Deep Beams Presentation2

span/depth ratio of
simply supported beam is < 2,

continuous beam < 2.5,
it is classified as deep beam.
Such structures are found in transfer girders and in

shear wall structures that resist lateral forces in
buildings. It is also found in some of the industrial
buildings.
The traditional principles of stress analysis are

neither suitable nor adequate to determine the
strength of reinforced concrete deep beams.
In deep beams, the bending stress distribution

across any transverse section deviates appreciably
from straight line distribution assumed in the
elementary beam theory.
The behaviour of a deep beam depends also on

how they are loaded & special considerations should
be given to this aspect in design.
Here cracking will occur at one-third to one-half of

the ultimate load.
In the single span beam supporting a concentrated

load at mid span, the compressive stresses act
roughly parallel to the lines joining the
load and the supports and the tensile stresses act

parallel to the bottom of the beam.
The flexural stresses at the bottom is constant

over much of the span.
The figure shows the crack pattern and the

truss analogy of the same.
Each of the three tension AB, CD and EF ties

have cracked and at failure shaded region
would crush or the anchorage zones at E and F
would fail.
simplified truss model
A single span beam supporting a uniform load

acting on the top has the stress trajectories ,
crack pattern and simplified truss as shown.
A single span beam supporting a uniform load

acting on the lower face of the beam has the
stress trajectories , crack pattern and simplified
truss as shown.
The compression trajectories form an arch

with the loads hanging from it. The crack
pattern shows that the load is transferred
upward by reinforcement until it acts on
the compression arch, which then transfers
the load down to the supports.
The force in the longitudinal tension ties

will be constant along the length of the
deep beam. This is the reason that the
steel must be anchored at the joints over
the reaction, failure of which is a major
cause of distress
Parameters influencing deep beam

behavior are:
Width of support = C
Overall depth of beam = D
Effective span = L
Width / Thickness of beam = t
Type of loading, uniform = w
The Min. thickness of deep beams should be based

on two considerations:
1.
It should be thick enough to prevent buckling with

respect to its span & height i.e.
D
L
25 &
50
t
where t = thickness
oft beam.
2. The thickness should be such that the concrete
itself should be able to carry a good amount of
the shear force that acts in the beam without the
assistance of any steel.
Z = 0.6L or 0.6D
i.e. Z = 0.6L when L/D < 1

&
Z = 0.6D when L/D > 1
From those values,

Mu = As.fs.Z
where fs = 0.87 fy
Mu
Mu
1.9Mu
As
f s .Z 0.87 fy 0.6 D
fyD
or
Mu
1.9Mu
As
0.87 fy 0.6 L fy.L
The greater value of As is taken as tension steel.
Deep beams without holes
Design procedure :
a) Determine Nominal Shear

Vu
Tv
where Tv Tmax
t.Du
b) Vu Vc Vs
c)
av
Vc C1 1 0.35
ft .t.D
where
C1 Co eff. equal to 0.72 for normal wt. concrete

av
Shear span
D
Depth
ft 0.5
fck , the tensile strength.
Hence, the equation becomes

Vc 0.72( D 0.35av ) ft.t
When designing for shear, it is assumed that

concrete itself should carry at least 65% of
the ultimate shear.
This is ensured by choosing a suitable thk.

of beam by the following formula :
0.65Vu
t
0.72( D 0.35av ) ft
Shear capacities of tension steel & nominal web

steel should also be taken into account in
resisting the shear. Their shear capacity is
calculated as :
where,
C2 = 225 N/mm2 for Fe415
As = Area of tension steel provided.
= Angle between the bar considered & the

critical
diagonal crack.
y1= Depth from the top of the beam to the point

where
bar intersects the critical
diagonal crack line.

n = Number of bars including tension steel cut
by the assumed crack line
D = Total depth of beam
Vertical steel Av and Horizontal steel Ah
Horizontal steel bars acts as shear

reinforcement and also overcome the effects
of shrinkage & temperature.
The amounts specified in IS:456-2000 are :
a) Vertical steel shall be 0.12% for Fe415, the

bar diameter shall not be more than 14mm
and spacing not more than 3x thk. of beam or
450mm.
b) Horizontal steel shall be 0.20% for Fe415,

the bar diameter shall not be more than
16mm & spacing not more than 3x thk. of
beam or 450mm.
c) Necessary side reinforcement should also be
provided.
Detailing of tension steel:
In deep beams, the tension steel is placed in

a zone of depth equal to (0.25D-0.05L)
adjacent to the face of beam.
No curtailment of the bars. It should be bent

upwards at the ends to obtain adequate
anchorage & embedment .
1.
Determine whether the given beam is deep or not.
2.
Check its thickness.
3.
Design for flexure.
4.
Design for minimum web steel & its distribution in

the beam.
5.
6.
Design for shear.

Check for bearing pressure at support & point
loading for local failures.
7.
Detailing (BRITISH PRACTICE)

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span/depth ratio of

simply supported beam is < 2,

Such structures are found in transfer girders and in

The traditional principles of stress analysis are

In deep beams, the bending stress distribution

The behaviour of a deep beam depends also on

Here cracking will occur at one-third to one-half of

In the single span beam supporting a concentrated

load and the supports and the tensile stresses act

The flexural stresses at the bottom is constant

The figure shows the crack pattern and the

Each of the three tension AB, CD and EF ties

A single span beam supporting a uniform load

A single span beam supporting a uniform load

The compression trajectories form an arch

The force in the longitudinal tension ties

Parameters influencing deep beam

Overall depth of beam = D

Width / Thickness of beam = t

Type of loading, uniform = w

The Min. thickness of deep beams should be based

It should be thick enough to prevent buckling with

i.e. Z = 0.6L when L/D < 1

Z = 0.6D when L/D > 1

From those values,

0.87 fy 0.6 L fy.L

The greater value of As is taken as tension steel.

Deep beams without holes

a) Determine Nominal Shear

C1 Co eff. equal to 0.72 for normal wt. concrete

fck , the tensile strength.

Hence, the equation becomes

When designing for shear, it is assumed that

This is ensured by choosing a suitable thk.

Shear capacities of tension steel & nominal web

= Angle between the bar considered & the

y1= Depth from the top of the beam to the point

bar intersects the critical

diagonal crack line.

Vertical steel Av and Horizontal steel Ah

Horizontal steel bars acts as shear

The amounts specified in IS:456-2000 are :

a) Vertical steel shall be 0.12% for Fe415, the

b) Horizontal steel shall be 0.20% for Fe415,

Detailing of tension steel:

In deep beams, the tension steel is placed in

No curtailment of the bars. It should be bent

Determine whether the given beam is deep or not.

Check its thickness.

Design for flexure.

Design for minimum web steel & its distribution in

Design for shear.

Detailing (BRITISH PRACTICE)

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