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    Stratigrafi

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    AdityaMangala
    This document discusses the principles of stratigraphy, which is the study of layered sedimentary rocks and their sequences. It outlines several key stratigraphic principles established by early geologists: 1) The principle of superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence, the oldest layers are on the bottom and layers get progressively younger upward. 2) The principle of original horizontality indicates that most sedimentary rocks were originally deposited in near-horizontal layers, though many have since been tilted. 3) The principle of original lateral continuity suggests that sedimentary layers originally extended in all directions until thinning out or ending at a barrier.

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    Stratigrafi

    Uploaded by

    AdityaMangala
    66 views22 pages
    This document discusses the principles of stratigraphy, which is the study of layered sedimentary rocks and their sequences. It outlines several key stratigraphic principles established by early geologists: 1) The principle of superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence, the oldest layers are on the bottom and layers get progressively younger upward. 2) The principle of original horizontality indicates that most sedimentary rocks were originally deposited in near-horizontal layers, though many have since been tilted. 3) The principle of original lateral continuity suggests that sedimentary layers originally extended in all directions until thinning out or ending at a barrier.

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    This document discusses the principles of stratigraphy, which is the study of layered sedimentary rocks and their sequences. It outlines several key stratigraphic principles established by early geologists: 1) The principle of superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence, the oldest layers are on the bottom and layers get progressively younger upward. 2) The principle of original horizontality indicates that most sedimentary rocks were originally deposited in near-horizontal layers, though many have since been tilted. 3) The principle of original lateral continuity suggests that sedimentary layers originally extended in all directions until thinning out or ending at a barrier.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    66 views22 pages

    Stratigrafi

    Uploaded by

    AdityaMangala
    This document discusses the principles of stratigraphy, which is the study of layered sedimentary rocks and their sequences. It outlines several key stratigraphic principles established by early geologists: 1) The principle of superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence, the oldest layers are on the bottom and layers get progressively younger upward. 2) The principle of original horizontality indicates that most sedimentary rocks were originally deposited in near-horizontal layers, though many have since been tilted. 3) The principle of original lateral continuity suggests that sedimentary layers originally extended in all directions until thinning out or ending at a barrier.

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    of 22

    HISTORICAL GEOLOGY

    LECTURE 1. STRATIGRAPHY

    Stratigraphy:
    Many past geologic events have resulted in strata or layers of
    sediment which have formed a stacked vertical sequence of sedimentary
    rocks. A good example is sediment in the form of mud and sand from a river
    accumulating on a sea-floor. The sediment forms a layer which eventually
    becomes hardened or lithified into a sedimentary rock.
    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    The importance of stratigraphic sequences to historical geology is that they


    provide a rock record of past events e.g. a pebbly beach may be recorded as a
    CONGLOMERATE, a sandy river may be recorded as a layer of
    SANDSTONE; a clayey tidal flat as a layer of SHALE.

    Pebbly beach
    conglomerate
    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    Sandy beach

    sandstone

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    Muddy marsh
    shale

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    Stratigraphy is the study of these layered rocks, especially


    their sequence, correlation from place to place, relative ages and
    interpretation. Several important stratigraphic principles
    emerged from the study of stratigraphy centuries ago by the
    early founders of the science of geology:

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    NICOLAUS STENO (1669)


    1. Principle of Superposition: In any sequence of undisturbed strata, the
    oldest layer is at the bottom and higher layers are successively younger.

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    Connected to this is the idea of conformable and unconformable sequences.


    A conformable sequence is one in which there has been continuous
    deposition of sediment such that the resulting rocks grade one into another
    via gradational contacts. An unconformable sequence is one in which
    deposition has been interrupted by periods of erosion, causing removal of
    some layers and resulting in erosional contacts. The unconformity
    represents a GAP in the rock record. Various types of unconformities result,
    including angular unconformities (sedimentary strata meet at an angle),
    disconformities (essentially parallel strata) and nonconformities (younger
    strata on older metamorphic/igneous rocks).

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    Continuous deposition of
    sediment
    layers.

    Uplift and folding of conformable


    sequence of sedimentary rocks.

    Erosion forms an erosion surface.

    Renewed deposition forms an


    angular unconformity.
    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    2. Principle of Original Horizontality: Most sedimentary rocks formed


    originally in close-to-horizontal layers (although many have since been moved
    from their original position).
    Undeformed strata

    Deformed strata (tilted)

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    10

    3. Principle of Original Lateral Continuity: Originally sedimentary strata


    extended in all directions until they either; thinned out, ended abruptly at
    some kind of barrier or graded into a different kind of sedimentary rock.
    This principle is important for correlating sedimentary rocks from place
    to place i.e. across a valley. Stratigraphic correlation is the practice of
    "matching up" equivalent bodies of rock from different locations. The
    equivalence may be in terms of lithology, age or fossil content.

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    11

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    12

    JAMES HUTTON (1726 - 1797)


    4. Principle of Uniformitarianism: "The present is the key to the past" i.e.
    geologic processes operating today also operated in the past. e.g. river deposits
    forming today have a similar composition and character as their ancient
    counterparts; glacial erosional and depositional features are basically the
    same today as in the past...etc.

    Modern
    sand dune

    Ancient
    sand dune

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    13

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    14

    WILLIAM "STRATA" SMITH (1769 - 1839)


    5. Principle of Biological Succession: Different kinds of plants and animals
    succeed one another in time because life has evolved continuously; therefore only
    rocks formed during the same age can contain similar assemblages of fossils.
    Since these fossil assemblages are unique for particular periods of the past, they
    can be used to:
    a. correlate rocks from around the world, and to
    b. order rock layers into a sequence of relative age (i.e. older . newer).

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    15

    CHARLES LYELL (1830)


    6. Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships: Any geologic feature which cuts
    across or penetrates another body of rock must be younger than the rock mass
    penetrated.

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    16

    Sandstone

    Older

    Fault A
    Conglomerate
    Shale
    Fault B
    Batholith
    Dyke B & sill
    Dyke A

    Younger

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    17

    7. Principle of Inclusions: Any rock that contains fragments of an adjacent


    rock must be younger than the adjacent rock.

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    18

    What was the sequence of events?


    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    19

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    20

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    21

    Harry Williams, Historical Geology

    22

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