Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 114 views

    Virus

    Uploaded by

    Sophan Hadie
    This document provides an overview of viruses, including their structure, classification, replication strategies, and examples like HIV. Key points include: Viruses are acellular obligate intracellular parasites that contain nucleic acids and protein capsids. They replicate by injecting their genomes into host cells and using the host's cellular machinery. Retroviruses like HIV contain RNA and replicate through reverse transcription. HIV specifically infects CD4 immune cells and progresses from asymptomatic to advanced AIDS without treatment. Antiretroviral drug cocktails can suppress HIV but not cure it due to high mutation rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Virus

    Uploaded by

    Sophan Hadie
    114 views57 pages
    This document provides an overview of viruses, including their structure, classification, replication strategies, and examples like HIV. Key points include: Viruses are acellular obligate intracellular parasites that contain nucleic acids and protein capsids. They replicate by injecting their genomes into host cells and using the host's cellular machinery. Retroviruses like HIV contain RNA and replicate through reverse transcription. HIV specifically infects CD4 immune cells and progresses from asymptomatic to advanced AIDS without treatment. Antiretroviral drug cocktails can suppress HIV but not cure it due to high mutation rates.

    Original Description:

    SOPAN

    Original Title

    virus.ppt

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of viruses, including their structure, classification, replication strategies, and examples like HIV. Key points include: Viruses are acellular obligate intracellular parasites that contain nucleic acids and protein capsids. They replicate by injecting their genomes into host cells and using the host's cellular machinery. Retroviruses like HIV contain RNA and replicate through reverse transcription. HIV specifically infects CD4 immune cells and progresses from asymptomatic to advanced AIDS without treatment. Antiretroviral drug cocktails can suppress HIV but not cure it due to high mutation rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    114 views57 pages

    Virus

    Uploaded by

    Sophan Hadie
    This document provides an overview of viruses, including their structure, classification, replication strategies, and examples like HIV. Key points include: Viruses are acellular obligate intracellular parasites that contain nucleic acids and protein capsids. They replicate by injecting their genomes into host cells and using the host's cellular machinery. Retroviruses like HIV contain RNA and replicate through reverse transcription. HIV specifically infects CD4 immune cells and progresses from asymptomatic to advanced AIDS without treatment. Antiretroviral drug cocktails can suppress HIV but not cure it due to high mutation rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 57

    Viruses

    Chapter 13

    Viruses, Viroids and Prions


    Ch. 13

    Study of Viruses - Virology

    5 Kingdoms

    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    Plantae
    Animalia
    Fungi
    Protista
    Monera

    5 Characteristics of Life

    1. Cells
    2. Grow and maintain their structure by
    taking up chemicals and energy from the
    environment
    3. Respond to their external environment
    4. Reproduce and pass on their organization
    to their offspring
    5. Evolve and Adapt to their environment

    Viruses are:
    1. Acellular
    2. Obligate intracellular parasites
    3. No ATP generating system
    4. No Ribosomes or means of Protein
    Synthesis

    Typical Virus

    2 Parts

    1. Nucleic Acid
    DNA or RNA (But never both)

    2. Capsid (Coat Protein)

    Some Viruses:
    A. Envelope
    B. Enzymes

    Host range

    Spectrum of host cells that a virus can infect

    Some viruses only infect:

    plants
    invertebrates
    protists
    fungi
    bacteria (Bacteriophages)

    Host range

    Most viruses have a narrow host range

    Polio virus - nerve cells


    Adenovirus - cells in upper Respiratory Tract

    Host range is determined by Viruses


    ability to interact with its host cell

    Binding Sites match Receptor Sites

    Binding Sites - on viral capsid or envelope


    Receptor Sites - on host cell membrane

    Viral Size

    20 nm to 1,000 nm
    .02 u to 1 u

    Viral Structure
    1. Nucleic Acid
    2. Capsid (Coat Protein)

    Nucleic Acid
    DNA or RNA (But never both)

    ssDNA
    ds DNA
    ss RNA
    ds RNA

    Viral Structure

    Capsid (Coat Protein)


    protects viral genome from host endonucleases
    capsomeres
    Binding Sites

    Envelope
    derived from the host cell
    Binding Sites

    Viral Morphology
    1. Helical

    Viral Morphology
    2. Polyhedral

    icosahedral

    Viral Morphology
    3. Enveloped

    A. Enveloped Helical
    B. Enveloped Polyhedral

    Viral Morphology
    4. Complex

    Viral Classification

    1. Nucleic Acid

    2. Morphology

    3. Strategy for replication

    Growing Viruses

    1. Bacteriophages
    Lawn of Bacteria on a Spread Plate
    Add Bacteriophages
    Infection will result in Plaques
    Clear zones on plate

    Growing Viruses

    Animal Viruses
    A. Living Animals
    mice, rabbits, guinea pigs

    B. Chicken Embryos (Eggs)


    used to be most common method to grow viruses
    Still used to produce many vaccines (Flu Vaccine)

    C. Cell Cultures
    Most common method to grow viruses today

    Cell Cultures

    1. Primary Cell Lines


    die out after a few generations

    B. Diploid Cell Lines


    derived from human embryos
    maintained for up to 100 generations

    C. Continuous Cell Lines


    Transformed Cells (Cancerous Cells)
    may be maintained indefinitly
    HeLa Cells
    Henrietta Lax 1951 (Cervical Cancer)

    Viroids and Prions

    Viroids
    Naked RNA (no capsid)
    300 400 nucleotides long
    Closed, folded, 3-dimensional shape (protect
    against endonucleases ?)
    Plant pathogens
    Base sequence similar to introns

    Prions

    Proteinaceous infectious particle


    1982
    Diseases

    Scrapie (sheep)
    Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD)
    Kuru (Tribes in New Guinea)
    Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
    Mad Cow Disease

    Viral Replication

    Bacteriophage
    1. Lytic Cycle
    2. Lysogenic Cycle

    Lytic Cycle

    1. Attachment- binding sites must match


    receptor sites on host cell
    2. Penetration - viral DNA is injected into
    bacterial cell
    3. Biosynthesis
    Genome replication
    Transcription
    Translation

    Virus uses Host Cells enzymes and machinery

    Lytic Cycle

    4. Assembly (Maturation)
    viral particles are assembled

    5. Release
    Lysis

    Lysogenic Cycle
    1. Attachment
    2. Penetration
    3. Integration

    Viral Genome is integrated into Host Cell


    Genome
    Virus is Latent
    Prophage

    Lysogenic Cycle

    4. Biosynthesis - Viral Genome is Turned On


    Genome replication
    Transcription
    Translation

    5. Assembly
    6. Release

    Lysis

    Lysogenic Convergence
    1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
    2. Streptococcus pyogenes

    Scarlet Fever

    3. Clostridium botulinum

    Animal Virus Replication


    (non-enveloped virus)

    1. Attachment
    Binding Sites must match receptor sites on host
    cell

    2. Penetration
    Endocytosis (phagocytosis)

    3. Uncoating
    separation of the Viral Genome from the capsid

    Animal Virus Replication


    (non-enveloped virus)

    4. Biosynthesis
    Genome Replication
    Transcription
    Translation

    5. Assembly
    Virus particles are assembled

    6. Release
    Lysis

    Enveloped Virus Replication

    1. Attachment
    2. Penetration
    3. Uncoating
    4. Biosynthesis
    5. Assembly
    6. Release
    Budding

    Retro Viruses

    (1975)

    DNA ---------> mRNA ------------> Protein


    Normal Virus

    Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics


    RNA -------> DNA --------> mRNA -------> Protein
    Retro Virus

    Reverse Transcriptase (Retro)

    Retro Viruses
    1. Many Cancer causing viruses
    2. HIV

    Human Immunodeficiency Virus


    AIDS
    Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

    HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

    AIDS
    Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
    results in failure of the immune system
    Death usually results from an Opportunistic
    Infection

    HIV discovered in 1984


    By who ?
    Luc Montagneir - Pasteur Institute

    HIV Structure

    Retro Virus
    Nucleic acid - RNA (2 strands)
    envelope (gp 120 binding sites)
    Reverse Transcriptase

    HIV Infection

    (Cellular Level)

    1. Attachment
    HIV gp 120 binding sites
    must match CD4 receptor
    sites
    CD4 Receptor Sites
    1. Macrophages
    2. Some cells of CNS
    3. T4 Helper Cells (CD4 Cells)

    HIV Infection
    2. Penetration
    Viral membrane and host cell membrane
    merge (fusion)

    3. Uncoating
    Capsid is removed and Viral Genome
    is exposed

    HIV Infection
    4. Integration
    Once Viral Genome is integrated - 2 possibilities:
    1. Nothing - Virus is Latent
    Virus may be latent for days, weeks, months or
    years

    Median latency time = 10 years

    Latent HIV provirus

    2. HIV Genome can be expressed or


    Turned On

    Once HIV Genome is turned on death


    usually results within 2 years

    What causes the HIV Genome to be turned on?


    Other infections
    Stress or shock to the system
    Drug abuse
    Alcohol abuse
    Nutrition
    Exercise (Lack of or too much?)
    Sunburn ?
    (Herpes Simplex 1)

    Once HIV Genome is turned on

    5. Biosynthesis
    Genome replication
    Transcription
    Translation

    6. Assembly
    Virus particles are put together

    7. Release
    Budding

    Modes of HIV Transmission

    HIV is transmitted by exposure to infected body


    fluids

    4 Body Fluids

    1. Blood
    2. Semen
    3. Vaginal Secretions
    4. Breast Milk

    How are these fluids transferred from


    one person to another?

    1. High Risk Sexual Contact


    unprotected vaginal sex
    unprotected oral sex
    unprotected anal sex

    2. Needles
    Intravenous Drug Abuse (sharing dirty needles)
    accidental needle sticks

    How are these fluids transferred from


    one person to another?

    3. Blood to Blood Contact

    open sores or wounds


    Transfusions
    Organ Transplants
    Artificial Insemination

    4. Mother to Child
    placenta
    as baby passes thru the birth canal
    breast milk

    HIV and the Immune System

    1. Cellular Immune System


    cells phagocytize microbes

    2. Humoral Immune System


    antibodies to destroy or inactivate microbes

    Clinical Stages of an HIV Infection

    1. Acute Infection
    Initial infection of HIV (exposure to infected
    body fluids)
    Viremia

    Fever
    Headaches
    Weakness
    Muscle and joint aches

    May last for a couple of weeks


    Normal CD4 cell count 1200mm3

    2. Asymptomatic Disease

    CD4 cell count < 1000mm3


    Virus is latent inside CD4 cells
    Median latency period - 10 yrs.
    No signs or symptoms of illness
    (asymptomatic)
    HIV Positive - antibodies can be detected in
    your blood
    Seroconversion
    6 to 8 weeks

    3. Symptomatic Disease
    CD4 cell count < 600mm3
    Viral Genome is turned on, Symptoms
    begin to appear
    What causes HIV Genome to be turned on?

    Other infections
    stress
    shock to the system
    alcohol
    drug abuse
    nutrition
    exercise ?

    3. Symptomatic Disease

    Symptoms

    chronic fatigue
    low-grade fever
    night sweats
    diarrhea
    weight loss

    Susceptible to Infections

    bacterial pneumonia
    meningitis
    oral and vaginal yeast infections
    tuberculosis

    4. Advanced Disease (AIDS)

    CD4 cell count < 200mm3


    Severe Opportunistic Infections
    Pneumocysitis carinii pneumonia (PCP) Fungi
    Kaposis Sarcoma ( Cancer - Skin and Blood
    vessels)
    Toxoplasmosis (Brain) Protozoan
    Cryptosporidiosis (G.I. Tract) Protozoan
    Other Bacterial, Fungal and Viral Infections

    HIV Infection and Immune


    Response (Graph)

    Blood Test

    ELISA

    Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay


    tests for HIV Antibodies

    If ELISA is positive, same sample is tested


    again
    If ELISA is positive again, then a Western
    Blot Test is done.

    Western Blot - test for Viral antigens

    Treatment for HIV Infection


    No Cure
    AZT ( Azidothymidine)

    Thymine analog
    lacks a 3 OH
    Chain Terminator
    Inhibits Reverse Transcriptase

    AIDS Cocktail (Combination Therapy)


    AZT
    3TC
    ( 2-deoxy-3-thiacytidine)
    Protease Inhibitor

    Vaccine for HIV ?

    HIV mutates too rapidly


    Reverse Transcriptase causes at least 1 mutation
    each time it is used
    1 million variants during Asymptomatic Disease
    100 million variants during Advanced Disease
    (AIDS)

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy