Myers Psychology for AP*

David G. Myers

PowerPoint Presentation Slides

by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, 2010
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Unit 9:
Developmental Psychology

Unit Overview

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Infancy and Childhood
Parents and Peers
Adolescence
Adulthood
Reflections on Two Major
Devel
opmental Issues

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Introduction
Developmental psychology
Nature versus nurture
Continuity and stages
Stability and change

Prenatal Development and the

Newborn

Prenatal Development
Conception
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus

Prenatal Development and

the Newborn

Life is sexually transmitted

Prenatal Development and

the Newborn
40 days
months

45 days

2 months

Prenatal Development and

the Newborn

Prenatal Development
Placenta
Teratogens
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

The Competent Newborn

Reflexes
Rooting
Moro
Babinski
Palmer Grasp

Habituation
Novelty-preference
procedure

Prenatal Development and

the Newborn
Preferences
human voices and
faces
facelike images-->

smell and sound of

mother preferred

Infancy Childhood

Physical Development
Brain Development
Brain development
Pruning process
Maturation

Physical Development
Motor Development
Motor development
Learning to walk

Physical Development
Maturation and Infant Memory
Infantile amnesia no memories before
age three

Cognitive Development
Cognition
Jean Piaget
Schema
Assimilation
Accommodation

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking
Sensorimotor Stage
Object permanence
out of sight, out of mind

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking
Sensorimotor Stage
Object permanence
out of sight, out of mind

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking
Sensorimotor Stage
Object permanence
out of sight, out of mind

Infancy and Childhood:

Cognitive Development
Babies are Stupid

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking
Preoperational
Stage
Conservation

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking
Preoperational
Stage
Conservation

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking
Preoperational
Stage
Conservation

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking
Egocentrism

Conservation

Cognitive Development
Concrete
Operational
Stage

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking
Formal Operational Stage
Abstract concepts

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking

Cognitive Development
Piagets Theory and Current Thinking
Theory of Mind
Lev Vygotsky
social learning tends to precede (i.e.
come before) development.

Cognitive Development
Reflecting on Piagets Theory

Influential theory
Development is more continuous
Larger emphasis on social factors
Vygotsky
Zone of proximal development
difference between what a learner can do
without help and what he or she can do with
help.
Dancing

Cognitive Development
Autism

Social Development
Origins of Attachment
Attachment
Body contact
Harry Harlows
studies

Familiarity
Critical period
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz

Sensitive period

Social Development
Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting

Mary Ainsworths strange situation

Secure attachment
Insecure attachment
Disorganized Attachment

Social Development
Stranger anxiety

Social Development
Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting

Temperament
Easy, difficult & slow to warm up babies
Fearful 2 yr. olds shy 8 yr. olds
Intense preschoolers intense adults

Eriksons Basic trust

Securely attached children basic trust

Social Development
Deprivation of Attachment
Early deprivation of attachment
Leaves trauma to the brain

Disruption of attachment
Trauma can recover if put in good environment

Does day care affect attachment?

High quality no / poor quality - yes

Social Development
Self-Concept
Self-concept
Self-esteem
Self-awareness

Social Development
Parenting Styles
Parenting styles
(Baumrind)
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative

Correlation versus
causation

Social Development
Culture and Child-Rearing
Differences in child-rearing from
culture to culture
Western independent
Eastern compliant
Key warm, authoritative

Social Development
Erik Erikson 8 Ages of Man
8 stages
Social task to complete
Creates a crisis
Resolve the crisis

Erik Eriksons 8
Ages of Man
Stage Name &
Ages

Social Crisis

Developmental
Task

Oral-Sensory Birth
to 18 mo.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Feeding

Muscular Anal 18
mos. to 3 yrs.

Autonomy vs. Shame

&
Doubt

Toilet Training

Locomotor 3 to 6
yrs.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Independent Play

Latency 6 to 12 yrs.

Industry vs. Inferiority School

Parents and Peers

Parents and Early Experiences

Experience and brain development

Parents and Early Experiences

How much credit (or blame) do
parents deserve?
Parents - important for education,
discipline, responsibility, orderliness,
charitableness, and interacting with
authority figures.

Peer Influence
Peer influence
Peers- important for learning cooperation,
finding popularity, inventing styles of
interaction among peers

Adolescence

Introduction
Adolescence

Physical Development
Puberty
Primary sexual characteristics
menarche

Secondary sexual characteristics

Timing of sexual characteristics

Physical Development

Physical Development

Cognitive Development
Developing Reasoning Power
Piagets formal operations

Cognitive Development
Developing Morality

Lawrence Kohlbergs Moral Ladder

Postconventional
level

Morality of abstract
principles: to affirm
agreed-upon rights and
personal ethical principles

Conventional
level

Morality of law and

social rules: to gain
approval or avoid
disapproval

Preconventional
level

Morality of self-interest:
to avoid punishment
or gain concrete rewards

As moral
development
progresses, the
focus of
concern moves
from the self to
the wider social
world.

Social Development
Forming an identity
Identity
Social identity
Intimacy

Parent and peer relationships

Erik Eriksons 8
Ages of Man
Stage Name &
Ages

Social Crisis

Developmental
Task

Oral-Sensory Birth
to 18 mo.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Feeding

Muscular Anal 18
mos. To
3 yrs.

Autonomy vs. Shame

&
Doubt

Toilet Training

Locomotor 3 to 6
yrs.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Independent Play

Latency 6 to 12 yrs.

Industry vs. Inferiority School

Adolescence 12 to
18 yrs.

Identity vs. Role

Confusion

Identity Formation/
Peer
Relationships

Emerging Adulthood
Emerging adulthood

Adulthood

Physical Development
Physical changes in middle adulthood
Menopause

Physical changes in later life

Life expectancy
Sensory abilities
Health
Dementia and Alzheimers Disease

Adulthood: Physical
Development

Jeff Hegeman
50 - 54
Steve Davis
55 - 59
Terry Bradshaw
60 - 64
Randall Olson
65 - 69
James Wagner
70 - 74
Lee Alexander
75 - 79
Elmer Murman
over 80

11.23
11.80
13.50
13.90
14.60
15.90
16.90

Physical Development
Adulthoods Ages and Stages

Cognitive Development
Aging and Memory
Recall versus recognition
Prospective memory

Cognitive Development
Aging and Intelligence
Cross-Sectional Evidence
Cross-sectional study

Longitudinal Evidence
Longitudinal study

It all depends
Crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence

Adulthood: Cognitive
Development
Reasoning
ability
score
60

Cross-sectional method
suggests decline

55
50
45

Longitudinal method
suggests more stability

40
35

25 32 39 46 53 60 67 74 81
Age in years
Cross-sectional method
Longitudinal method

Adulthood: Cognitive
Development
100

Percent
90
of names
recalled 80

Older age groups have

poorer performance

70
60
50
40

After two
introductions

30
20

After one

10 introductions
0
18
40
50

60

Age group

Recalling new
names
After three
introduced
introductions
once, twice, or
three times is
easier for
younger adults
than for older
ones (Crook &
West, 1990).
70

Adulthood: Cognitive
Development
Number
24
Of words
remembered

20
16
12
8
4
0

In a study by
Schonfield &
Robertson (1966),
Number of words
the ability to recall
recognized is
new information
stable with age
declined during
early and middle
Number of words
adulthood, but the
recalled declines
ability to recognize
with age
new information did
not.
20

30

40

50

Age in years

60

70

Adulthood- Cognitive
Development
Intelligence
(IQ) score
105

Verbal scores are

stable with age

100
95
90
85

Nonverbal scores
decline with age

80
75

20 25

Verbal scores
Nonverbal scores

35

45

Age group

55

65

Verbal
intelligence
scores hold
steady with
age, while
nonverbal
intelligence
scores
decline
70
(adapted from
Kaufman &
others, 1989).

Social Development
Adulthoods Ages and Stages
Midlife transition
Social clock

Erik Eriksons 8
Ages of Man
Stage Name &
Ages

Social Crisis

Developmental
Task

Oral-Sensory Birth
to 18 mo.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Feeding

Muscular Anal 18
mos. To
3 yrs.

Autonomy vs. Shame

&
Doubt

Toilet Training

Locomotor 3 to 6
yrs.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Independent Play

Latency 6 to 12 yrs.

Industry vs. Inferiority School

Adolescence 12 to
18 yrs.

Identity vs. Role

Confusion

Identity Formation/
Peer
Relationships

Young Adulthood
19 to 40 yrs.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Love Relationships

Middle Adulthood
40 65 yrs.

Generativity vs.
Stagnation

Parenting

Social Development
Adulthood Commitments
Love
Work

Social Development
Well-Being Across the Life Span
Well-being across the life span
Death and dying

Biopsychosocial Influences on
Successful Aging

Biopsychosocial Influences on
Successful Aging

Biopsychosocial Influences on
Successful Aging

Biopsychosocial Influences on
Successful Aging

Reflections on Two Major

Developmental Issues

Three Major Developmental Issues

Nature versus nurture
Continuity and stages
Stability and change

Continuity and Stages

Continuity and Stages

Continuity and Stages

Continuity and Stages

The End

Gender Development
Gender
Influences on social development

Gender Development
Gender Similarities and Differences
Gender and aggression
Aggression
Physical versus relational aggression

Gender and social power

Gender and social connectedness

Gender Development
The Nature of Gender
Sex chromosomes
X chromosome
Y chromosome

Sex hormones
Testosterone

Gender Development
The Nurture of Gender
Gender Role
Role

Gender and child rearing

Gender identity
Gender typing

Social learning theory

Gender Development
The Nurture of Gender

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Definition
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Developmental Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies
physical, cognitive, and social change
throughout the life span.

Zygote
= the fertilized egg, it enters a 2-week period
of rapid cell division and develops into an
embryo.

Embryo
= the developing human organism from
about 2 weeks after fertilization through
the second month.

Fetus
= the developing human organism from 9
weeks after conception to birth.

Teratogens
= agents, such as chemicals and viruses,
that can reach the embryo or fetus during
prenatal development and cause harm.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

= physical and cognitive abnormalities in
children caused by a pregnant womans
heavy drinking. In severe cases,
symptoms include noticeable facial
misproportions.

Habituation
= decreasing responsiveness with repeated
stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with
repeated exposure to a visual stimulus,
their interest wanes and they look away
sooner.

Maturation
= biological growth processes that enable
orderly changes in behavior, relatively
uninfluenced by experience.

Cognition
= all mental activities associated with
thinking, knowing, remembering, and
communicating.

Schema
= a concept or framework that organizes
and interprets information.

Assimilation
= interpreting our new experiences in terms
of our existing schemas.

Accommodation
= adapting our current understandings
(schemas) to incorporate new information.

Sensorimotor Stage
= in Piagets theory, the stage (from birth to
about 2 years of age) during which infants
know the world mostly in terms of their
sensory impressions and motor activities.

Object Permanence
= the awareness that things continue to
exist when not perceived.

Preoperational Stage
= in Piagets theory, the stage (from 2 to
about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a
child learns to use language but does not
yet comprehend the mental operations of
concrete logic..

Conservation
= the principle (which Piaget believed to be
a part of concrete operational reasoning)
that properties such as mass, volume, and
number remain the same despite changes
in the forms of objects.

Egocentrism
= in Piagets theory, the preoperational
childs difficulty taking anothers point of
view.

Theory of Mind
= peoples ideas about their own and others
mental states about their feelings,
perceptions, and thoughts, and the
behaviors these might predict.

Concrete Operational Stage

= in Piagets theory, the stage of cognitive
development (from about 6 or 7 to 11
years of age) during which children gain
the mental operations that enable them to
think logically about concrete events.

Formal Operational Stage

= in Piagets theory, the stage of cognitive
development (normally beginning about
age 12) during which people begin to think
logically about abstract concepts.

Autism
= a disorder that appears in childhood and is
marked by deficient communication, social
interaction, and understanding of others
states of mind.

Stranger Anxiety
= the fear of strangers that infants
commonly display, beginning by about 8
months of age.

Attachment
= an emotional tie with another person;
shown in young children by their seeking
closeness to the caregiver and showing
distress on separation.

Critical Period
= an optimal period shortly after birth when
an organisms exposure to certain stimuli
or experiences produces proper
development.

Imprinting
= the process by which certain animals form
attachments during a critical period very
early in life.

Temperament
= a persons characteristic emotional
reactivity and intensity.

Basic Trust
= according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the
world is predictable and trustworthy; said
to be formed during infancy by appropriate
experiences with responsive caregivers.

Self-concept
= our understanding and evaluation of who
we are.

Gender
= in psychology, the biologically and socially
influenced characteristics by which people
define male and female.

Aggression
= physical or verbal behavior intended to
hurt someone.

X Chromosome
= the sex chromosome found in both men
and women. Females have two X
chromosomes; males have one. An X
chromosome from each parent produces a
female child.

Y Chromosome
=the sex chromosome found only in males.
When paired with an X chromosome from
the mother, it produces a male child.

Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex
hormones. Both males and females have
it, but the additional testosterone in males
stimulates the growth of the male sex
organs in the fetus and the development
of the male sex characteristics during
puberty.

Role
= a set of expectations (norms) about a
social position, defining how those in the
position ought to behave.

Gender Role
= a set of unexpected behaviors for males
or for females.

Gender Identity
= our sense of being male or female.

Gender Typing
= the acquisition of a traditional masculine
or feminine role.

Social Learning Theory

= the theory that we learn social behavior by
observing and imitating and by being
rewarded or punished.

Adolescence
= the transition period from childhood to
adulthood, extending from puberty to
independence.

Puberty
= the period of sexual maturation, during
which a person becomes capable of
reproducing.

Primary Sexual Characteristics

= the body structures (ovaries, testes, and
external genitalia) that makes sexual
reproduction possible.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

= nonreproductive sexual characteristics,
such as female breasts and hips, male
voice quality, and body hair.

Menarche
= the first menstrual period.

Identity
= our sense of self; according to Erikson,
the adolescents task is to solidify a sense
of self by testing and integrating various
roles.

Social Identify
= the we aspect of our self-concept; the
part of our answer to Who am I? that
comes from our group memberships.

Intimacy
= in Eriksons theory, the ability to form
close, loving relationships; a primary
developmental task in late adolescence
and early adulthood.

Emerging Adulthood
= for some people in modern cultures, a
period from the late teens to mid-twenties,
bridging the gap between adolescent
dependence and full independence and
responsible adulthood.

Menopause
= the time of natural cessation of
menstruation; also refers to the biological
changes a woman experiences as her
ability to reproduce declines.

Cross-sectional Study
= a study in which people of different ages
are compared with one another.

Longitudinal Study
= research in which the same people are
restudied and retested over a long period.

Crystallized Intelligence
= our accumulated knowledge and verbal
skills; tends to increase with age.

Fluid Intelligence
= our ability to reason speedily and
abstractly; tends to decrease during late
adulthood.

Social Clock
= the culturally preferred timing of social
events such as marriage, parenthood, and
retirement.