Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 172 views

    Secretory Function of Gastrointestinal System

    Uploaded by

    Abodi
    The document summarizes the secretory function of the gastrointestinal system. It describes the two primary functions of secretory glands throughout the GI tract which are to produce digestive enzymes and provide mucus. It then provides details on the daily secretions volumes of various parts of the GI tract. The mechanisms, regulation, and secretions of various glands like salivary glands, stomach, pancreas are described. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the secretory system of the GI tract.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Secretory Function of Gastrointestinal System

    Uploaded by

    Abodi
    172 views49 pages
    The document summarizes the secretory function of the gastrointestinal system. It describes the two primary functions of secretory glands throughout the GI tract which are to produce digestive enzymes and provide mucus. It then provides details on the daily secretions volumes of various parts of the GI tract. The mechanisms, regulation, and secretions of various glands like salivary glands, stomach, pancreas are described. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the secretory system of the GI tract.

    Original Description:

    hgdfsdhdiusfdjfdyre

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document summarizes the secretory function of the gastrointestinal system. It describes the two primary functions of secretory glands throughout the GI tract which are to produce digestive enzymes and provide mucus. It then provides details on the daily secretions volumes of various parts of the GI tract. The mechanisms, regulation, and secretions of various glands like salivary glands, stomach, pancreas are described. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the secretory system of the GI tract.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    172 views49 pages

    Secretory Function of Gastrointestinal System

    Uploaded by

    Abodi
    The document summarizes the secretory function of the gastrointestinal system. It describes the two primary functions of secretory glands throughout the GI tract which are to produce digestive enzymes and provide mucus. It then provides details on the daily secretions volumes of various parts of the GI tract. The mechanisms, regulation, and secretions of various glands like salivary glands, stomach, pancreas are described. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the secretory system of the GI tract.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 49

    SECRETORY FUNCTION OF

    GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

    Irawan Yusuf
    Department of Physiology

    INTRODUCTION
    Throughout the gastrointestinal tract secretory
    glands serve two primary function;
    To produce digestive enzymes;
    To provide mucus for lubrication and protection

    Most digestive secretions are formed only in


    response to the presence of food in the
    gastrointestinal tract
    The types of enzyme and its component are
    varied according to the types of food present.

    Daily Secretion of Gastrointestinal Fluid


    Fluid

    Daily volume (ml)

    Saliva
    Gastric secretion
    Pancreatic secretion
    Bile
    Small intestinal secretion
    Brunners gland secretion
    Large intestinal secretion

    1000
    1500
    1000
    1000
    1800
    200
    200

    Total

    6700

    Guyton, AC; 2000

    pH
    6.0 7.0
    1.0 3.5
    8.0 8.3
    7.8
    7.5 8.0
    8.0 8.9
    7.5 8.0

    GENERAL PRINCIPLES
    Functions of gastrointestinal secretions

    Transport
    Digestion
    Protection
    Absorption

    The type of secretory glands

    Mucus gland or mucus cells (Goblet cells)


    Pits; invagination of surface lining epithelial
    Tubular glands (stomach and upper duodenum)
    Complex glands (Salivary glands, pancreas and liver)

    Basic mechanism of secretion by glandular cells


    Secretion of organic substances
    Water and electrolyte secretion

    Basic regulatory mechanism of glandular cells

    Basic Mechanism of Secretion


    Secretion of Organic Substances (proteins)
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.

    5.

    The nutrient material needed for formation of secretion must


    diffuse or actively transported from the capillary into the
    base of glandular cell
    ATP from the mitochondria, along with appropriate
    substrates, is then used for synthesis of the organic substances
    The secretory materials are then transported to the Golgi
    complex
    In the Golgi complex the material are modified before
    discharged into the cytoplasm in the form of secretory
    vesicles, which are stored in the apical ends of the secretory
    cells
    These vesicles remain stored until nervous or hormonal
    stimulation cause them to extrude their contents

    Basic Mechanism of Secretion


    Secretion of Water and Electrolyte
    1.
    2.
    3.

    4.

    Nerve stimulation on basal portion of the cell membrane,


    causing active transport of Cl- ions to the inside the cell
    The resulting increase in electronegativity inside the cell the
    causes positive ions also move to the interior of the cell
    The excess of both these ions inside the cell creates an
    osmotic force that pulls water to the interior, thereby
    increasing the hydrostatic pressure inside the cell and
    causing the cell to swell
    The pressure in the cell then results in ruptures of secretory
    border of the cell causes flushing of water, electrolyte, and
    organic materials out of the glandular cell into the lumen of
    the gland

    Basic Regulatory Mechanism


    of Glandular Cells

    Effect of Local Contact

    Effect of enteric nervous system

    Tactile stimulation
    Chemical irritation
    Distention of the gut wall

    Autonomic stimulation

    The mechanical present of food causes the glands to


    secrete moderate to large quantities of digestive juice

    Parasympathetic increase the rate of secretion


    Sympathetic can have dual effect; increase or decrease
    the secretion depend on the rate of stimulation

    Hormonal

    Basic Regulatory Mechanism


    of Glandular Cells
    Hormones that regulate secretion
    Gastrin

    Secretin

    Stimulates gastric acid/pepsinogen secretion


    Stimulates pancreatic and bile secretion

    Cholecystokinin (CCK)

    Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and bile


    secretion

    Basic Regulatory Mechanism


    of Glandular Cells
    CELLULAR MECHANISMS
    Second messengers
    IP3, calcium, cAMP

    Actions
    alter activity of ion transporters
    alter exocytosis rate of secretory vesicles
    regulate insertion of intracellular
    canaliculi

    SALIVARY GLANDS AND


    SALIVA
    Saliva is secreted primarily by three pairs of glands:
    1. Parotid, located near the angle of the jaw, are
    largest glands and secrete a watery fluid
    2. Submandibular, secrete a fluid that contains a
    high concentration of proteins and so is
    moderately viscous
    3. Sublingual, produce viscous fluid

    Characteristics of each of the salivary glands


    in human
    Gland

    Histologic type

    Parotid
    Submandibular

    Serous
    Mixed

    Sublingual

    Mucous

    Secretion1

    % of total saliva2

    Watery
    Moderately
    viscous
    Viscous

    20
    70
    5

    Ganong, WF, 2003


    1

    Serous cells secrete ptyalin;mucous cells secrete mucin


    2
    The remaining 5% of salivary volume is produce by lingual and minor glands In the
    oral cavity

    Saliva Function
    Protection the mouth by:

    Cooling hot food


    Diluting gastric acid or bile regurgitated into the mouth
    Washing food away from the teeth
    Antibacterial and antiviral effects (IgA and peroxidase)
    Aids speech by facilitating movement of the lips and tongue

    Digestion of glucose by amylase (ptyalin) and fat by


    lingual lipase
    Lubrication; for easier swallowing, moisten the
    mouth

    Composition of Saliva
    Salivary gland secrete saliva about 1-1.5
    L/day containing:
    Electrolyte. In comparison with plasma, saliva is
    hypotonic and contains higher concentrations of
    K+ and HCO3- and lower concentration of Na+
    and Cl Proteins. Several proteins are found, -amylase
    (ptyalin), lingual lipase, peroxidase, IgA and
    growth factors (NGF, EGF)
    Mucin for food lubrication

    Control of Salivary Secretion


    Autonomic Nervous System
    Parasympathetic cause secretion of watery fluid, high
    electrolyte but low in protein
    Increases secretion of amylase with large volumes of fluid

    Sympathetic cause secretion of small volume of fluid


    containing high mucin
    Stimulates small volume of saliva rich in amylase,
    bicarbonate and K+

    Salivary reflexes. Thought, aroma, or taste cause


    salivary reflexes

    GASTRIC SECRETION
    Gastric acid secretions aid in the breakdown of
    food into small particles
    Continue the process of digestion begun by
    salivary enzymes
    About 2 L/day of gastric secretion are produced

    Gastric Secretory Cells


    Gastric secretory cells are located on the surface of
    the stomach and in glands that are buried within
    the mucosa consits of:
    Oxyntic glands are located in the fundus and corpus.
    They contain three types of secretory cells:
    The parietal (oxyntic) cells, secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
    Peptic (chief) cells secrete pepsinogen, the precursor of
    pepsin
    Mucous cell secrete mucus

    Pyloric glands are located in antrum and pyloric. They


    contain G cells and some mucous cell. G cells produce
    gastrin hormone

    Secretion of the Stomach

    Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)


    Pepsinogen
    Intrinsic Factor
    Mucus
    Glycoprotein products which primary
    function as lubricant, but can also have many
    other regionally specialized function

    HCl Secretion
    Mechanism HCl secretion
    HCl is secreted into the parietal cells canaliculi by three
    step process:
    The active transport process is begun by the transport of K + and
    Cl- into the canaliculi
    H+ is then exchanged for K+ by a H+-K+ ATPase
    Water enters the canaliculi down the osmotic gradient created
    by movement of HCl-

    The H+ entering the canaliculi is supplied by the


    dissociation of H2CO3 into H+ and HCO3 The active transport process involved in the generation
    of HCl- secretion require a large amount of ATP
    The pH of acid secretion as low as 0.8

    Control of HCl Secretion


    Stimulation of HCl secretion
    Acetylcholine (Ach)
    Histamine; histamine can stimulate HCl
    secretion directly or can potentiate the
    secretion produced by ACh or gastrin
    Gastrin

    Inhibition of HCl secretion


    Somatostatin

    Phases of Gastric Secretion


    Cephalic
    vagal cholinergic stimulation of HCl secretion
    directly
    indirectly via gastrin

    Gastric
    gastrin, local distension, vagal input increase gastric
    acid secretion

    Intestinal
    increased acid in duodenum stimulates secretin
    release which feeds back to inhibit gastrin release and
    inhibit gastric acid secretion

    PEPSINOGEN SECRETION
    Function of pepsinogen. Pepsin the active form
    of pepsinogen is proteolytic enzyme that begins
    the process of protein digestion
    Regulation of pepsinogen secretion.
    Cephalic state, vagal nerve stimulate secretion of
    pepsinogen
    Gastric phase, low pH stimulate secretion
    Intestinal phase, secretin stimulate pepsinogen
    release

    MUCOSAL BARRIER
    The gastric mucosal barrier protects the gastric
    lining cells from damage
    The main component of mucus is a thick
    viscous alkaline mucous layer secreted by the
    mucous cells
    Mildly injury results in increased mucus
    secretion and surface desquamation
    More serious injury denudes the mucosal
    surface, forming an ulcer, and produce bleeding

    INTRINSIC FACTOR
    Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein secreted
    by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa,
    mostly in fundus
    Intrinsic factor is required for the
    absorption of vitamin B12
    Intrinsic factor forms a complex with vitamin
    B12
    The complex is carried to the terminal ileum,
    where the vitamin is absorbed

    PANCREATIC SECRETION
    Pancreas contains endocrine and exocrine cells
    The exocrine cells have an internal structure similar to
    that of salivary glands
    The exocrine cells produce four types of digestive
    enzyme:
    Protease (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase)
    Amylase
    Lipases (lipase, cholesterol esterase, phospholipase)
    Nucleases
    Each day pancreas produce 1200-1500 ml of pancreatic
    juice containing high concentration of HCO3-

    Anatomy and Histology of Pancreas

    Pancreatic Secretory Cells

    Pancreatic exocrine cells are arranged


    in grape-like clusters called acini.
    The exocrine cells themselves are packed
    with
    membrane-bound
    secretory
    granules which contain digestive
    enzymes that are exocytosed into the
    lumen of the acinus.
    From there these secretions flow into
    larger and larger, intralobular ducts,
    which eventually coalesce into the main
    pancreatic duct which drains directly
    into the duodenum.

    Composition of Pancreatic Secretion


    Pancreatic juice is composed of two secretory
    products critical to proper digestion:
    Digestive enzymes, secreted by acinar cells
    Bicarbonate (HCO3-), secreted from epithelial cells

    Digestive enzymes digesting all three major


    types of nutrients
    HCO3- play important role in neutralizing the
    acid chyme from the stomach

    Composition of Human Pancreatic Juice


    Cations

    Anions

    Digestive Enzymes

    Na+
    K+
    Ca2+
    Mg2+

    HCO3Trypsin
    ClChymotrypsins
    SO42Lipase
    HPO42- -amylase
    Carboxypeptidase A and B
    Ribonuclease
    Elastase
    Phospholipase A2
    Cholesteryl ester hydroxylase

    Control of Pancreatic Secretion


    Hormonal Control
    Secretin (from increased HCl in duodenum)
    stimulates fluid and electrolyte secretion

    CCK (from increased fatty acids, peptides,


    amino acids)
    stimulates release of enzymes

    Nervous System
    Parasympathetic input
    initiates secretion during cephalic and gastric phases

    Phase of Pancreatic Secretion


    Cephalic phase
    Vagal stimulation
    Stimulates enzyme secretion

    Non-cholinergic
    HCO3- secretion

    Gastric phase
    Distension of the antrum and corpus
    Secretion of low volume of enzymes and HCO 3-

    Food breakdown (primarily amino acids)


    Secretion of pancreatic secretion

    Intestinal phase
    Cholecystokinin
    Secretin

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy