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Chapter 3.a (CG Centroid)

The document discusses concepts related to center of gravity, center of mass, and centroid. It begins by stating the learning objectives are to understand these concepts. It then provides applications of determining weights and locations of distributed loads. Several examples are given to illustrate calculating the centroid of areas using integration methods. Key steps involve choosing a differential element, expressing it in terms of an integrating variable, and performing the integration to find the coordinates of the centroid. The concepts are applied to systems of particles and continuous bodies.

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502 views

Chapter 3.a (CG Centroid)

The document discusses concepts related to center of gravity, center of mass, and centroid. It begins by stating the learning objectives are to understand these concepts. It then provides applications of determining weights and locations of distributed loads. Several examples are given to illustrate calculating the centroid of areas using integration methods. Key steps involve choosing a differential element, expressing it in terms of an integrating variable, and performing the integration to find the coordinates of the centroid. The concepts are applied to systems of particles and continuous bodies.

Uploaded by

Logarithem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Mechanics :

STATICS
Lecture #04
By,
Noraniah Kassim
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(UTHM),

CENTER OF GRAVITY AND CENTROID


Todays Objective :
Students will:
a)

Understand the concepts of center of


gravity, center of mass, and centroid.

Learning Topics:
Applications
Center of gravity, etc.

APPLICATIONS
To design the structure for
supporting a water tank, we will
need to know the weights of the
tank and water as well as the
locations where the resultant
forces representing these
distributed loads are acting.
How can we determine these
weights and their locations?

REVIEW
The net force on the beam is given by
+ FR = L dF = L w(x) dx = A
Here A is the area under the loading
curve w(x).
Assuming that FR acts at x , it will produce
the moment about point O as
+ MRO = ( x ) (FR) = L xw(x) dx

REVIEW
* First moment of Area
The integral x dA in the previous equation is known as the first moment
of the area A with respect to the y axis and is denoted by Qy.
_

Qx y A

Similarly, the integral y dA is defined as the first moment of A with


respect to x axis and is denoted by Qx.
Therefore we can rewrite the previous equation as
_

Qy x A

INTRODUCTION
The earth exerts a gravitational force on each of the particles forming a
body. These forces can be replace by a single equivalent force equal to
the weight of the body and applied at the center of gravity for the
body.
The centroid of an area is analogous to the center of gravity of a body.
The concept of the first moment of an area is used to locate the
centroid.
Determination of the area of a surface of revolution and the volume of
a body of revolution are accomplished with the Theorems of PappusGuldinus.

CONCEPT OF CG AND CM
4N
3m
A

1N

1m

The center of gravity (G) is a point which


locates the resultant weight of a system of
particles or body.

3N

From the definition of a resultant force, the sum of moments due to


individual particle weight about any point is the same as the moment
due to the resultant weight located at G. For the figure above, try taking
moments about A and B.
Also, note that the sum of moments due to the individual particles
weights about point G is equal to zero.
Similarly, the center of mass is a point which locates the resultant
mass of a system of particles or body. Generally, its location is the
same as that of G.

CONCEPT OF CG AND CM (Continued)


Center of gravity of a plate

Center of gravity of a wire

M y x W xW
x dW

M y yW yW
y dW
9

CONCEPT OF CENTROID
The centroid C is a point which defines the
geometric center of an object.
The centroid coincides with the center
of mass or the center of gravity only if
the material of the body is homogenous
(density or specific weight is constant
throughout the body).
If an object has an axis of symmetry, then
the centroid of object lies on that axis.
In some cases, the centroid is not
located on the object.
10

CONCEPT OF CENTROID (Continued)


Centroid of an area

Centroid of a line

x W x dW
x At x t dA
x A x dA Q y
first moment with respect to y
yA y dA Qx
first moment with respect to x

W tA
W aL

x W x dW

x La x a dL
x L x dL
yL y dL

= specified weight (weight per unit


volume)
t = thickness of the plate
A = area of the element
a = cross-sectional area of the wire
11
L = length of the element

CONCEPT OF CENTROID (Continued)

12

CONCEPT OF CENTROID (Continued)

13

CG / CM FOR A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES


Consider a system of n particles as shown in
the figure. The net or the resultant weight is
given as WR = W.
Summing the moments about the y-axis, we get
~
~
~
x WR = x1W1 + x2W2 + .. + xnWn
~
where x1 represents x coordinate of W1, etc..
Similarly, we can sum moments about the x and z-axes to find the
coordinates of G.

By replacing the W with a M in these equations, the coordinates


of the center of mass can be found.

14

CG / CM / CENTROID OF A BODY (Section 9.2)


A rigid body can be considered as made
up of an infinite number of particles.
Hence, using the same principles as in
the previous slide, we get the
coordinates of G by simply replacing the
discrete summation sign ( ) by the
continuous summation sign ( ) and W
by dW.

Similarly, the coordinates of the center of mass and the centroid


of volume, area, or length can be obtained by replacing W by m,
V, A, or L, respectively.

15

STEPS FOR DETERMING AREA CENTROID


1. Choose an appropriate differential element dA at a general point (x,y).
Hint: Generally, if y is easily expressed in terms of x
(e.g., y = x2 + 1), use a vertical rectangular element. If the converse is
true, then use a horizontal rectangular element.
2. Express dA in terms of the differentiating element dx (or dy).
3. Determine coordinates (x~ , ~y ) of the centroid of the rectangular
element in terms of the general point (x,y).
4. Express all the variables and integral limits in the formula using
either x or y depending on whether the differential element is in
terms of dx or dy, respectively, and integrate.
Note: Similar steps are used for determining CG, CM, etc.. These
steps will become clearer by doing a few examples.
16

EXAMPLE (Integration method)


Given: The area as shown.
Find: The centroid location (x , y)
Plan: Follow the steps.
Solution
x,y

~ ~
x,y

1. Since y is given in terms of x, choose


dA as a vertical rectangular strip.
2. dA = y dx
3. x~ = x and

= (9 x2) dx
~
y = y/2
17

EXAMPLE (Continued)
~

4. x = ( A x dA ) / ( A dA )
3

2
2
4
3

x
(
9

x
)
d
x[
9
(x
)/2

(x
)
/
4]
0

(
9

x
)dx
0

[ 9 x (x3) / 3 ]03

= ( 9 ( 9 ) / 2 81 / 4 ) / ( 9 ( 3 ) ( 27 / 3 ) )
= 1.13 m
~

y =

A y dA
A dA

0 ( 9 x2) ( 9 x2) dx

= 3.60 m

(
9

x
)dx
0
18

CONCEPT QUIZ
1. The steel plate with known weight and nonuniform thickness and density is supported
as shown. Of the three parameters (CG, CM,
and centroid), which one is needed for
determining the support reactions? Are all
three parameters located at the same point?
A)
B)
C)
D)

(center of gravity, no)


(center of gravity, yes)
(centroid, yes)
(centroid, no)

2. When determining the centroid of the area above, which type of


differential area element requires the least computational work?
A) Vertical

B) Horizontal

C) Polar

D) Any one of the above.


19

IN CLASS TUTORIAL
Given: The area as shown.
Find:

The x of the centroid.

Plan:

Follow the steps.

Solution
(x1,,y)

(x2,y)

1. Choose dA as a horizontal
rectangular strip.
2. dA = ( x2 x1) dy
= ((2 y) y2) dy
3. x

( x 1 + x2 ) / 2

0.5 (( 2 y) + y2 )

20

IN CLASS TUTORIAL (Continued)


4.

( A x dA ) / ( A dA )
1

A dA =

( 2 y y2) dy

[ 2 y y2 / 2 y3 / 3] 10 =

1.167 m2

1
~
A x dA = 0 0.5 ( 2 y + y2 ) ( 2 y y2 ) dy

0.5 0 ( 4 4 y + y2 y4 ) dy

0.5 [ 4 y 4 y2 / 2 + y3 / 3 y5 / 5 ] 10

1.067 m3
1.067 / 1.167 = 0.914 m
21

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