Lecture 6 PF

PROGRAMMING
FUNDAMENTALS
LECTURE # 06
C Data Types, Constants and Variables
C Development
Environment
Disk
Program is created using

the Editor and stored on
Disk.
Disk
Pre-processor program
processes the code.
Disk
Compiler creates object

code and stores it on Disk.
Disk
Disk
Disk
Linker links object code with

libraries, creates
executable code and
stores it on Disk
Loader puts Program in
Memory
CPU takes each instruction
and executes it, storing new
data values as the program
executes.
C Development
Environment
Entering, translating, and running a High-Level

Language Program
C Program Structure
An example of simple program in C

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf(I love programming\n);
printf(You will love it too once );
printf(you know the trick\n);
}
The output
The previous program will produce the

following output on your screen
I love programming
You will love it too once you know the
trick
Preprocessor directives
a C program line begins with # provides an

instruction to the C preprocessor
It is executed before the actual compilation
is done.
Two most common directives :
#include
#define
In our example (#include<stdio.h>)

identifies the header file for standard input
and output needed by the printf().
Function main
Identify the start of the program

Every C program has a main ( )
'main' is a C keyword. We must not
use it for any other variable.
4 common ways of main declaration
int main(void)
void main(void)
main(void)
main( )
return 0;
The curly braces { }
Identify a segment / body of a program
The start and end of a function

The start and end of the selection or
repetition block.
Since the opening brace indicates the

start of a segment with the closing
brace indicating the end of a segment,
there must be just as many opening
braces as closing braces (this is a
common mistake of beginners)
Statement
A specification of an action to be taken by the

computer as the program executes.
Each statement in C needs to be terminated with
semicolon (;)
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf(I love programming\n);
printf(You will love it too once );
printf(you know the trick\n);
}
statement
statement
statement
Statement cont
Statement has two parts :
Declaration
The
part of the program that tells the compiler

the names of memory cells in a program
Executable statements
Program
lines that are converted to machine

language instructions and executed by the
computer
C program skeleton
In short, the basic skeleton of a C

program looks like this:
#include <stdio.h>
Preprocessor directives
Function main
void main(void)
Start of segment
{
statement(s);
}
End of segment
Identifiers
Words used to represent certain program

entities (variables, function names, etc).
Example:
int my_name;
my_name
is an identifier used as a program
variable
void CalculateTotal(int value)

CalculateTotal
name
is an identifier used as a function
Rules for naming identifiers

Rules
Example
Can contain a mix of character and numbers.

However it cannot start with a number
H2o
First character must be a letter or underscore
Number1
_area
Can be of mixed cases including underscore

character
XsquAre
My_num
Cannot contain any arithmetic operators
R*S+T
or any other punctuation marks
#@x%!!
Cannot be a C keyword/reserved word
struct; printf;
Cannot contain a space
My height
identifiers are case sensitive
Tax != tax
Variables
Variable a name associated with a

memory cell whose value can change
Variable Declaration: specifies the
type of a variable
Example: int num;
Variable Definition: assigning a value

to the declared variable
Example:
num
= 5;
Basic Data Types
There are 4 basic data types :
int
float
double
char
int
used to declare numeric program variables of integer

type
whole numbers, positive and negative
keyword: int
int number;
number = 12;
Basic Data Types cont
float
fractional parts, positive and negative
keyword: float
float height;
height = 1.72;
double
used to declare floating point variable of higher

precision or higher range of numbers
exponential numbers, positive and negative
keyword: double
double valuebig;
valuebig = 12E-3; (is equal to 12X10-3)
Basic Data Types cont
char
equivalent to letters in English language

Example of characters:
Numeric digits: 0 - 9
Lowercase/uppercase letters: a - z and A - Z
Space (blank)
Special characters: , . ; ? / ( ) [ ] { } * & % ^ < > etc
single character
keyword: char
char my_letter;
my_letter = 'U';
The declared character must be

enclosed within a single quote!
Constants
Entities that appear in the program code as fixed

values.
Any attempt to modify a CONSTANT will result in error.
4 types of constants:
Integer constants
Positive or negative whole numbers with no fractional part

Example:
const
int MAX_NUM = 10;

const int MIN_NUM = -90;
Floating-point constants (float or double)
Positive or negative decimal numbers with an integer part, a

decimal point and a fractional part
Example:
const
double VAL = 0.5877e2; (stands for

0.5877 x 102)
Constants cont
Character constants
A
character enclosed in a single quotation mark

Example:
const char letter = n;

const char number = 1;
printf(%c, S);
Output would be: S
Constant example volume of a cone

#include <stdio.h>
#Include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
const double pi = 3.142;
double height, radius, base, volume;
printf(Enter the height and radius of the cone:);
scanf(%If %If, &height , &radius);
base = pi * radius * radius;
volume = (1.0/3.0) * base * height;
printf(\nThe volume of a cone is %f , volume);
getch();
}
#define
You may also associate constant using #define preprocessor

directive
#include <stdio.h>
#Include <conio.h>
#define pi 3.412
void main()
{
double height, radius, base, volume;
printf(Enter the height and radius of the cone:);
scanf(%lf %lf, &height, &radius);
base = pi * radius * radius;
volume = (1.0/3.0) * base * height;
printf(\nThe volume of a cone is %f , volume);
getch();
}
Summary
We have learned the following items:
environment of C language and C programming

C language elements
Preprocessor directives,
curly braces, main (),
semicolon, comments, double quotes
4 basics data type and brief explanation on variable
Task to do:
Write a program to exchange the values of two

integer variables.

Lecture 6 PF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 6 PF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 6 PF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PROGRAMMING

C Data Types, Constants and Variables

Program is created using

Compiler creates object

Linker links object code with

Entering, translating, and running a High-Level

An example of simple program in C

The previous program will produce the

a C program line begins with # provides an

In our example (#include<stdio.h>)

Identify the start of the program

The curly braces { }

Identify a segment / body of a program

The start and end of a function

Since the opening brace indicates the

A specification of an action to be taken by the

Statement has two parts :

part of the program that tells the compiler

lines that are converted to machine

In short, the basic skeleton of a C

Words used to represent certain program

is an identifier used as a program

void CalculateTotal(int value)

is an identifier used as a function

Rules for naming identifiers

Can contain a mix of character and numbers.

First character must be a letter or underscore

Can be of mixed cases including underscore

Cannot contain any arithmetic operators

or any other punctuation marks

Cannot be a C keyword/reserved word

Cannot contain a space

identifiers are case sensitive

Variable a name associated with a

Example: int num;

Variable Definition: assigning a value

Basic Data Types

There are 4 basic data types :

used to declare numeric program variables of integer

Basic Data Types cont

fractional parts, positive and negative

used to declare floating point variable of higher

exponential numbers, positive and negative

valuebig = 12E-3; (is equal to 12X10-3)

Basic Data Types cont

equivalent to letters in English language

The declared character must be

Entities that appear in the program code as fixed

Positive or negative whole numbers with no fractional part

int MAX_NUM = 10;

Floating-point constants (float or double)

Positive or negative decimal numbers with an integer part, a

double VAL = 0.5877e2; (stands for

character enclosed in a single quotation mark

const char letter = n;

Constant example volume of a cone

You may also associate constant using #define preprocessor

We have learned the following items:

environment of C language and C programming