2-3. Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

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The document discusses arithmetic and geometric sequences, their properties, and how to write them using sigma notation. It also explains how to find the sum of finite and infinite sequences.

An arithmetic sequence has a common difference (d) between terms, obtained by adding d. A geometric sequence has a common ratio (r) between terms, obtained by multiplying by r.

Sigma notation uses Σ to represent the sum of terms in a sequence from a lower bound to an upper bound. The nth term is written inside the sigma.

9.

2 Arithmetic Sequences and Series

An introduction
1, 4, 7, 10, 13
9, 1, 7, 15
6.2, 6.6, 7, 7.4
, 3, 6

35
12
27.2
3 9

2, 4, 8, 16, 32
9, 3, 1, 1/ 3
1, 1/ 4, 1/16, 1/ 64
, 2.5, 6.25

62
20 / 3
85 / 64
9.75

Arithmetic Sequences

Geometric Sequences

ADD
To get next term

MULTIPLY
To get next term

Arithmetic Series
Sum of Terms

Geometric Series
Sum of Terms

Find the next four terms of 9, -2, 5,


Arithmetic Sequence
2 9 5 2 7
7 is referred to as the common difference (d)
Common Difference (d) what we ADD to get next term
Next four terms12, 19, 26, 33

Find the next four terms of 0, 7, 14,


Arithmetic Sequence, d = 7
21, 28, 35, 42
Find the next four terms of x, 2x, 3x,
Arithmetic Sequence, d = x
4x, 5x, 6x, 7x
Find the next four terms of 5k, -k, -7k,
Arithmetic Sequence, d = -6k
-13k, -19k, -25k, -32k

Vocabulary of Sequences (Universal)


a1 First term
an nth term
n number of terms
Sn sum of n terms
d common difference
nth term of arithmetic sequence an a1 n 1 d
n
sum of n terms of arithmetic sequence Sn a1 an
2

Given an arithmetic sequence with a15 38 and d 3, find a1.


x

a1 First term

38

an nth term

15

n number of terms

NA Sn sum of n terms
-3

d common difference
an a1 n 1 d
38 x 15 1 3
X = 80

Find S63 of 19, 13, 7,...


-19 a1 First term
353

??

an nth term
n number of terms

63
x

Sn sum of n terms

d common difference

an a1 n 1 d
?? 19 63 1 6
?? 353

n
a1 an
2
63

19 353
2

Sn
S63

S63 10521

Try this one: Find a16 if a1 1.5 and d 0.5


1.5 a1 First term
x
16

an nth term
n number of terms

NA Sn sum of n terms
0.5

d common difference
an a1 n 1 d
a16 1.5 16 1 0.5
a16 9

Find n if an 633, a1 9, and d 24


9

a1 First term

633 an nth term


x

n number of terms

NA Sn sum of n terms
24

d common difference
an a1 n 1 d
633 9 x 1 24
633 9 24x 24
X = 27

Find d if a1 6 and a 29 20
-6

a1 First term

20 an nth term
29

n number of terms

NA Sn sum of n terms
x

d common difference
an a1 n 1 d
20 6 29 1 x
26 28x
13
x
14

Find two arithmetic means between 4 and 5


-4, ____, ____, 5
-4

a1 First term

an nth term
n number of terms

4
NA
x

Sn sum of n terms
d common difference
an a1 n 1 d

5 4 4 1 x
x3

The two arithmetic means are 1 and 2, since 4, -1, 2, 5


forms an arithmetic sequence

Find three arithmetic means between 1 and 4


1, ____, ____, ____, 4
1

a1 First term

an nth term

5
NA
x

n number of terms
Sn sum of n terms
d common difference
an a1 n 1 d

4 1 5 1 x
3
x
4

The three arithmetic means are 7/4, 10/4, and 13/4


since 1, 7/4, 10/4, 13/4, 4 forms an arithmetic sequence

Find n for the series in which a1 5, d 3, Sn 440


5

a1 First term

an nth term

n number of terms

440 Sn sum of n terms


3

d common difference
an a1 n 1 d
y 5 x 1 3

n
Sn a1 an
2
x
440 5 y
2

x
440 5 5 x 1 3
2
x 7 3x
440
2
880 x 7 3x
0 3x 2 7x 880
Graph on positive window
X = 16

The sum of the first n terms of an infinite sequence


is called the nth partial sum.
S n n (a1 an)
2

Example 6. Find the 150th partial sum of the arithmetic sequence, 5,


16, 27, 38, 49,

a1 5

d 11

c 5 11 6

an 11n 6 a150 11 150 6 1644


S150

150

5 1644 75 1649 123,675


2

Example 7. An auditorium has 20 rows of seats. There are 20 seats in


the first row, 21 seats in the second row, 22 seats in the third row, and
so on. How many seats are there in all 20 rows?

d 1

c 20 1 19

an a1 n 1 d a20 20 19 1 39
20
S 20 20 39 10 59 590
2

Example 8. A small business sells $10,000 worth of sports memorabilia


during its first year. The owner of the business has set a goal of
increasing annual sales by $7500 each year for 19 years. Assuming that
the goal is met, find the total sales during the first 20 years this business
is in operation.

a1 10,000

d 7500

c 10,000 7500 2500

an a1 n 1 d a20 10,000 19 7500 152,500


20
S 20 10,000 152,500 10 162,500 1,625,000
2
So the total sales for the first 2o years is $1,625,000

9.3 Geometric Sequences and Series

1, 4, 7, 10, 13
9, 1, 7, 15
6.2, 6.6, 7, 7.4
, 3, 6

35
12
27.2
3 9

2, 4, 8, 16, 32
9, 3, 1, 1/ 3
1, 1/ 4, 1/16, 1/ 64
, 2.5, 6.25

62
20 / 3
85 / 64
9.75

Arithmetic Sequences

Geometric Sequences

ADD
To get next term

MULTIPLY
To get next term

Arithmetic Series
Sum of Terms

Geometric Series
Sum of Terms

Vocabulary of Sequences (Universal)


a1 First term
an nth term
n number of terms
Sn sum of n terms
r common ratio
nth term of geometric sequence an a1r n1

a1 r n 1

sum of n terms of geometric sequence Sn


r 1

Find the next three terms of 2, 3, 9/2, ___, ___, ___


3 2 vs. 9/2 3 not arithmetic
3 9/2
3

1.5 geometric r
2
3
2
9 9 3 9 3 3 9 3 3 3
2, 3, , , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
9 27 81 243
2, 3, ,
, ,
2 4 8 16

1
2
If a1 , r , find a9 .
2
3
a1 First term

1/2

an nth term

n number of terms

Sn sum of n terms

NA

r common ratio

2/3

an a1r n1

1 2
2 3

9 1

28
27
128
x
8
8
23
3
6561

Find two geometric means between 2 and 54


-2, ____, ____, 54
a1 First term

-2

an nth term

54

an a1r n1

54 2 x

Sn sum of n terms

NA

r common ratio

27 x 3
3 x

n number of terms

4 1

The two geometric means are 6 and -18, since 2, 6, -18, 54


forms an geometric sequence

Find a 2 a 4 if a1 3 and r

2
3

-3, ____, ____, ____


2
Since r ...
3
3, 2,

4 8
,
3 9

10
8
a 2 a 4 2

9
9

Find a9 of

2, 2, 2 2,...
a1 First term

2
x

an nth term
n number of terms
Sn sum of n terms
r common ratio

9
NA
r

an a1r n1

2
2 2

x 2
x

x 16 2

9 1

2 2

2
2
2

If a5 32 2 and r 2, find a 2
____, ____, ____,____,32 2
a1 First term

an nth term

32 2

n number of terms
Sn sum of n terms
r common ratio
an a1r n1

NA
2


2 x 2

32 2 x 2
32

32 2 4x
8 2x

5 1

*** Insert one geometric mean between and 4***


*** denotes trick question
1
,____,4
4
a1 First term
an nth term
n number of terms
Sn sum of n terms
r common ratio
an a1r n1
1 31
1 2
4 r 4 r 16 r 2 4 r
4
4

1/4
4
3
NA
x
1
, 1, 4
4
1
, 1, 4
4

1 1 1
Find S7 of ...
2 4 8
a1 First term

1/2

an nth term

NA

n number of terms
Sn sum of n terms

7
x

r common ratio

a1 r n 1

Sn
r 1

1 1 7
1
2 2

x
1
1
2

1 1

2 2

63

64

1 1
1
r 4 8
1 1 2
2 4

Section 12.3 Infinite Series

1, 4, 7, 10, 13, .

Infinite Arithmetic

3, 7, 11, , 51

Finite Arithmetic

No Sum
n
Sn a1 an
2
a1 r n 1
Sn
r 1

1, 2, 4, , 64

Finite Geometric

1, 2, 4, 8,

Infinite Geometric
r>1
r < -1

No Sum

1 1 1
3,1, , , ...
3 9 27

Infinite Geometric
-1 < r < 1

a1
S
1 r

1 1 1
Find the sum, if possible: 1 ...
2 4 8
1 1
1
2
4
r
1 r 1 Yes
1 1 2
2
a1
S

1 r

1
1

1
2

Find the sum, if possible: 2 2 8 16 2 ...


8

16 2
r

2 2 1 r 1 No
8
2 2

NO SUM

2 1 1 1
...
Find the sum, if possible:
3 3 6 12
1 1
1
3
6
r
1 r 1 Yes
2 1 2
3 3
a1
S

1 r

2
3

1 3
1
2

2 4 8
...
Find the sum, if possible:
7 7 7
4 8
r 7 7 2 1 r 1 No
2 4
7 7
NO SUM

5
Find the sum, if possible: 10 5 ...
2
5
5
1
2
r

1 r 1 Yes
10 5 2
a1
10
S

20
1
1 r
1
2

The Bouncing Ball Problem Version A


A ball is dropped from a height of 50 feet. It rebounds 4/5 of
its height, and continues this pattern until it stops. How far
does the ball travel?

50
40

40

32

32

32/5

32/5

50
40
S

450
4
4
1
1
5
5

The Bouncing Ball Problem Version B


A ball is thrown 100 feet into the air. It rebounds 3/4 of
its height, and continues this pattern until it stops. How far
does the ball travel?
100

100

75

75

225/4

225/4

100
100
S

800
3
3
1
1
4
4

Sigma Notation

UPPER BOUND
(NUMBER)

SIGMA
(SUM OF TERMS)

n A

NTH TERM
(SEQUENCE)

LOWER BOUND
(NUMBER)

j 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2

18

j1

2a 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 44
a4

n 0

4
3
2

0.5

0.5

0.5

2
0.5 2 0.5 2 0.5 2
n

33.5

6
b 0

3
5

3
6
5

3
6
5

a1
S

1 r

3
6
5
6

3
1
5

...

15

23

2x 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 9 1 ... 2 23 1
x 7

n
23 7 1
Sn a1 an
15 47 527
2
2

19

4b 3 4 4 3 4 5 3 4 6 3 ... 4 19 3
b 4

Sn

n
19 4 1
a

1 n
19 79 784
2
2

Rewrite using sigma notation: 3 + 6 + 9 + 12


Arithmetic, d= 3
an a1 n 1 d
an 3 n 1 3
an 3n
4

3n
n1

Rewrite using sigma notation: 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1


Geometric, r =
an a1r n1
1
an 16
2

16
n1

1
2

n1

n1

Rewrite using sigma notation: 19 + 18 + 16 + 12 + 4


Not Arithmetic, Not Geometric
19 + 18 + 16 + 12 + 4
-1
-2 -4 -8
an 20 2n1
5

n1
20

n1

3 9 27

...
Rewrite the following using sigma notation:
5 10 15
Numerator is geometric, r = 3
Denominator is arithmetic d= 5
NUMERATOR: 3 9 27 ... an 3 3

n1

DENOMINATOR: 5 10 15 ... an 5 n 1 5 an 5n
SIGMA NOTATION:

n1

3 3

n1

5n

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