Himalayan Basin

Vicco Oryzavica V
22015007

Outline
Introduction
Basin Formation (Tectonic
Setting)
Basin Filling
Basin Deformation
Summary

Outline
Introduction
Basin Formation (Tectonic
Setting)
Basin Filling
Basin Deformation
Summary

Introduction

Basin development stages

Embryonic - rift valley forms as
continent begins to split.
Juvenile - sea floor basalts begin
forming as continental sections
diverge.
Mature - broad ocean basin widens,
trenches develop and subduction
begins.
Declining - subduction eliminates
much of sea floor and oceanic ridge.
Terminal - last of the sea floor is
eliminated and continents collide
forming a continental mountain
chain.

Introduction
Location

Introduction

Peta topografi himalaya (yin,

2006)

Introduction
TARIM BASIN

Sutu
-Tagh
n
y
t
l
A

re

QAIDAM BLOCK

QILIAN BLOCK

Qilian
Sutur
e
SON
GPA Kunlun Suture
N-GA
Jinsho Suture
NZI
BLO
CK

QIANTANG BLOCK
Bangong Suture

LHASA BLOCK
Indus-Zangbo Suture

HIMALAYA
INDIA

(An Yin, 2005)

(An Yin, 2005)

Outline
Introduction
Basin Formation (Tectonic
Setting)
Basin Filling
Basin Deformation
Summary

Basin Formation
Triassic

Paleotethys

Jurassi
c

Neotethys

Cretaceous

(A Yin et al., 2006)

Paleogene

Neogene

(SEARLE et al., 1987)

Model Evolusi Himalaya

(Molnar, 1986)

Outline
Introduction
Basin Formation (Tectonic
Setting)
Basin Filling
Basin Deformation
Summary

Basin Filling
Structural Division
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

South Tibet Detachment (STD)

Main Central Thrust (MCT)
Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)
Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) hanging wall
Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) footwall

Stratigraphy Division
1. Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) (1840 Ma 40 Ma;
Paleoproterozoic to Eocene)
2. Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC) (?1800480
Ma; Paleoproterozoic to Ordovician)
3. Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) (1870520 Ma;
ProterozoicCambrian)
4. Sub-Himalayan Sequence (Cenozoic Sequence in the MFT
and MBT Hanging Walls)

Structural Division

(Cattin and Avouac, 2000)

The South Tibet Detachment juxtaposing the THS above and the GHC below
The MCT may be identified as a lithologic contact separating the LHS below from the
GHC above (Heim and Gansser, 1939)
The MBT is defined as the thrust placing the LHS over Tertiary sedimentary strata
The MFT is regarded as the thrust contact between the Neogene Siwalik strata above
and Quaternary

Plistosen

TH
S

GH
C

LHS

Post Kinematic Phase

Eocene

Syn Collision Syn Kinematic Phase

Cretasious
Jurasic
Lower Jurasic
Carboniferous
Devonian

Passive Margin

Syn Rift
Pre Kinematic Phase

Ordovician
Cambrian
Paleoproterozoic

Pre Rift

SHS

Outline
Introduction
Basin Formation (Tectonic
Setting)
Basin Filling
Basin Deformation
Summary

Basin Deformation

Kumar, R., Ghosh, S. K. & Sangode, S. J. 2003

ACTIVE HIMALAYAN FORELAND BASIN

Indo-Gangetic Depression
The Indo-Gangetic depression (Active Himalayan Foreland Basin) is an active
foreland basin receiving sediments from both the Himalayan orogen and the
Indian Peninsula Highlands
The basin has been divided into four sub-basins, Indus Basin, Ganga Basin,
Brahmaputra Basin, and Bengal Basin
Basement ridges beneath the Indo-Gangetic depression are either Precambrian

(A.Yin 2006)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Late Paleocene - Eocene

Late Eocene Early Oligocene
Late Oligocene Early Miocen
Early Late Miocene
Late Miocene
Late Miocene Early Pleistoce
Mid Pleistocene
Late Pleistocene
Pleistocene - Holocene

Outline
Introduction
Basin Formation (Tectonic
Setting)
Basin Filling
Basin Deformation
Summary

Summary
The collisions is happened approximately at 50Ma (Late
Cretaceous), there were widespread and fundamental changes.
The collision causes fold-trhust belt.
The Himalayan Basin consist of 4 sequences :

Tethyan Himalayan Sequence

Greater Himalayan Cristaline
Lesser Himalayan Sequence
Sub Himalayan Sequence

The Indo-Gangetic depression (Active Himalayan Foreland

Basin) is an active foreland basin has been divided into four
sub-basins, Indus Basin, Ganga Basin, Brahmaputra Basin, and
Bengal Basin

Reference

Cattin, R. and Avouac, J. P. (2000), Modeling mountain building

and the seismic cycle in the Himalaya of Nepal. Journal Of
Geophysical Research, Vol. 105, No. B6, Pages 13,389-13,407
Clrier, J. et al. (2009), The Kumaun and Garwhal Lesser
Himalaya, India Part 2. Thermal and deformation histories.
Geological Society of America Bulletin, No.9-10, P.1281-1297, doi:
10.1130/B26343.1
Garzanti, E. (1999), Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the
Nepal Tethys Himalaya passive margin, Journal of Asian Earth
Sciences 17 (1999) 805827.
Hodges, K. V. (2000), Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet
from two perspectives. GSA Bulletin; March 2000; v. 112; no. 3; p.
324350; 3 figures
Searle, M. P. 1987, The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the
Himalaya, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 98, p. 678701, 12 figs., June 1987.
Yin, An and Harrison, T. Mark. (2000), Geologic Evolution Of The
Himalayan Tibetan Orogen, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2000.
28:21180

Terima Kasih

Back Up Slide

TARIM BASIN

Sutu
agh
-T
n
y
t
Al

re

QAIDAM BLOCK

QILIAN BLOCK
Qilian

SON
GPA Kunlun Suture
N-GA
Jinsho Suture
NZI
BLO
CK

QIANTANG BLOCK
Bangong Suture

LHASA BLOCK
Indus-Zangbo Suture

HIMALAYA
INDIA

Sutur
e

Basin Formation
Triassic

Paleotethys

Jurassi
c
(Trond H.Torsvik et al., 2009)

Neotethys

Cretaceous

(A Yin et al., 2006)

MODEL EVOLUSI
HIMALAYA

Valdiya (1998)

Basin Filling

Stratigrafi dari Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (Yin,

2006)

HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS
GEOLOGI REGIONAL HIMALAYA
Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS)
Consist of Proterozoic to Eocene Siliciclastic and Carbonate sedimentary rocks interbedded with Paleozoicand Mesozoic Volcanic rocks
The Tethyan Himalaya Sequence can be divided into four subsequences:
1. Proterozoic to Devonian pre-rift sequence characterized by laterally persistent lithologic units deposited in an epicratonal setting;

The Pre-rift sequence can be divided into Proterozoic-Middle Cambrian Haimanta Group and a Lower ordovician-Devonian Shelf Sequence (separated by regional unconformity)
The basement is Baragaon Gneiss (Northwestern India-Himalaya)

2. CarboniferousLower Jurassic rift and post-rift sequence that show dramatic northward changes in thickness and lithofacies;

Start of syn-rift sequence at beginning of Permian (Liu & Einsele,1994), At earliest Carboniferous (Garzanti,1999)
Carboniferous Jurassic rifting is related to separation of Lhasa block from India and the eventual opening of Neo-Tethys.

3. JurassicCretaceous Passive Continental Margin Sequence; and

4. Uppermost CretaceousEocene syn-collision sequence(Liu and Einsele, 1994; Garzanti, 1999)
. Tethyan Himalaya Sequence has also divided into northern and southern zone;

Proterozoic Carboniferous strata are similar in both zones, were deposit in shelf setting.
Mesozoic; northern zones consist of thick slope sequence whereas southern zone is dominated by shelf-shelf edge sequence.

Stratigraphy Division
Tethyan Himalayan Sequence
Consist of Proterozoic
(THS) to Eocene Siliciclastic and Carbonate sedimentary
rocks interbedded with Paleozoic and Mesozoic Volcanic rocks
The Tethyan Himalaya Sequence can be divided into four subsequences:
1. Proterozoic to Devonian pre-rift sequence characterized by laterally persistent
lithologic units deposited in an epicratonal setting;
The Pre-rift sequence can be divided into Proterozoic-Middle Cambrian
Haimanta Group and a Lower ordovician-Devonian Shelf Sequence (separated
by regional unconformity)
The basement is Baragaon Gneiss (Northwestern India-Himalaya)
2. CarboniferousLower Jurassic rift and post-rift sequence that show dramatic
northward changes in thickness and lithofacies;
Start of syn-rift sequence at beginning of Permian (Liu & Einsele,1994), At
earliest Carboniferous (Garzanti,1999)
Carboniferous Jurassic rifting is related to separation of Lhasa block from
India and the eventual opening of Neo-Tethys.
3. JurassicCretaceous Passive Continental Margin Sequence; and
4. Uppermost CretaceousEocene syn-collision sequence(Liu and Einsele, 1994;
Garzanti, 1999)

Stratigraphy Division
Greater Himalayan Crystalline Complex (GHC):
(?1800480 Ma; Paleoproterozoic to Ordovician) grade Precambrian
crystallines, Cambro-Ordovician (500 + 50 Ma) granites/orthogneisses
and the Tertiary leucogranites (High Grades rocks)
In northern Pakistan become indistinguishable with THS, appears as
low-grade to unmetamorphosed sedimentary strata interlayered with
granites (~500 Ma)
In Nepal, the GHC is bounded by the MCT below and STD above, est to
be Neoproterozoic to Ordovician.
The metamorphic grade in the GHC first increases upward in lower part
and then decreases from the middle to upper part towards to STD
In Zanskar of NW India, low-grade THS surrounds the GHC. The
Carboniferous and Triassicstrata of the THS are also metamorphosed to
amphibolite facies (Honegger et al., 1982)

Stratigraphy Division
Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS):
Metasediment and metavolcanic strata, augen gneiss (1780800 Ma)
On Lower part only includes the nonfossiliferous low-grade
metasedimentary rocks
These strata are overlain by Permian to Cretaceous strata
which are often referred to as the Gondwana Sequence
No Ordovician to Carboniferous strata are present above the
LHS along the whole Himalayan orogen east of the Nanga
Parbat syntaxis
The LHS has an age range of 1870850 Ma. Its main lithology
includes metasedimentary rocks, metavolcanic rocks, and
augen gneiss
Upper Proterozoic strata are in conformable contact with
overlying Cambrian strata in NW India and possibly in Nepal
But in Pakistan, Mesoproterozoic strata of the LHS are
overlain by either Cambrian or Carboniferous sequences of
the THS

Stratigraphy Division
Sub-Himalayan Sequence (Cenozoic Sequence in the
MFT and MBT Hanging Walls)
This sequence consists of the Neogene Siwalik strata in the MBT
footwall and Paleogeneearly Miocene strata in both the MBT
hanging wall and footwall
The Tertiary strata below the MBT were traditionally assigned as the
sub-Himalayan geographic and stratigraphic zone
The PaleoceneEocene strata of the Himalayan foreland were
deposited in a marine setting while the MiocenePliocene strata
were deposited in a continental setting.