Zia: A Genuine

Islamist or A
Hypocrite
Presented by:
Mehak Durrani
Nael Chiragh
Sijal Asif Khan
Zaryan Khawar
 Early Life

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was born in Jalandhar, Punjab state, on 12 august 1924

He belonged to a Punjabi Arain family and was the second child of Muhammad Akbar

Ziaa father was a staff clerk in the army general headquarters of India command of
British armed forces

Zia married Shafiq Jahan in 1950 and had two sons and three daughters

General Zia-ul-Haq was the sixth president of Pakistan and has been classified as a
man having an identity and taste altogether different than Ayub, Yahya and
Musharraf
 Military Service

Zia graduated from the Officer Training School on 12 May 1943

He trained in US at the US Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas during the
1962-1964

Zia was said to be the Assistant Quartermaster of the 101st infantry division and the tank commander if Indo-
Pakistani war in 1965.

Zia became a brigadier and was appointed in Jordan from 1967 to 1970

Black September Operations - lead the training mission into the battle against Palestine Liberation Organization

He was promoted as Lieutenant General and was appointed commander of the II Strike Corps at Multan in 1975

On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto approved then-three star rank general Lieutenant-General
Zia as Chief of Army Staff and to be elevated to four-star rank
 Operation Fair Play

Operation Fair Play was the code name for the militarycoup

Overthrowing the government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Pretext for the coup was the failure of the ruling PPP and the opposition PNA to reach an agreement regarding fresh
elections

In announcing the coup, Zia promised "free and fair elections" within 90 days

He arrested Bhutto and his ministers, as well as other leaders of both the PPP and the PNA

Dissolved the National Assembly of Pakistan and all provincial assemblies, suspended the Constitution, and imposed
martial law

A four-member Military Council made up of Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq as Chief Martial Law
Administrator, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, and the Chiefs of theNavy and theAir Force was
implemented
 Zia-ul-Haq and Islamization
Policy of alliance between military and mullah for the purpose of establishing
dictatorship

Islamic structure of social, administrative and political reforms for the state
was advocated

People of the state are obligated to follow the rules and regulations of their
ruler on one condition that the ruler should be a Muslim

He blamed British colonialism for weakening the Islamic foundation

He advocated that the two legal systems Islamic and Western very
fundamentally
 Steps taken to establish
Islamization
Introduced a real Sharia court on 10th February 1979

Reviewing and amendments of the laws not in line with Islamic teachings

Establishment of Majlis-s-Shura for bridging the gap between the government

and the general public

Ultimate power rested with the President as no step could be taken without his
consent
 Some of the recommendations
Interval during working hours for prayers

Declaration of Hadood laws

Banking sector being interest free

Establishment of Nazim-e-Zakat

Ramadan ordinance

Make subjects like Pakistan studies and Islamic studies compulsory in schools

Madrassas expanded all around the country. The amount of madrassas increased to 12 000 from 1983 to 1984.
The doctrinal orientation of these Madrassas was such that most of them were Deobandi and then Barelvi.
 Cont.
Separate laws were introduced for women which included the rule of covering the heads
in public places like schools, colleges and television programs. Even the newsreaders
and actresses in the shows were told to cover their heads. Women were restricted to
take part in performing art and sports.

Establishment of laws like Diyet, Evidence, Shufa and Qisas. Diyat means financial
compensation paid to the heirs of a victim while Qisas means revenge or retaliation.

Law of evidence was imposed which in times of testifying something, two women were
required in place of one man. For a contract to be considered legal, both men and
women were required to sign it in presence of the witnesses.
 Islamization of the Economy
As a part of general emphasis on Islamic values and codes of conduct, Zia announced a plan for the
implementation of an Islamic economic system in February 1980.

The institutionalization of zakat and introduction of interest free banking were the two most important
measures of Islamizing economy.

The aim was to free the economic order from exploitation and provide equal socio economic opportunities for
the needy.

Under the Zakat Ordinance, most financial assets in the banking system and saving instruments were made
subject to 2.5% deduction annually on account of zakat.

By 1987-8, zakat collections deducted at source were Rs.1.9 billion and had risen further to Rs.2.6 billion by
1988-9.

Islamization also affected the interest rate policy. Technically all lending and deposit rates were by 1988 set on
profit and loss sharing.
 Consequences of Islamization
Hadood laws were designed to reduce the number of crimes but it is hard to
tell if it produced any good results or not.

Although criminals were lashed publicly but it gave rise to sectarian

differences therefore it increased the social and political imbalance in the
country.

The religious tolerance between different sects fell greatly.

Due to the imposition of such harsh punishments, reputation of Pakistan got

hurt in the world.
 Economic Policies

Islamization of the Economy

Riba
De-Nationalisation
Industrialisation
Corporatisation
Rural Development
Exports Promotion
 Riba

"Profit and Loss Sharing System", according to which account holders were to
share the losses and profits of the bank

The government also introduced and encouraged such banks to adopt

financing schemes based upon the principles ofmudarabaand ormusharaka

Murabahais a practice in which the "lender" purchases, in its own name,

goods that the borrower wants, and then sells the goods to him at an agreed
mark-up.

Musharakais a practice in which the "lender" enters into a partnership with

the borrower/client in which both share the equity capital of a project or deal,
and both share in the profits or losses according to their equity shareholding
 De-Nationalisation

General Zia-ul-Haq also reversed the process of nationalization that had been implemented by
Bhutto

Within the first phase, three steel mills were returned back to its original owners

A separation of exclusive public ownership was made that left out the private sector from only a few
activities

There was a shift to liberalization of the economy with substantial fiscal as well as non-fiscal
incentives

The government put an end to the Extended Fund Facility with the IMF in 1980 for reformation aimed
at financial deregulation and greater economic liberalization

Share of private sector investment grew from 33% in 1980 to 46% in 1989
 Industrialization

The industrial zone was established in the late 1970s to:

attract foreign investment
speed up flow of modern technology
provide more job opportunities
raise skill and management standards
provide exporters a base for production in an environment free from import
duties

The policy of keeping domestic wheat, rice and cotton prices low, the
government was able to benefit the urban consumers and the industrialists at
the cost of the agricultural producer
 Corporatization

The process was formally initiated with the announcement of the Companies
Ordinance in 1984 that legally allowed a variety of formations in the mixed economy
of Pakistan

To convert state departments into public companies and interpose commercial

boards of directors between the shareholding members and the management of the
enterprises

Given great boost when it was integrated in the privatization program of Nawaz
Sharif in 1990

In a program initiated by Prime Minister Shauket Aziz, the corporate sector fairly
matured and became a strong and sizeable sector in the financial hubs of the country
 Rural Development

Zia also uplifted the rural areas - an off spin of his scheme to revive the local
government institutions to create a constituency

A fair amount was spent on rural regeneration and construction of rural

infrastructure

Initiation of five point program of his Prime Minister Junejo gave a further
boost to this rural uplift

Increased demand for services in rural areas following rising incomes

generated pressures for rapid rural electrification and rural roads
 Exports Promotion

The export subsidies ranging from 7.5% to 12.5% were extended to all important manufactured
exports

Expansion of raw cotton production which in turn made possible a major expansion of cotton
textiles.

Over 60% of the increase in real value of exports over the decade was attributable to cotton,
cotton textiles and garment exports.
Introduction of a flexible exchange rate policy was also very instrumental in the exports
expansion.

Starting in 1982, Pakistan began to regularly adjust the value of the rupee, devaluing it from
Rs. 9.90 per US dollar to Rs. 11.84 in 1982 and then gradually depreciated to Rs. 18 per US
dollar by the end 1988
 References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_Pakistan
http://www.shahidhussainraja.com/political-economy-of-pakistan-under-general-
ziaul-haq-1977-88
http://www.defencejournal.com/april98/ziaulhaqdomination.html
Zia ul-Haq and military domination, 1977-88 - Defence Journal
(www.defencejournal.com)
http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/latest_english_journal/1.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/From-disunion-through-the-Zia-al-Huq-
era#ref990245
http://tribune.com.pk/story/361248/why-ziaul-haq-should-not-be-forgotten/
 References (cont.)
Dictatorship in Pakistan: A Study of the Zia Era (1977-88): www.nihcr.edu.pk
faculty.lahoreschool.edu.pk/Academics/Lectures/ayeshaa/PH%20HO%204.pdf
folk.uio.no/bjarnes/urdu/Skov-Zia-ul-haq-04052005.pdf
Burki, S. J. (1988). Pakistan under Zia, 1977-1988.Asian Survey,28(10), 1082-
1100.
Zahid, M. A. (2011). Dictatorship in Pakistan: A Study of the Zia Era (1977
88).Pakistan Journal of History and Culture,32(1).
Kanwal, L. Zia, Islam and Politics of Legitimacy.
Shah, J. (2012). Zia-ul-Haque and the Proliferation of Religion in
Pakistan.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(21).
Jones, Owen Bennett (2002): Pakistan eye of the storm Yale University Press,
New Haven and London.