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Bridge Engineering-Lecture Version

This document provides an introduction to bridge and tunnel engineering. It discusses the classification, components, and design considerations of bridges. Bridges are classified based on their function, materials, form, inner-span relations, position of the floor, method of connections, road level, method of clearance, length, alignment, and degree of redundancy. The main components of a bridge include the substructure (foundations, piers, abutments) and superstructure (bearings, decking). River bank protection structures like guide bunds, spurs, cut-offs, pitching and revetment are introduced. Tunnel engineering topics covered include the types, components, surveys required for tunnel alignment, and construction methods in different soil and

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Rajesh Khadka
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503 views

Bridge Engineering-Lecture Version

This document provides an introduction to bridge and tunnel engineering. It discusses the classification, components, and design considerations of bridges. Bridges are classified based on their function, materials, form, inner-span relations, position of the floor, method of connections, road level, method of clearance, length, alignment, and degree of redundancy. The main components of a bridge include the substructure (foundations, piers, abutments) and superstructure (bearings, decking). River bank protection structures like guide bunds, spurs, cut-offs, pitching and revetment are introduced. Tunnel engineering topics covered include the types, components, surveys required for tunnel alignment, and construction methods in different soil and

Uploaded by

Rajesh Khadka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

0 Introduction to
BRIDGE
and

TUNNEL

ENGINEERING

Course Outlines
Bridge Engineering
5.1 Choice of Bridge
Location Site
5.2 Classification of
Bridges and
Component Parts of
a Bridge
5.3 Introduction to
River Bank and
Protection Structure

Tunnel Engineering
5.4 Types of Road and
Railway Tunnels
5.5 Component Parts of
Tunnel and Tunnel Crosssection
5.6 Survey for Tunnel
Alignment
5.7 Drainage, Lightening
and Ventilation
Requirements for Tunnel
5.8 Introduction of
Tunneling in Firm Soil,
Soft Soil and Rock
5.9 Tunnel Lining

Bridge
Enginee
ring

What is Bridge ?
A Bridge is a Structure
Providing Passage Over an
Obstacle without Closing
the Way Beneath.

The Required Passage


may be for a Road, a
Railway, Pedestrians,
a Canal or a Pipeline.
The Obstacle to be
Crossed may be a
River,
a
Road,
a
Railway,
Body
of
Water or a Valley.

Functions of A Bridge
A Bridge has to Carry a Service (which may
be Highway or Railway Traffic, a Footpath,
Public Utilities, etc.) Over an Obstacle
(which may be Another Road or Railway, a
River, a Valley, etc.)

Characteristics of an
Ideal
Axis of the bridge
and Bridge
the direction of river flow

should be perpendicular to each other as far as


possible
Line of the bridge should not present any
serious deviation from the line of the approach
roads at either end.
Adequate width for the present as well as for
the anticipated future traffic.
Firm foundations to a sufficient depth to avoid
damage by floods.
Provide head-room for clearance above the HFL.
Provide for services of sewerage, water,
telephone, etc.
Similar
road
surface
for
the
roadway
approaching the bridge on either ends and over
the bridge.
Economical both in cost and maintenance.

5.1 Choice of Location of


Bridge
Site
A Straight Reach
of the River
Steady River Flow without serious cross
currents
A Narrow Channel with well-defined firm
banks
Minimum Width and Right Angle Crossing
Suitable High and Stable Banks above HFL
on each side
Rock or Other Hard Non-erodible Strata
close to the river bed level
Absence of Sharp Curves in the Approaches
Absence of Expensive River Training Works
Availability of Constructional Materials

5.2 Classification of Bridges


and
Component Parts of a
Bridge

5.2.1 Classification of
Bridges
1. According to Functions
Aqueduct (Canal Over a River)
Viaduct (Road or Railway Over a
Valley)
Pedestrian Bridges
Highway Bridges
Railway Bridges
Pipeline Bridges

Aqueduct
Viaduct

Pont du Gard Aqueduct, France

Jardin Botanico,
Portugal

Viaducts

Pedestrian Bridges
Mahadevbeshi Bridge

Gaoling Bridge, China

Highway Bridges
Karnali Bridge, Cable-stayed, Nepal
(Made by Japan, 500 mLong)

Piluwa Khola Truss Bridge,


Sankhuwashava, Nepal

Railway Bridges
Kawhatau, Japan

Pipeline Bridges

Classification Bridges
Materials of Construction
of Superstructure
Timber Bridges
Masonry Bridges
Iron Bridges
Steel Bridges
R.C.C. Bridges
Pre stressed Concrete
Bridges
Composite Bridges or
Aluminum Bridges

2. According to the

Timber Bridges

Masonry Bridges

Iron Bridges
Worlds First Iron Bridge

Steel Bridge

RCC Bridge: Mahatma


Gandhi Setu, Patana, 1982

San Diego Colorado Prestressed Bridge,


California

Pre-stressed Concrete
Bridge, India

Bangalore Grade
Separator, Bangalore

Aluminum Bridges

Composite Bridges
Composite Bridge, Nigeria

Classification of
Bridges
Form or Type of
Superstructure
3. According to the

Slab Bridges
Beam Bridges
Truss Bridges
Arch Bridges
Cable-stayed Bridges
Suspension Bridges
Suspended Bridges

Slab Bridge

RCC Slab Bridge

Beam Bridge

Truss Bridges
Over Truss Steel Bridge

Ping Ding Bridge, Taipei,


China

Arch Bridges
Brick Arch Type

Cable-Stayed Bridges

Cable-stayed Bridge, China

Suspension Bridges
Tallest Suspension
Bridge in Nepal
Over Modi River, Kusma

Suspension
Across San
Francisco Bay

Classification of Bridges
4. According to the Inner-Span
Relations

Simple Bridges
Continuous Bridges or
Cantilever Bridges

General Span Types

Simple Bridge
Cadem T-Beam Bridge

Continuous Bridges

Cantilever Bridges

Classification of Bridges
5. According to the Position of

Bridge Floor Relative


to the Superstructure

Deck Bridges
Through Bridges
Half-through
Bridges

Deck Bridges
Swanport Bridge, Austrila

Through Bridges

Saltashrab Royal Albert BridgeGrammene Vicrendeel Bri

Semi-Through Bridges

Suspended Bridges
Mugling Bridge, Nepal

Classification of Bridges
6. According to the Method of

Connections of the Different Parts


of the Superstructure, particularly
to the steel construction

Pin-connected Bridges
Riveted Bridges
Welded Bridges

Pin-Connected Bridges

Riveted Bridges

Welded Bridge

Classification of Bridges
7. According to the Road Level

Relative to the H.F.L. of the River


below particularly to for a Highway
Bridge

High Level Bridges


Submersible Bridges or
Causeways

High Level Bridges

Submersible
Bridges/Causeways

Classification of Bridges
8. According to the Method of
Clearance for Navigation
High-level Bridges
Movable-Bascule Bridges
Movable-Swing Bridges
Transporter Bridges

High- level Bridges

Movable Bridges
Movable Curl

Movable Draw

Movable Bridges
Movable Fold

Movable Lift

Movable Bridges
Movable Swing

Movable Table

Movable Bridges
Movable Thrust

Transporter Bridge

Classification of Bridges
9. According to the Length of

bridge (NRS 2045)

Classification of Bridges
10. According to the Degree of

Redundancy

Determinate Bridges
Indeterminate Bridges

Determinate Bridge

Indeterminate Bridge

Classification of Bridges
11. According to the Anticipated

Type of Service and Duration


of Use

Permanent Bridges
Temporary Bridges
Military (Pontoon, Bailey)
Bridge

Bailey Bridge

Bridge of Boats/ Pontoon

Classification of Bridges
12. According to the Alignment of

the Bridge

Straight Bridges
Skew Bridges
Curved Bridges

Skew Bridges

Curved Bridges

Main Parts of a Bridge


Structure
Substructure
Superstructure

8.2.2 Component Parts of a


Bridge
Substructure Components

Superstructure Components

Components Below the


Components Above the
Level of the Bearings
Level of Bearings and
and Consists ofConsists of Abutments, Wing
Bearings for the
Walls and Piers
Decking
Foundations for the
Decking Consisting
Abutments and Piers
of a Slab, Girders,
River Training and
Trusses, etc.
River Bank Protection
Hand Rails,
works Like
Revetment for Slopes
Parapets, etc.
at Abutments and
Superstructure system
Aprons at Bed Level
of members carry the
Approaches to the
roadway over a crossing
Bridge to Connect the
and transfer load to a
Bridge to the Roads
substructure.
on Either Side

Types of Wall Abutments

Wing Walls

Wing Wall

Abutment and Wing Wall

Piers

Basic Types of Bridge


Piers

Piers

Bearings
Connection
between the
substructure and
the superstructure
is usually made
through bearings.

A Typical Single Span


Bridge

Typical Beam/Girder
Bridge

Factors Affecting the Selection of Type of


Bridge

Volume and the Nature of the Traffic


Nature of the River and its Bed Soil
Availability of Materials and Funds
Time-limit, within which the Bridge is required to be
completed
Physical Features of the Site
Availability of Workers
Whether Navigation is done in the River or not
Facilities Available during Construction
Economic Span Length of the Bridge
Level of H.F.L. and Clearance Requirements
Climatic Conditions
Strategic Conditions
Hydraulic Data Available
Foundation Condition
Length of the Bridge
Width of the Bridge
Live Loads on the Bridge
Appearance

5.3 Introduction to River


Bank and Protection
Structure
When the banks of a river about to

erode or fail, it is take immediate


measure to protect the banks.
In Alluvial Rivers, the water flows
in large width and has the
tendency to erode side banks and
submerge side areas.
At such places some special types
of works are known as River
Training Works.

Types of River Training


Works/ River Bank
Protection Structures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Guide Bunds
Spurs
Cut-offs
Pitching of Banks
Revetment
Riprap

1. Guide Bunds/Banks
Necessity:
Guide bunds are meant to
confine and guide the river flow
through the structure without
causing damage to it and its
approaches.
They also prevent the out
flanking of the structure.

Types of Guide Bunds


Can either be divergent upstream
or parallel.
According to geometrical shape, the
guide bunds may be straight or
elliptical.

Spurs
When the river starts erosion of
bank and changing of its course, the
spurs or spurs are constructed to
deflect the current away from the
bank.
Spurs are the structures built
transverse to the river flow
extending from the river bank.
If spurs are built in series, the bank
can be completely protected.
A spur is a structure constructed
transverse to the river flow and is
projected form the bank into the
river.

Types of Spurs /Groynes


i) Either "Permeable " or "Impermeable".
Permeable Spurs - useful when
concentration of suspended sediment load is
heavy; they allow water to pass through.
Impermeable Spurs are made of solid core,
constructed of stones or earth and stones
with exposed faces protected by pitching.
These spurs can with stand severe attack
better than permeable spurs.

Type of Spurs /Groynes

ii) Spurs may be classified as


(a) Repelling (Deflecting)
(b) Attracting and
(c) Neutral (Sedimenting).
Repelling (Deflecting) Spurs are those which incline

upstream at an angle of 60 degree to 70 degree to the river


course and deflect the current towards the opposite bank.
They cause silting in still water on the upstream pocket.
Attracting Spurs incline downstream and make the deep
channel flow continuously along their noses. They cause
scour just on the downstream side of the head due to
turbulence. The river flow is attracted towards the spur .
Normal (Holding or Sedimenting) Spurs are those which
are built at right angles to the bank to keep the stream in a
particular position and promote silting between the spurs.
They have practically no effect on the diversion of the
current and are mostly used for training of rivers for
navigational purposes.

Type of Spurs /Groynes

iii) Spurs are also classified as


Full Height Spurs and
Part Height Spurs.
Where top level is higher than HFL, it is
called a full height spur.

iv) Spurs are also constructed extending into the


stream with a "T" head or hockey stick shaped head,
properly armoured to hold the river at a distance.
A series of such spurs/groynes correctly positioned
can hold the river at a position away from the point
intended to be protected.
The edge of the "T" head should be curved
somewhat in the manner of a guide bund to avoid
swirls.

Cut- Offs
Sometimes when very heavy meandering
develops near bridges and there is a danger
of its encroaching too heavily into the still
water area or otherwise dangerously
approaching the railway embankment, it
becomes necessary to dig a cut-off channel
which will ultimately develop and help in
the diversion of water through it.

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