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    Basic Radiology

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    Harmas Novryan Fareza
    This document discusses radiology and medical imaging techniques like radiography and x-rays. It describes how Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays in 1895 and how x-ray machines work by generating x-ray photons from sealed x-ray tubes or radioactive sources. The document also discusses how x-rays are used to image different densities of tissues, the use of contrast agents, the biological effects of x-ray exposure, radiation protection techniques, and examples of different medical imaging procedures like chest x-rays, IVU scans, and hysterosalpingography.

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    Basic Radiology

    Uploaded by

    Harmas Novryan Fareza
    175 views27 pages
    This document discusses radiology and medical imaging techniques like radiography and x-rays. It describes how Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays in 1895 and how x-ray machines work by generating x-ray photons from sealed x-ray tubes or radioactive sources. The document also discusses how x-rays are used to image different densities of tissues, the use of contrast agents, the biological effects of x-ray exposure, radiation protection techniques, and examples of different medical imaging procedures like chest x-rays, IVU scans, and hysterosalpingography.

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    basic radiology

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    This document discusses radiology and medical imaging techniques like radiography and x-rays. It describes how Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays in 1895 and how x-ray machines work by generating x-ray photons from sealed x-ray tubes or radioactive sources. The document also discusses how x-rays are used to image different densities of tissues, the use of contrast agents, the biological effects of x-ray exposure, radiation protection techniques, and examples of different medical imaging procedures like chest x-rays, IVU scans, and hysterosalpingography.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    175 views27 pages

    Basic Radiology

    Uploaded by

    Harmas Novryan Fareza
    This document discusses radiology and medical imaging techniques like radiography and x-rays. It describes how Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays in 1895 and how x-ray machines work by generating x-ray photons from sealed x-ray tubes or radioactive sources. The document also discusses how x-rays are used to image different densities of tissues, the use of contrast agents, the biological effects of x-ray exposure, radiation protection techniques, and examples of different medical imaging procedures like chest x-rays, IVU scans, and hysterosalpingography.

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    You are on page 1of 27

    DR. BANGUN NUSANTORO, SP.

    RAD

    Radiology
    Medical imaging

    techniques and processes used


    to create images of the human
    body

    RADIOGRAPHY
    Radiographs / Roentgenographs
    named after the discoverer of X-rays

    8 November 1895
    Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen (1845
    1923)
    often used for evaluation of bony
    structures and soft tissue

    Figure 1. Diagram of a standard x-ray tube

    Taking an X-ray image with early


    Crookes tube apparatus, late 1800s.

    Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen (18451923)

    X-ray equipmentS

    X-ray equipments

    X- RAYS DEFINITION
    A relatively high-energy photon having

    a wavelength in the approximate range


    from 0.01 to 10 nanometers.
    A stream of such photons, used for
    their penetrating power in radiography,
    radiology, radiotherapy, and scientific
    research. Often used in the plural. Also
    called roentgen ray.
    A photograph taken with x-rays.

    These previously unknown rays (hence


    the X) were found to be a type of
    electromagnetic radiation
    .
    Fluoroscopy,
    computed tomography
    (1970s),
    mammography,
    ultrasound (1970s), and
    magnetic resonance
    imaging (1980s).

    Sources
    X-ray photons

    Sealed X-ray tubes

    Gamma rays

    Betatrons,

    Linear
    accelerators
    (linacs)

    Gamma rays, Radioactive sources such


    as Ir -192 have been used.

    GRADAtion DENSITy of
    RAY FILM

    X-

    Very
    Moderately Intermedia
    Radiolucen radiolucen te
    t
    t

    Moderately Very
    Radiopaqe Radiopaqe

    Gas

    Bones
    Calsium salt

    Fatty Tissue

    Connective
    tissue
    Muscle
    tissue
    Cartilago
    Epithelium
    Cholesterol
    stones
    Uric Acid
    stones

    Heavy
    metals

    CONTRAST AGENTS
    Three type of contrast agents :
    Positive contrast agents : Barium

    sulphate, Organic Iodine.


    Negative contrast agenst : Oxigen, Air,

    Helium
    Double contrast

    BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF XRAY EXPOSURE


    Early effects : Chemical changes

    structure or function of constituent cells.


    Delayed effects, such as cancer, may also
    occur ultimately as a result of DNA
    damage produced by the radiation in
    surviving cells.
    Earliest visual indications of a high
    radiation dose erythema or skin
    reddening

    BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF XRAY EXPOSURE


    The threshold dose
    300 rads (3.0 Gray)
    The effect erythema occurs within a day of the exposure and

    then disappears.
    The effect may recur 8-14 days later
    pain in the
    affected tissue.
    After a few days, the skin may return to its normal
    appearance but remain highly sensitive.
    For doses in excess of 5000 rads (50 Gray)
    blood flow
    problems
    atrophy and ulcerations.
    may eventually require the amputation of fingers or major
    portions of the hand.

    Occupational Dose Limits for


    External Exposures to Ionizing Radiation.
    Quarterly

    Annual

    Whole body; head and trunk; lens of


    eye; gonads

    1.25 rems

    5 rems

    Hands and forearms; feet and ankles

    18.75 rems

    Skin of the whole body

    7.5 rems

    18.75 rems
    30 rems

    RADIATION PROTECTION
    Time
    Three factors

    Distance
    Shielding

    ALARA : "As Low As Reasonably


    Achievable".

    Stomach (single
    contrast)

    Colon (single contrast)

    Colon (double contrast)

    IVU

    X-RAY

    FOR

    K IDNEY

    STONES

    Hysterosalpingography

    Inguinal and iliac lymph nodes and vessels


    (lymphography)

    SELAMAT
    BELAJAR

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