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    Acid and Base Balance and Imbalance

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    Mustafa Khandgawi
    The document discusses acid-base balance and imbalances in the human body. It explains that the body tightly regulates pH levels through various buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and kidney function. Small deviations in pH can impact enzymes and electrolytes. When pH levels fall outside the normal range of 7.35-7.45, the body attempts to compensate through the lungs or kidneys. The main types of acid-base imbalances are respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. Each has distinct causes and mechanisms of compensation.

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    Acid and Base Balance and Imbalance

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Khandgawi
    142 views38 pages
    The document discusses acid-base balance and imbalances in the human body. It explains that the body tightly regulates pH levels through various buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and kidney function. Small deviations in pH can impact enzymes and electrolytes. When pH levels fall outside the normal range of 7.35-7.45, the body attempts to compensate through the lungs or kidneys. The main types of acid-base imbalances are respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. Each has distinct causes and mechanisms of compensation.

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    Acid and Base-lecture

    Original Title

    Acid and Base-lecture

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    The document discusses acid-base balance and imbalances in the human body. It explains that the body tightly regulates pH levels through various buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and kidney function. Small deviations in pH can impact enzymes and electrolytes. When pH levels fall outside the normal range of 7.35-7.45, the body attempts to compensate through the lungs or kidneys. The main types of acid-base imbalances are respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. Each has distinct causes and mechanisms of compensation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    142 views38 pages

    Acid and Base Balance and Imbalance

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Khandgawi
    The document discusses acid-base balance and imbalances in the human body. It explains that the body tightly regulates pH levels through various buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and kidney function. Small deviations in pH can impact enzymes and electrolytes. When pH levels fall outside the normal range of 7.35-7.45, the body attempts to compensate through the lungs or kidneys. The main types of acid-base imbalances are respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. Each has distinct causes and mechanisms of compensation.

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    You are on page 1of 38

    Acid and Base Balance and

    Imbalance

    pH Review

    pH = - log [H+]
    H+ is really a proton
    Range is from 0 - 14
    If [H+] is high, the solution is acidic; pH < 7
    If [H+] is low, the solution is basic or
    alkaline ; pH > 7

    Acids are H+ donors.


    Bases are H+ acceptors, or give up OH- in
    solution.
    Acids and bases can be:
    Strong dissociate completely in
    solution
    HCl, NaOH
    Weak dissociate only partially in
    solution
    Lactic acid, carbonic acid
    5

    The Body and pH

    Homeostasis of pH is tightly controlled


    Extracellular fluid = 7.4
    Blood = 7.35 7.45
    < 6.8 or > 8.0 death occurs
    Acidosis (acidemia) below 7.35
    Alkalosis (alkalemia) above 7.45

    Small changes in pH can produce


    major disturbances
    Most enzymes function only with narrow
    pH ranges
    Acid-base balance can also affect
    electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-)
    Can also affect hormones

    The body produces more acids


    than bases
    Acids take in with foods
    Acids produced by metabolism of lipids
    and proteins
    Cellular metabolism produces CO2.
    CO2 + H20 H2CO3

    H+ + HCO3-

    Control of Acids
    1. Buffer systems
    Take up H+ or release H+ as conditions
    change
    Buffer pairs weak acid and a base
    Exchange a strong acid or base for a
    weak one
    Results in a much smaller pH change
    10

    Bicarbonate buffer
    Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and
    carbonic acid (H2CO3)
    Maintain a 20:1 ratio : HCO3- : H2CO3
    HCl + NaHCO3 H2CO3 + NaCl
    NaOH + H2CO3 NaHCO3 + H2O
    11

    Phosphate buffer
    Major intracellular buffer
    H+ + HPO42- H2PO4 OH- + H2PO4- H2O + H2PO42-

    12

    Protein Buffers

    Includes hemoglobin, work in blood and ISF


    Carboxyl group gives up H+
    Amino Group accepts H+
    Side chains that can buffer H+ are present on
    27 amino acids.

    13

    2. Respiratory mechanisms
    Exhalation of carbon dioxide
    Powerful, but only works with volatile
    acids
    Doesnt affect fixed acids like lactic acid
    CO2 + H20 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 Body pH can be adjusted by changing rate
    and depth of breathing
    14

    3. Kidney excretion

    Can eliminate large amounts of acid


    Can also excrete base
    Can conserve and produce bicarb ions
    Most effective regulator of pH
    If kidneys fail, pH balance fails

    15

    Rates of correction
    Buffers function almost instantaneously
    Respiratory mechanisms take several
    minutes to hours
    Renal mechanisms may take several
    hours to days

    16

    17

    18

    Acid-Base Imbalances
    pH< 7.35 acidosis
    pH > 7.45 alkalosis
    The body response to acid-base
    imbalance is called compensation
    May be complete if brought back within
    normal limits
    Partial compensation if range is still
    outside norms.
    19

    Compensation
    If underlying problem is metabolic,
    hyperventilation or hypoventilation can
    help : respiratory compensation.
    If problem is respiratory, renal
    mechanisms can bring about metabolic
    compensation.

    20

    Acidosis
    Principal effect of acidosis is depression of the
    CNS through in synaptic transmission.
    Generalized weakness
    Deranged CNS function the greatest threat
    Severe acidosis causes
    Disorientation
    coma
    death
    21

    Alkalosis
    Alkalosis causes over excitability of the central
    and peripheral nervous systems.
    Numbness
    Lightheadedness
    It can cause :
    Nervousness
    muscle spasms or tetany
    Convulsions
    Loss of consciousness
    Death
    22

    23

    Respiratory Acidosis
    Carbonic acid excess caused by blood
    levels of CO2 above 45 mm Hg.
    Hypercapnia high levels of CO2 in blood
    Chronic conditions:
    Depression of respiratory center in brain that
    controls breathing rate drugs or head
    trauma
    Paralysis of respiratory or chest muscles
    Emphysema
    24

    Respiratory Acidosis
    Acute conditons:
    Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
    Pulmonary edema
    Pneumothorax

    25

    Compensation for Respiratory


    Acidosis
    Kidneys eliminate hydrogen ion and retain
    bicarbonate ion

    26

    27

    Respiratory Alkalosis

    Carbonic acid deficit


    pCO2 less than 35 mm Hg (hypocapnea)
    Most common acid-base imbalance
    Primary cause is hyperventilation

    28

    Respiratory Alkalosis
    Conditions that stimulate respiratory
    center:
    Oxygen deficiency at high altitudes
    Pulmonary disease and Congestive heart
    failure caused by hypoxia
    Acute anxiety
    Fever, anemia
    Early salicylate intoxication
    Cirrhosis
    Gram-negative sepsis
    29

    Compensation of Respiratory
    Alkalosis
    Kidneys conserve hydrogen ion
    Excrete bicarbonate ion

    30

    31

    Metabolic Acidosis
    Bicarbonate deficit - blood concentrations of
    bicarb drop below 22mEq/L
    Causes:
    Loss of bicarbonate through diarrhea or renal
    dysfunction
    Accumulation of acids (lactic acid or ketones)
    Failure of kidneys to excrete H+

    32

    Compensation for Metabolic


    Acidosis
    Increased ventilation
    Renal excretion of hydrogen ions if
    possible
    K+ exchanges with excess H+ in ECF
    ( H+ into cells, K+ out of cells)

    33

    34

    Metabolic Alkalosis
    Bicarbonate excess - concentration in
    blood is greater than 26 mEq/L
    Causes:
    Excess vomiting = loss of stomach acid
    Excessive use of alkaline drugs
    Certain diuretics
    Endocrine disorders
    Heavy ingestion of antacids
    Severe dehydration
    35

    Compensation for Metabolic


    Alkalosis
    Alkalosis most commonly occurs with
    renal dysfunction, so cant count on
    kidneys
    Respiratory compensation difficult
    hypoventilation limited by hypoxia

    36

    37

    38

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