table given below shows the economic parameters of flat plate collectors
with water and Al2O3 as working fluids.
The economic analysis shows that the capital cost
and maintenance costs of the nanofluid-based solar
collector compared to the conventional one are
$120 and $20 higher, respectively.
However, because of the higher efficiency and annual
solar fraction of the nanofluid-based solar collector,
the fuel cost savings per year, for both electricity and
natural gas, is greater than that of the conventional
solar collector
NANO FLUID BASED DIRECT ABSORPTION
IN SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS
Embodied energy considerations

Embodied energy: Energy used in life of a product from
raw material to finished product stage.

Embodied energy for both solar collectors, including
conventional and nanofluid-based collectors are
compared[6] as follows:
The embodied energy for the nanofluid-based collector is
about 9% lower which makes it energy conservative.

9
Emission/Environmental
considerations
Environmental emission reduction is one of the driving forces that is leading renewable energy
sources use.
The environmental effects of both conventional and nanofluid based solar flat plate collectors
are given by,
The manufacturing of the nanofluid-based solar collector leads to 34 kg fewer CO2 emissions
while during its operation it saves 50 kg year when compared to the conventional solar collector.
The magnitudes of other emissions including SOx and NOx are very small, so the differences are
not considerable. Over the 15-year expected lifetime of the solar collectors, the nanofluid- based
solar collector would offset more than 740 kg of CO2 in comparison to a conventional collector
10
Application of nanofluids in Solar

ponds
Salinity gradient solar ponds are great bodies of water between 25 m deep, which could
collect solar radiation and store it in the form of heat. Structure of conventional solar pond
is shown below.
If concentration gradient is not there the continuous water circulation of water between will
cause heat loss. So concentration of lower section is increased by adding salt (NaCl) there
by making it dense, thus reducing circulation and heat loss.
Heat energy at temperatures 70-80 C can be extracted
from the bottom and can be used for applications like
dairy heat requirements, space heating, moisture removal
from live stock etc.
Normally fresh water is used for heat extraction, but at
low temperatures 70-80 C heat exchange rates are very
less and may cause delay there by heat losses. This can
Be improved by using nanofluids with superior heat
ENERGY AND
ECONOMIC
exchange
rates ADVANTAGES OF NANO FLUID
BASED DIRECT ABSORPTION IN SOLAR THERMAL
SYSTEMS
11
Application of nanofluids in
Solar ponds (cntd.)
As seen, a nanofluid flows through a heat exchanger
mounted at the bottom of the solar pond to absorb the heat.

It expects that nanofluids could enhance the rate of heat
removal from the bottom of the solar pond.
An experimental setup is proposed in literature to improve
solar pond efficiency by employing nanofluid.
In this a closed loop consisting of nanofluid transfers heat
energy from solar pond to system in which heat energy is
required. Nonofluid acts as moderator here circulating
between heat exchanger and nanofluid tank.
ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF NANO FLUID BASED
DIRECT ABSORPTION IN SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS
12
Application of nanofluids in
solar stills
Solar still:
Solar stills are very useful in desalination and water purification.
This system consists of a container in which sea water/ waste water is collected.
Top of the container is covered with glass cover which acts as heat trap.
As the solar energy gets trapped inside water temperature rises and starts
evaporating. The evaporated water vapour gets to top and cools down to
condense into water which can be collected along the edges of glass cover.
This produces around 25 liters of fresh water per day but
very slow at starting due to very low temperatures and
low absorption rates.
By adding synthetic dyes made of carbon nanotubes(CNT)
heat absorption capacity can be increased thus increasing
production capacity
ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF NANO FLUID BASED DIRECT

ABSORPTION IN SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS
13

Seminar On Nano Fluid Based Solar Thermal Systems

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Nano Fluids-An Introduction

Fluids containing Nano sized particles,called Nano

engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid.

oxides, carbides, or carbon nanotubes. Common base fluids

Solar thermal Applications of Nano fluids

incoming solar radiation and convert it into thermal energy.

Efficiency of nano fluid-based solar

A schematic of the direct absorption collector is shown in the following

frequency radiation going out.

while the lower side is well insulated, so it is adiabatic.

The working fluid is a mixture of water and aluminum nanoparticles.

particels incrases as a percentage of total working fluid volume

Effect of size of particles

ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF

Effect of type of nano particle used

Nano fluids application in concentrated

energy compared to flat plate collectors. So efficiency is

product is life cycle assessment.

Embodied energy considerations

raw material to finished product stage.

ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF

Application of nanofluids in Solar

mounted at the bottom of the solar pond to absorb the heat.

ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF NANO FLUID BASED DIRECT

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