Well Development and Efficiency: Groundwater Hydraulics Daene C. Mckinney

Well Development and
Efficiency
Groundwater Hydraulics
Daene C. McKinney
Introduction
Well Drilling
Augers
Cable Tool
Rotary
Mud
Well Completion
Unconsolidated formations
Consolidated Formations
Well Screens
Gravel Packs
Well Development
Well Drawdown
Well Losses
Specific Capacity
Step Drawdown Test
Well Efficiency
Domestic Hand Pumped

Well
Domestic dug
well with rock
curb, concrete
seal, and hand
pump
Hand dug well in Beirut, Lebano
~20 m depth
> 1 m diameter
< 500 m3/day
Hand dug well in Trets, France
Augers
Hand-driven augers
~15 m depth
> 20 cm diameter
Power-driven augers
~30 m depth
> 1 m diameter
Power Auger
Auger drilling is
done with a helical
screw driven into
the ground with
rotation; cuttings
are lifted up the
borehole by the
screw
~ 30 m depth
< 15-90 cm diameter
< 500 m3/day
Drilled Well - Cable Tool

Traditional way of
drilling large diameter
water supply wells.
The Rig raises and
drops the drill string
with a heavy carbide
tipped drill bit that
chisels through the
rock and pulverizes
the materials.
8 60 cm
600 m
Mud/Air Rotary
Rotary drilling relies
on continuous circular
motion of the bit to
break rock at the
bottom of the hole.
Cuttings are removed
as drilling fluids
circulate through the
bit and up the
wellbore to the
surface.
Drilling Mud Circulation

Lift cuttings from the
borehole and carry to
pit;
Cuttings drop out in
the pit;
Length of drill pipe is
added;
Film on the borehole
wall prevents caving;
Seals borehole wall to
reduce fluid loss;
Cools and cleans bit;
and
Lubricates bit,
bearings, mud pump
and drill pipe .
Well Completion
After drilling, must
complete the well
Placement of casing
Placement of well
screen
Placement of gravel
packing
Open hole
Well Construction
Well casing
Lining to
maintain open
hole
Seals out other
water (surface,
formations)
Structural
support against
cave-in
Well in Limestone
Surface casing
From ground
surface
through
unconsolidated
upper material
Well in Unconsolidated
Aquifers
Pump
chamber
casing
Casing
within
which
pump is
set
Well in Consolidated
Aquifer
Cementing
Prevent
entrance of
poor quality
water
Protect
casing
against
corrosion
Stabilize
formation
Placing the Pack
Well Design, Completion and

Development
Gravel Pack
Installed between screen
and borehole wall
Allows larger screen slot
sizes
Reduces fine grained
sediment entering
Development
Washing fines out of the
aquifer near the well
Cleaning the well with
water
Air-lifting, surging,
pumping, or backwashing
Well Screens
Head loss through perforated well
section
Percentage of open area (minimum 15%)
Diameter depends on well yield and
aquifer thickness
Entrance velocities must be limited
Vs = entrance velocity
Q = pumping rate
c = clogging cefficient
Ds = screen diameter
Ls = screen length
P = Percent open area
Well Screens
May or may not be
required
Proper screen improves
yield
Slot size
Related to grain-size
Other considerations
Mineral content of
water, presence of
bacteria, and strength
requirements
Excess convergence
of flow
Groundwater and Wells, Driscoll, 1986
Well Development
After completion, wells are
developed to increase
specific capacity and
improve economic life.
Remove finer materials
from the formation.
Pumping
Surging
Compressed air
Pumps
Motor
Shallow Wells
Hand-operated
Turbine
Centrifugal (shallow,
high volume)
Deep Wells
Motor
turbine, submersible
turbine
submersible
Well Diameter vs Pumping Rate

(max 5 ft/sec in casing)
Well
Casing
(in. ID)
6
8
10
12
14
16
20
24
30
Well Yield
(gpm)
100
175
300
700
1000
1800
3000
3800
6000
Groundwater and Wells, Driscoll, 1986
Drawdown in a Well
Drawdown in a
pumped well
consists of two
components:
Aquifer losses
Head losses that occur

in the aquifer where
the flow is laminar
Tme-dependent
Vary linearly with the
well discharge
Well losses
Aquifer damage
during drilling and
completion
Turbulent friction
losses adjacent to
well, in the well and
pipe
Well Losses
Excess drawdown due

to well design, well
construction, or the
nature of the aquifer
Q r0
sw
ln CQn
2T rw
BQ CQn
ln
r0
rw
2 T
Note UNITS!
Specific Capacity
Specific capacity = Q/sw

Yield per unit of drawdown
gpm/ft, or m3/hr/m
Drawdown in the well
sw BQ CQ2
Specific capacity - linear

function
sw of Q
B CQ
Observing change in sw as
Q is increased select
optimum pumping rate
Step Drawdown Test
To evaluate well
losses
Pump a well at a low
rate until drawdown
stabilizes
Increase pumping rate
Pump until drawdown
stabilizes again
Repeat at least three
times
Step-Drawdown Test
Q (m3/day)
500
S (m)
1000
2.6
2000
8.9
2500
14.0
2750
18.6
Step Drawdown Test
Plot sw/Q vs Q
Fit straight line
sw
B CQ
Q
y a0 a1 x
Slope = a1 = C
Intercept = a0 = B
Step-Drawdown Test
(Example)
Q
(m3/day)
0.01
S (m)
0.01
500
1.14
1000
2.66
1500
5.57
2000
8.82
2500
13.54
3000
18.79
3500
23.67
C = 1.6x10-6 day2/m5
= 3.32 min2/m5
Severe deterioration or clogging
f(x) = 0x + 0
0.01
0.01
sw/Q (day/m2)
0
0
2000
4000
Well Discharge, Q (m3/day)
Losses: Formation, Well,

Total
Well Efficiency
Specific capacity = Q/s
Relationship between drawdown and discharge
of a well
Describes productivity of aquifer and well

Specific capacity decreases with
Time
Increasing Q
Well efficiency = ratio of aquifer loss to

total loss
Summary
Well Drilling
Augers
Cable Tool
Rotary
Mud
Well Completion
Unconsolidated formations
Consolidated Formations
Well Screens
Gravel Packs
Well Development
Well Drawdown
Well Losses
Specific Capacity
Step Drawdown Test
Well Efficiency

Well Development and Efficiency: Groundwater Hydraulics Daene C. Mckinney

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What are the different types of well drilling methods discussed?

What are the different types of well drilling methods discussed?

What is the purpose of well completion?

What is the purpose of well completion?

Well Development and

Domestic Hand Pumped

Hand dug well in Beirut, Lebano

Hand dug well in Trets, France

Drilled Well - Cable Tool

Drilling Mud Circulation

Placing the Pack

Well Design, Completion and

Well Diameter vs Pumping Rate

Groundwater and Wells, Driscoll, 1986

Head losses that occur

Excess drawdown due

Specific capacity = Q/sw

Drawdown in the well

Specific capacity - linear

Step Drawdown Test

Step Drawdown Test

Well Discharge, Q (m3/day)

Losses: Formation, Well,

Describes productivity of aquifer and well

Well efficiency = ratio of aquifer loss to

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