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    Energy Consumption & Power Requirements of A Vehicle: Know The Requirements Before You Develop An Engine .

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    Natesan Mahendran
    This document discusses the energy consumption and power requirements of vehicles. It outlines the major resisting forces to a vehicle's motion, including aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance from tires, acceleration forces, and grade resistance from inclines. It provides equations to calculate the forces from each component and describes how to determine the total power requirement based on a vehicle's speed, weight, and other specifications. The document also discusses how to model engine performance to meet the vehicle's power demands using software like MATLAB.

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    Energy Consumption & Power Requirements of A Vehicle: Know The Requirements Before You Develop An Engine .

    Uploaded by

    Natesan Mahendran
    56 views32 pages
    This document discusses the energy consumption and power requirements of vehicles. It outlines the major resisting forces to a vehicle's motion, including aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance from tires, acceleration forces, and grade resistance from inclines. It provides equations to calculate the forces from each component and describes how to determine the total power requirement based on a vehicle's speed, weight, and other specifications. The document also discusses how to model engine performance to meet the vehicle's power demands using software like MATLAB.

    Original Description:

    Vehicle SAerodyn

    Original Title

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    This document discusses the energy consumption and power requirements of vehicles. It outlines the major resisting forces to a vehicle's motion, including aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance from tires, acceleration forces, and grade resistance from inclines. It provides equations to calculate the forces from each component and describes how to determine the total power requirement based on a vehicle's speed, weight, and other specifications. The document also discusses how to model engine performance to meet the vehicle's power demands using software like MATLAB.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    56 views32 pages

    Energy Consumption & Power Requirements of A Vehicle: Know The Requirements Before You Develop An Engine .

    Uploaded by

    Natesan Mahendran
    This document discusses the energy consumption and power requirements of vehicles. It outlines the major resisting forces to a vehicle's motion, including aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance from tires, acceleration forces, and grade resistance from inclines. It provides equations to calculate the forces from each component and describes how to determine the total power requirement based on a vehicle's speed, weight, and other specifications. The document also discusses how to model engine performance to meet the vehicle's power demands using software like MATLAB.

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    Energy Consumption

    & Power Requirements of A Vehicle

    P M V Subbarao
    Professor
    Mechanical Engineering Department

    Know the Requirements Before You develop an


    Engine..

    Resistance Force : Ra
    The major components of the resisting forces to motion are
    comprised of :
    Aerodynamic loads (Faero)
    Acceleration forces (Faccel = ma & I forces)
    Gradeability requirements (Fgrade)
    Chassis losses (Froll resist ).

    F ma Faero Frr Fg

    Aerodynamic Force : Flow Past A Bluff Body


    Composed of:
    1. Turbulent air flow around vehicle body (85%)
    2. Friction of air over vehicle body (12%)
    3. Vehicle component resistance, from radiators and air
    vents (3%)

    Aerodynamic Resistance on Vehicle


    Dynamic Pressure:

    Drag Force:

    Fd

    Fd

    Pd

    1
    V2
    2

    1
    V 2 A f (Re)
    2

    1
    V 2 Cd A
    2
    Fd ,design

    1
    (1.2) Cd A (V V0 ) 2
    2
    P = Fd ,designV

    Aero Power

    projected

    frontal

    area

    (m2)

    f(Re)
    =

    Reynolds

    number

    vehicle
    P
    V0= power (kw)

    velocity

    P
    aero = (12.86 10 ) C d A V (V V0 )
    head wind velocity
    A = area (m2)
    V
    = velocity (KpH)
    V0 = headwind velocity

    -6

    (m/sec)

    Purpose, Shape & Drag

    Shape & Components of Drag

    Some examples of Cd:

    The typical modern automobile achieves a drag coefficient of between 0.30 and
    0.35.
    SUVs, with their flatter shapes, typically achieve a C d of 0.350.45.
    Notably, certain cars can achieve figures of 0.25-0.30, although sometimes
    designers deliberately increase drag in order to reduce lift.
    0.7 to 1.1 - typical values for a Formula 1 car (downforce settings change for
    each circuit)
    0.7 - Caterham Seven
    at least 0.6 - a typical truck
    0.57 - Hummer H2, 2003
    0.51 - Citron 2CV
    over 0.5 - Dodge Viper
    0.44 - Toyota Truck, 1990-1995

    0.42 - Lamborghini Countach, 1974


    0.42 - Triumph Spitfire Mk IV, 1971-1980
    0.42 - Plymouth Duster, 1994
    0.39 - Dodge Durango, 2004
    0.39 - Triumph Spitfire, 1964-1970
    0.38 - Volkswagen Beetle
    0.38 - Mazda Miata, 1989
    0.374 - Ford Capri Mk III, 1978-1986
    0.372 - Ferrari F50, 1996
    0.36 - Eagle Talon, mid-1990s
    0.36 - Citron DS, 1955
    0.36 - Ferrari Testarossa, 1986
    0.36 - Opel GT, 1969
    0.36 - Honda Civic, 2001
    0.36 - Citron CX, 1974 (the car was named after the term for drag
    coefficient)
    0.355 - NSU Ro 80, 1967

    0.34 - Ford Sierra, 1982


    0.34 - Ferrari F40, 1987
    0.34 - Chevrolet Caprice, 1994-1996
    0.34 - Chevrolet Corvette Z06, 2006
    0.338 - Chevrolet Camaro, 1995
    0.33 - Dodge Charger, 2006
    0.33 - Audi A3, 2006
    0.33 - Subaru Impreza WRX STi, 2004
    0.33 - Mazda RX-7 FC3C, 1987-91
    0.33 - Citroen SM, 1970
    0.32064 - Volkswagen GTI Mk V, 2006 (0.3216 with ground effects)
    0.32 - Toyota Celica,1995-2005
    0.31 - Citron AX, 1986
    0.31 - Citron GS, 1970
    0.31 - Eagle Vision
    0.31 - Ford Falcon, 1995-1998
    0.31 - Mazda RX-7 FC3S, 1986-91
    0.31 - Renault 25, 1984
    0.31 - Saab Sonett III, 1970
    0.30 - Audi 100, 1983
    0.30 - BMW E90, 2006
    0.30 - Porsche 996, 1997
    0.30 - Saab 92, 1947

    0.195 - General Motors EV1, 1996


    0.19 - Alfa Romeo BAT Concept, 1953
    0.19 - Dodge Intrepid ESX Concept , 1995
    0.19 - Mercedes-Benz "Bionic Car" Concept, 2005 ([2]
    mercedes_bionic.htm) (based on the boxfish)
    0.16 - Daihatsu UFEIII Concept, 2005
    0.16 - General Motors Precept Concept, 2000
    0.14 - Fiat Turbina Concept, 1954
    0.137 - Ford Probe V prototype, 1985

    Rolling Resistance
    Composed primarily of
    1. Resistance from tire deformation (90%)
    2. Tire penetration and surface compression ( 4%)
    3. Tire slippage and air circulation around wheel ( 6%)
    4. Wide range of factors affect total rolling resistance
    5. Simplifying approximation:

    Frr CrrW

    ROLLING RESISTANCE
    Rolling resistance of a body is proportional to the weight of
    the body normal to surface of travel.

    Frr Mg
    9.81
    C rr M V
    P rr =
    3600power

    -3
    =
    (2.72

    10 ) C rr M V
    P rr

    Crr 0.01 1

    147

    Contact Type

    Crr

    Steel wheel on rail

    0.0002...0.0010

    Car tire on road

    0.010...0.035

    Car tire energy safe

    0.006...0.009

    Tube 22mm, 8 bar

    0.002

    Race tyre 23 mm, 7 bar

    0.003

    Touring 32 mm, 5 bar

    0.005

    Tyre with leak protection 37


    mm, 5 bar / 3 bar

    0.007 / 0.01

    Rolling Resistance And Drag Forces Versus Velocity

    Grade Resistance

    Composed of
    Gravitational force acting on the vehicle

    Fg W sin g
    For small angles,

    sin g tan g

    Fg W tan g

    Fg

    tan g G

    Fg WG

    Inertial or Transient Forces


    Transient forces are primarily comprised of acceleration
    related forces where a change in velocity is required.
    These include:
    The rotational inertia requirements (FI ) and
    the translational mass (Fma).
    If rotational mass is added it adds not only rotational
    inertia but also translational inertia.

    Transient Force due to Rotational Mass

    d
    2
    =
    I
    =
    I
    =
    m
    wheel
    k wheel
    Ti
    dt

    avehicle
    wheel =
    r tire

    T
    i
    2

    =
    =
    m
    k 2 =
    Fi
    r tire
    r tire

    m k2 2
    r

    tire

    = angular acceleration

    k = radius of gyration

    m = mass

    = ratio between rotating component and the tire

    t = time

    T = Torque

    Therefore if the mass rotates on a vehicle which has translation,

    F ir&t =

    tire

    mr + mt a

    2 2

    =
    A
    +
    g

    +
    %
    Slope

    +
    a
    C
    V
    mt C rr
    F tire
    mr 2
    d
    2

    r tire

    Resistance power, Presistance

    + mt

    Presis tan ce F tire V

    Presistance

    Power Demand Curve

    Vehicle Speed

    Ideal Engine Powering Torque


    The Powering Engine Torque is:

    F
    tire r tire
    T PE =
    G

    The speed of the vehicle in km/h is:

    km / h = RPM PE r tire ( 0.377 )


    G

    rtire = Tire Rolling Radius (meters)


    G = Numerical Ratio between P.E. and Tire
    Ideal capacity of Powering Engine:

    2N
    PPE TPE
    kW
    60000

    Drive System Efficiency


    Drive train inefficiencies further reduce the power available to
    produce the tractive forces.
    These losses are typically a function of the system design and
    the torque being delivered through the system.

    Mechanical Efficiency mech drive

    PPE

    Pactual

    mech drive red1 red 2 ...... red n

    Actual Capacity of A Powering engine

    Pactual

    PPE
    TPE 2N

    kW
    mech mech 60000

    Correction for Auxiliary power requirements:


    2N tyre
    kW Paux
    PPE Ftyre rtyre
    60000

    MATLAB for Vehicle Torque Requirement

    MATLAB Model for Transmission System

    MATLAB Model for Engine Performance

    Engine Characteristic Surface

    Requirements of Vehicle on Road & Engine Power

    Urban Driving Cycle

    Engine RPM during Urban Driving Cycle

    Engine Fuel Consumption During Urban Driving


    Cycle

    Inverse of Carnots Question


    How much fuel is required to generate required power?
    Is it specific to the fuel?
    A Thermodynamic model is required to predict the fuel
    requirements.
    Carnot Model
    Otto Model
    Diesel Model
    A Geometric Model is required to implement the
    thermodynamic model.

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