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    Chapter - 4: Carbon and Its Compounds

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    shahrukh
    Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons and can form single, double, or triple bonds. It forms a vast number of compounds due to its ability to catenate and bond with various elements. Key topics covered include: - Carbon's valence allows for tetravalent bonding, forming hydrocarbons and other compounds - Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between carbons, while unsaturated have double or triple bonds - Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas - Functional groups determine a compound's properties; examples given are halides, alcohols, aldehydes, acids - Homologous series have similar structures and properties but differ by CH2 - Important compounds

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    Chapter - 4: Carbon and Its Compounds

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    shahrukh
    125 views22 pages
    Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons and can form single, double, or triple bonds. It forms a vast number of compounds due to its ability to catenate and bond with various elements. Key topics covered include: - Carbon's valence allows for tetravalent bonding, forming hydrocarbons and other compounds - Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between carbons, while unsaturated have double or triple bonds - Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas - Functional groups determine a compound's properties; examples given are halides, alcohols, aldehydes, acids - Homologous series have similar structures and properties but differ by CH2 - Important compounds

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    Carbon and Its Compounds

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    Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons and can form single, double, or triple bonds. It forms a vast number of compounds due to its ability to catenate and bond with various elements. Key topics covered include: - Carbon's valence allows for tetravalent bonding, forming hydrocarbons and other compounds - Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between carbons, while unsaturated have double or triple bonds - Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas - Functional groups determine a compound's properties; examples given are halides, alcohols, aldehydes, acids - Homologous series have similar structures and properties but differ by CH2 - Important compounds

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    125 views22 pages

    Chapter - 4: Carbon and Its Compounds

    Uploaded by

    shahrukh
    Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons and can form single, double, or triple bonds. It forms a vast number of compounds due to its ability to catenate and bond with various elements. Key topics covered include: - Carbon's valence allows for tetravalent bonding, forming hydrocarbons and other compounds - Saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds between carbons, while unsaturated have double or triple bonds - Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas - Functional groups determine a compound's properties; examples given are halides, alcohols, aldehydes, acids - Homologous series have similar structures and properties but differ by CH2 - Important compounds

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    CHAPTER - 4

    CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS


    Class
    Subject
    Name of Teacher
    School

    :- X
    :- Science
    :- Mr. M. Kumar (TGT Science)
    :- KV EAC UPPER SHILLONG

    1) Occurrence of carbon :i) Carbon is found in the atmosphere, inside the earths crust and in
    all living organisms.
    ii) Carbon is present in fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, coke, petroleum,
    natural gas, biogas, marsh gas etc.
    iii) Carbon is present in compounds like carbonates,
    hydrogen carbonates etc.
    iv) Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite, fullerenes etc.

    2) Bonding in carbon Covalent bond :The atomic number of carbon is 6, its electronic arrangement is 2,4, it
    has 4 valence electrons. It can attain stability by gaining 4 electrons,
    losing 4 electrons or sharing 4 electrons with other atoms.
    It does not gain 4 electrons because it is difficult for the 6 protons to
    hold 10 electrons.
    It does not lose 4 electrons because it needs a large amount of
    energy to lose 4 electrons.
    So it shares 4 electrons with other atoms to attain stability resulting in
    the formation of covalent bonds.
    Since carbon atom needs 4 electrons to attain stability, its valency is 4
    and it is tetravalent.
    X
    X

    C
    X

    C
    I

    3) Formation of covalent bonds :Covalent bond is chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons
    between atoms.
    The sharing of one pair of electrons results in the formation of single
    covalent bond, sharing of two pairs of electrons results in the formation
    of double covalent bond and sharing of three pairs of electrons results
    in the formation of triple covalent bond.

    Eg :- Formation of single covalent bond in Hydrogen


    molecule - H2
    The atomic number of hydrogen is 1, its electronic arrangement is 1, it
    has 1 valence electron. It needs 1 electron more to attain stability. So
    two hydrogen atoms share 1 pair of electrons resulting in the formation
    of a single covalent bond in hydrogen molecule H2.

    Hx

    XX

    HH

    H2

    Formation of double covalent bond in oxygen molecule - O 2


    The atomic number of oxygen is 8, its EC is 2,6, it has 6 VE, it needs 2
    electrons more to attain stability. So two oxygen atoms share two
    pairs of electrons resulting in the formation of a double covalent bond
    in oxygen molecule O2
    XX

    X X
    XX

    X
    X

    X
    X

    XX

    XX
    XX

    XX
    XX
    XX

    XX

    O=O

    O2

    Formation of triple covalent bond in Nitrogen molecule - N 2


    The atomic number of nitrogen is 7, its EC is 2,5, it has 5 VE, it needs
    3 electrons more to attain stability. So two nitrogen atoms share three
    pairs of electrons resulting in the formation of a triple covalent bond in
    X
    X
    X
    X
    nitrogen
    molecule
    N2
    X
    X
    X X

    X
    X
    X X

    XX
    XX
    XX

    NN

    4) Electron dot structures :Methane molecule CH4

    Ethane molecule C2H6

    H
    X
    X

    H
    X
    X
    X

    H
    H
    I

    H
    X

    H
    H
    I

    H
    I

    5) Formation of a very large number of carbon compounds :Carbon forms a very large number of compounds. The number of
    carbon compounds is more than three million. It is more than the
    number of compounds formed by all other elements. This is because :i) Carbon atom can form bonds with other carbon atoms to form long
    chains, branched chains and closed rings. This property is called
    catenation.
    ii) Since the valency of carbon is 4, it can form bonds with other
    carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements like hydrogen,
    oxygen, nitrogen, halogens etc.
    I
    _ C_
    I
    I I
    I I
    I
    I
    I
    I I
    C
    _
    _
    _ CCCCCC_
    CCCC
    C
    C
    I
    I I
    I I
    I
    I
    I
    I I
    C
    C
    _ _
    C
    C
    I
    Long chain
    Branched chain
    Closed ring

    6) Hydrocarbons, Saturated and Unsaturated hydrocarbons :i) Hydrocarbons :- are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen
    atoms.
    ii) Saturated hydrocarbons :- are hydrocarbons having all single
    covalent bonds between the carbon atoms.
    Eg : Alkanes :- have all single covalent bonds between the carbon
    atoms and their names end with ane.

    Methane CH4

    Ethane C2H6

    H
    I
    HCH
    I
    H
    H H
    I
    I
    HCCH
    I
    I
    H H

    iii) Unsaturated hydrocarbons :- are hydrocarbons having a double or


    triple covalent bond between two carbon atoms. Eg : Alkenes and
    Alkynes.
    Alkenes :- have a double covalent bond between two carbon atoms.
    and their names end with ene.
    H H
    H
    H
    I I
    I
    I
    Ethene - C2H4
    C=C
    Propene C3H6 H C = C C H
    I I
    I
    I
    H H
    H H
    Alkynes :- have a triple covalent bond between two carbon atoms
    and their names end with yne.
    Ethyne Ethyne C2H2

    Propyne - C3H4

    HCCH

    H
    I
    HC CCH
    I

    7) Isomerism :-

    Carbon compounds having the same molecular formula but different


    structural formulae are called isomers. This property is called isomerism.
    Eg:- Butane C4H10 has 2 isomers. They are Normal butane and Iso butane.
    H H H H
    I
    I I
    I
    HCCCCH
    I
    I I
    I
    H H H H
    Normal butane

    H H H
    I
    I I
    HCCCH
    I
    I
    H
    H
    H C H
    I
    H

    Iso butane

    Pentane C5H12 has 3 isomers. They are Normal pentane, Iso pentane and Neo
    pentane.
    Neo pentane
    Iso pentane

    Normal pentane
    H H H H H
    I
    I I I I
    HCCCCCH
    I I I
    I I
    H H H H H

    H
    I

    I
    H CH

    HCH

    H
    H
    I
    I
    HC C CH
    I
    I
    H
    H
    HCH
    I
    H

    H
    H H
    I
    I
    I
    HCCCCH
    I I
    I
    I
    H H H H

    8) Functional groups :An atom or a group of atoms which decides the properties of a
    carbon compound is called a functional group.
    i) Halide ( Halo group) :- - Cl, - Br, etc. ( Names end with ane )
    Eg :- CH3Cl Chloro methane, C2H5Br Bromo ethane
    ii) Alcohol :- - OH ( Names end with ol )
    Eg :- CH3OH Methanol, C2H5OH Ethanol
    H

    iii) Aldehyde :- - CHO

    -C

    ( Names end with al )


    O

    Eg :- HCHO Methanal, CH3CHO Ethanal


    O
    II

    iv) Carboxylic acid :- - COOH - C - OH (Names end with oic


    acid )
    Eg :- HCOOH Methanoic acid, CH3COOH Ethanoic acid
    v) Ketone :- - CO
    - C - (Names end with one )
    II
    O

    9) Homologus series :Homologus series is a group of carbon compounds having similar


    structures, similar chemical properties and whose successive members
    differ by a CH2 group. Eg :- Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes etc.
    Alkanes :- have general molecular formula CnH2n+2 . Their names end
    with ane and the members are as follows :Methane - CH4
    Ethane - C2H6
    Propane - C3H8
    Butane - C4H10
    Pentane - C5H12
    H
    I
    Methane : CH4 H C H
    I
    H

    Ethane : C2H6

    H H
    I
    I
    HCCH
    I
    I

    Propane C3H8

    H H H
    I
    I I
    HCCCH
    I
    I I

    Alkenes :Alkenes have general molecular formula CnH2n . Their names end
    with ene and the members are as follows :Ethene - C2H4
    Propene - C3H6
    Butene - C4H8
    Pentene - C5H10

    Ethene :-

    C2H4

    Propene :- C3H6

    H H
    I
    I
    C=C
    I
    I
    H H
    H H H
    I
    I
    I
    HC=CCH
    I

    Butene :- C4H8

    H H H H
    I
    I I
    I
    HC=CCCH
    I

    I
    H

    Alkynes :Alkynes have general molecular formula CnH 2n 2 .Their names end
    with yne and the members are as follows :Ethyne

    - C 2H2

    Propyne

    - C3H4

    Butyne

    - C 4H6

    Ethyne :- C2H2

    HC

    CH
    H
    I

    Propyne :- C3H4

    HC

    CCH
    I
    H
    I

    Butyne :- C H

    HC

    H H
    I

    CCCH

    10) Chemical properties of Carbon compounds :a) Combustion :Carbon compounds burn in oxygen to form water, carbon dioxide,
    heat and light.
    Eg :- C + O2
    CO2 + heat + light
    CH4 + 2O2
    2H2O + CO2 + heat + light
    C2H5OH + 3O2
    3H2O + 2CO2 heat + light
    b) Oxidation :Carbon compounds like alcohols are oxidised to carboxylic acids on
    heating with oxidising agents like alkaline Potassium permanganate
    KMnO4 or acidic potassium dichromate - K2Cr2O7 .
    Eg:- Alcohols are oxidised to Carboxylic acids
    alkaline KMnO4 + heat
    C2H5OH
    CH3COOH
    Ethanol acidic K2Cr2O7 + heat Ethanoic acid

    c) Addition reaction :Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reaction with hydrogen in the
    presence of nickel or palladium as catalyst to form saturated hydrocarbons.
    Eg:- Ethene undergoes addition reaction with hydrogen to form ethane in the
    presence of nickel or palladium as catalyst.
    Ni or Pd catalyst
    C2H4 + H2
    C 2H6
    H
    H
    H H
    I
    I
    Ni or Pd catalyst
    I
    I
    C = C + H2
    HCCH
    I
    I
    I
    I
    H
    H
    H H
    The addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons to form saturated
    hydrocarbons is called hydrogenation. Hydrogenation is used to convert
    unsaturated oils and fats to saturated oils and fats.

    d) Substitution reaction :Saturated hydrocarbons undergo substitution reaction with halogens to


    form substitution products.
    Eg :- Methane undergoes substitution reaction with chlorine in the presence
    of sunlight to form substitution products.
    CH4 + Cl2
    CH3Cl + HCl
    CH3Cl + Cl2
    CH2Cl2 + HCl
    CH2Cl2 + Cl2
    CHCI3 + HCl CHCI3 + Cl2
    CCl4 + HCl

    11) Some important carbon compounds :a) ETHANOL :- C2H5OH - Ethyl alcohol
    Properties :i) Ethanol is a colourless liquid with a pleasant smell and burning
    taste.
    ii) It is soluble in water.
    iii) Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen.
    2C2H5OH + 2Na
    2C2H5ONa + H2
    iv) Ethanol reacts with hot conc. H2SO4 to form ethene and water. Conc.
    H2SO4 is a dehydrating agent and removes water from ethanol.
    conc. H2SO4
    C2H5OH
    C 2H4 + H 2O
    Uses :i) Ethanol is used for making alcoholic drinks.
    ii) It is used as a solvent.
    iii) It is used for making medicines like tincture iodine, cough syrups,
    tonics etc.

    b) ETHANOIC ACID :- CH3COOH Acetic acid


    Properties :i) Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid with a pungent smell and sour taste.
    ii) It is soluble in water.
    iii) A solution of 5% to 8% ethanoic acid in water is called Vinegar.
    iv) Esterification :Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to form the ester ethyl ethanoate in the presence
    of conc. H2SO4.
    conc.H2SO4
    CH3COOH + C2H5OH
    CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
    The reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester is called
    esterification.
    v) Saponification :When an ester reacts with sodium hydroxide solution, the sodium salt of the
    carboxylic acid and the parent alcohol are formed. This reaction is called
    saponification.
    Eg :-Ethyl ethanoate reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium acetate and ethanol.
    CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH
    CH3COONa + C2H5OH
    vi) Ethanoic acid reacts with bases to form salt and water.
    CH3COOH + NaOH
    CH3COONa + H2O
    vii) Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to form salt, water
    and carbon dioxide.
    2CH3COOH + Na2CO3
    2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
    CH3COOH + NaHCO3
    CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

    12) Soaps and detergents :a) Soaps :acids.

    Soaps are long chain sodium or potassium salts of carboxylic


    Eg:- Sodium stearate C17H35COONa

    Structure of soap molecule :- A soap molecule has two parts. A long


    hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic (water repelling) and soluble in oil and
    grease and a short ionic part which is hydrophyllic (water attracting) and
    insoluble in oil and grease.
    COO
    Hydrocarbon part
    (Water repelling)

    Na

    Ionic part
    (Water attracting)

    Cleansing action of soap :- When soap is dissolved in water it forms


    spherical structures called micelles. In each micelle the soap molecules are
    arranged radially such that the HC part is towards the centre and the ionic part
    is towards the outside. The HC part dissolves the dirt, oil and grease and forms
    an emulsion at the centre of the micelles which can be washed away by water.

    b) Detergents :Detergents are long chain sodium salts of sulphonic acids.


    Soaps do not wash well with hard water because it forms insoluble
    precipitates of calcium and magnesium salts in hard water.
    Detergents wash well with hard water because it does not form insoluble
    precipitates of calcium and magnesium salts in hard water.

    c) Differences between soaps and detergents :Soaps

    Detergents

    i) Soaps are sodium salts of


    Detergents are sodium salts of
    fatty acids.
    sulphonic acids.
    ii) Soaps clean well in soft water but Detergents clean well with both
    do not clean well in hard water.
    hard and soft water.
    iii) Soaps do not clean as well as
    Detergents clean better than soaps.
    detergents.
    iv) Soaps are biodegradable and
    Some detergents are non biodegradable
    do not cause pollution.
    and cause pollution.

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