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    The General Structure of A Chemical Process

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    agrocel_bhv5591
    The document discusses distillation processes and techniques. It introduces continuous flash distillation and continuous distillation with reflux. The McCabe-Thiele method is described for determining the theoretical number of stages for distillation of a binary mixture with reflux. Factors that impact the distillation include the feed conditions, minimal reflux ratio, and optimal reflux ratio which balances costs. Tray efficiency and Murphree efficiency are discussed. Design considerations for distillation columns include material balances, heat balances, column diameter, and plate spacing.

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    The General Structure of A Chemical Process

    Uploaded by

    agrocel_bhv5591
    54 views16 pages
    The document discusses distillation processes and techniques. It introduces continuous flash distillation and continuous distillation with reflux. The McCabe-Thiele method is described for determining the theoretical number of stages for distillation of a binary mixture with reflux. Factors that impact the distillation include the feed conditions, minimal reflux ratio, and optimal reflux ratio which balances costs. Tray efficiency and Murphree efficiency are discussed. Design considerations for distillation columns include material balances, heat balances, column diameter, and plate spacing.

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    Unit Operation

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    The document discusses distillation processes and techniques. It introduces continuous flash distillation and continuous distillation with reflux. The McCabe-Thiele method is described for determining the theoretical number of stages for distillation of a binary mixture with reflux. Factors that impact the distillation include the feed conditions, minimal reflux ratio, and optimal reflux ratio which balances costs. Tray efficiency and Murphree efficiency are discussed. Design considerations for distillation columns include material balances, heat balances, column diameter, and plate spacing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    54 views16 pages

    The General Structure of A Chemical Process

    Uploaded by

    agrocel_bhv5591
    The document discusses distillation processes and techniques. It introduces continuous flash distillation and continuous distillation with reflux. The McCabe-Thiele method is described for determining the theoretical number of stages for distillation of a binary mixture with reflux. Factors that impact the distillation include the feed conditions, minimal reflux ratio, and optimal reflux ratio which balances costs. Tray efficiency and Murphree efficiency are discussed. Design considerations for distillation columns include material balances, heat balances, column diameter, and plate spacing.

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    1.

    Introduction

    The general structure of a chemical process

    Preparation
    of
    raw materials

    Reaction

    Purification
    of
    products

    Recycle
    Unit operations:
    -Heating
    -Size reduction
    -Mixing
    -...

    Unit operations:
    -Cooling
    -Distillation
    -Extraction
    -Drying
    -...

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation

    Continuous flash distillation

    Distillat
    e
    D, yD
    Demister

    Feed
    F, xF
    Heater
    Bottom product
    B, xB
    Flash drum

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation
    Continuous flash distillation

    Balance line:
    Equilibrium line

    y
    f=0

    0<f<1

    f 1
    x
    x F
    f
    f

    D
    F

    yD

    f=1

    xB

    xF

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation
    Continuous distillation with reflux

    G, y1

    Q*C

    Distillate
    D, xD

    Reflux
    R,xD
    Feed
    F, xF
    Q*H

    Bottom product
    B, xB
    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation
    Distillation of a binary mixture in a column with reflux ; the feed is at boiling point temperature
    The McCabe-Thiele Method to determine the number of theoretical stages

    Equilibrium line

    1
    Balance line
    of rectifying
    section

    3
    Balance line
    of stripping
    section

    xD
    v 1

    xB

    xF

    xD

    4 theoretical stages = 3 theoretical trays + reboiler

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation

    The McCabe-Thiele-Method is used for theoretical stages

    y1 xD
    v
    xD
    y2
    x1
    v 1
    v 1

    v
    xD
    y3
    x2
    v 1
    v 1

    Stage 1

    x1 x equi y1
    Stage 2

    x2 x equi y2
    Stage 3

    and so on....until
    bottom concentration
    is reached.

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation of a binary mixture in a column with reflux ; various feed conditions


    The feed line

    y
    e>1
    e=1

    e 1

    0<e<1

    xD
    v 1

    e<0

    With the given reflux ratio

    h0 F hF
    hV

    e is determined by the
    thermodynamical state
    of the feed

    e=0

    xB

    e
    x
    x F
    e 1
    e 1

    xF

    xF
    e

    xD

    e = 0 and e < 0 is not possible!

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation of a binary mixture in a column with reflux


    The feed line

    e>1
    e=1
    y

    0<e<1

    xD
    v 1

    xD
    v 1 mod

    e=0
    e<0

    xB

    xF

    xF
    e

    xD

    With increased reflux e = 0 and e < 0 become possible

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation of a binary mixture in a column with reflux


    Minimal reflux ratio vmin

    y
    e
    anc
    l
    a
    B

    xD
    vmin 1

    line

    Feed line

    xB

    xF

    xF
    e

    xD

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation of a binary mixture in a column with reflux


    Minimal reflux ratio vmin

    xD
    vmin 1

    xB

    xF

    xF
    e

    xD

    The balance line cannot cut the equilibrium line !

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation of a binary mixture in a column with reflux


    Minimal number of theoretical stages

    1
    y

    xB

    xD

    Minimal number of theoretical stages is nth,min = 3


    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation of a binary mixture in a column with reflux

    costs

    The optimal reflux ratio

    Total costs

    Cost
    minimum

    Energy
    Equipment

    vmin

    vopt

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation of a binary mixture in a column with reflux


    Energy (heat) consumption of a column

    Heat balance for the condenser


    .

    Q C DhD RhR GhG


    G

    Q*C

    Reflux R

    R
    D
    hD hR

    v
    Distillate D

    hG hD hV
    .

    Q C (1 v) D hV
    Feed F

    Heat balance for the column


    .

    Q*H

    Q H DhD BhB FhF Q C


    .

    QH ~ v
    .

    Bottom product B

    QC ~ v

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation of a binary mixture in a column with reflux


    Overall tray efficiency and Murphree efficiency

    Reasons for an efficiency below 100%:


    Short contact time of vapour and liquid phase
    Entrainment of liquid droplets with high vapour flows
    (backmixing of the liquid phase)
    Forward mixing of the liquid phase with low vapour flow rates
    (raining)
    Overall efficiency, average value of the whole column

    nth

    nreal
    Murphree efficiency, value for one plate

    yn yn 1
    M equi
    yn yn 1
    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation of a binary mixture in a column with reflux


    Overall tray efficiency and Murphree efficiency

    Murphree efficiency, value for one plate

    yn yn 1
    M equi
    yn yn 1
    ynequi
    yn
    yn 1

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

    2. Distillation of a binary mixture in a column with reflux


    Column design

    Material balances
    Feed line
    Minimal reflux
    Number of theoretical stages and feed stage
    Number of practical stages or height of packing
    Heat balances
    Column diameter (optimal efficiency)
    Plate distance (entrainment!)
    Downcomer

    Fundamentals of Chemical Process and Reaction Technology - Unit Operations

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