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    Refraction 2

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    RuDy Ravi
    Refraction is the bending of light that occurs as it passes from one medium to another of different densities. The three main refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina, hyperopia occurs when light focuses behind the retina, and astigmatism is an irregular refractive error resulting in two focal points. These refractive errors are corrected using lenses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, or multifocal intraocular lenses. Accommodation and presbyopia are also discussed.

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    Refraction 2

    Uploaded by

    RuDy Ravi
    142 views47 pages
    Refraction is the bending of light that occurs as it passes from one medium to another of different densities. The three main refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina, hyperopia occurs when light focuses behind the retina, and astigmatism is an irregular refractive error resulting in two focal points. These refractive errors are corrected using lenses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, or multifocal intraocular lenses. Accommodation and presbyopia are also discussed.

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    Refraction is the bending of light that occurs as it passes from one medium to another of different densities. The three main refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina, hyperopia occurs when light focuses behind the retina, and astigmatism is an irregular refractive error resulting in two focal points. These refractive errors are corrected using lenses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, or multifocal intraocular lenses. Accommodation and presbyopia are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    142 views47 pages

    Refraction 2

    Uploaded by

    RuDy Ravi
    Refraction is the bending of light that occurs as it passes from one medium to another of different densities. The three main refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina, hyperopia occurs when light focuses behind the retina, and astigmatism is an irregular refractive error resulting in two focal points. These refractive errors are corrected using lenses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, or multifocal intraocular lenses. Accommodation and presbyopia are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 47
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are the definitions of refraction, accommodation, emmetropia, refractive errors and the discussion of measurement and types of refractive errors.

    Refraction is the bending of light that occurs when light passes from one medium to another of different density. It is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed.

    Accommodation is the ability of the eye to change the refractive power of the lens to focus on objects at different distances. It occurs through contraction of the ciliary muscle which relaxes or tightens the zonular fibers attached to the lens, changing its curvature.

    Refraction

    and
    Error of Refraction
    Reported by:
    Barbie Jean S. Pabilonia
    Mary Kamher Herradura-Pascua
    Objectives:
    To define the following terms:
    Refraction
    Accommodation
    Emmetropia
    Refractive error
    To enumerate and discuss the different
    refractive errors
    To enumerate the signs and symptoms of
    refractive error
    To discuss the measurement of refractive error
    To discuss the different optical devices
    Refraction
    Passing of light from one transparent
    medium to another
    When the transparent medium is more
    dense or less dense, velocity changes.
    When the transparent medium is
    bounded by surfaces that is not
    perpendicular to light, direction changes.
    This change in direction is called
    refraction
    Diopter
    Diopter is the standard unit to express
    the refractive power of optical lenses. (D)
    Reciprocal of the distance between a lens
    and its focus (focal length)
    A diopter is derived by dividing 1 by the
    focal length of a lens expressed in
    meters.
    (1/0.20m(20cm)= 5.0 D)
    The ray of light entering the eye is
    refracted by:
    The cornea aqueous humor
    crystalline lens
    Cornea has a fixed focal length (focus)
    Lens changes in curvature known as
    accommodation
    Crystalline Lens consist of
    transparent protein having different
    densities.
    Accommodation
    Process by which the refractive power of the
    anterior lens segment increases so that
    near objects may be distinctly imaged

    Stimulus for accommodation: blurred


    image

    Ciliary muscle is attached to the lens


    capsule by zonular fibers
    Accommodation
    Contraction of the circular portion of the
    ciliary muscle Increased curvature of
    the central portion of the anterior surface
    of the lens increase in refractive power

    Relaxed circular muscle taut zonular


    fibers minimal convexity of the lens
    decrease refractive power
    Refraction Testing
    Subjective Refraction Testing
    Objective refraction testing
    Retinoscopy (shadow testing)
    Refractometry
    Automated refractometry
    EMMETROPIA
    Optical condition which an eye has no
    error of refraction, rays of light parallel to
    the optical axis are brought to focus by
    the fovea centralis
    EMMETROPIA
    Refractive Errors
    (Ametropia)
    Optical condition in which parallel rays of
    light from an object an infinite distance
    from the eye do not come to focus
    exactly to the fovea centralis
    Refraction is due to the refractive power
    of the cornea and the lens correlated with
    the length of the eye.
    REFRACTIVE
    ERRORS
    Axial ametropia
    (AMETROPIA)
    Ametropia is the result of an abnormality in
    the length of the eye
    Refractive ametropia
    Ametropia is the result of a variation in the
    refractive power of the cornea or lens
    REFRACTIVE
    ERRORS
    Signs and Symptoms:
    (AMETROPIA)
    Decreased visual acuity
    Blurry vision
    Ocular discomfort
    Burning
    Itching
    Tearing
    REFRACTIVE ERRORS
    (AMETROPIA)
    Increased sensitivity to light
    Decreased efficiency
    Various aches
    Fatigue
    Droopy eyes
    Headache
    Refractive Errors
    (Ametropia)
    Examples:
    Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
    Myopia (Nearsightedness)
    Astigmasism
    Presbyopia
    Correction of refractive
    Errors
    Eyeglass Lenses
    - Monofocal
    Spherical lenses: refract light equally along
    every axis
    Toric lenses (cylindrical lenses): refract light
    only along one axis spherical and toric lenses
    can be combined
    Correction of refractive
    Errors
    -Multifocal lenses
    Bifocal: upper and middle portion of the
    lens is ground for the distance correction;
    the lower portion is for the near-field
    correction
    Trifocals: third refractive correction
    between the distance and near- field
    portion.
    Progressive addition lenses: minimize
    abrupt image changes
    HYPEROPIA
    (Farsightedness)
    There is a discrepancy between the refractive
    power and axial length of the eye such that
    parallel incident light rays converge at a focal
    point posterior to the retina
    Focal point lands behind/AFTER retina
    HYPEROPIA
    (Farsightedness)
    Condition of the eye in which
    accommodation is suspended , parallel
    rays of light are intercepted by the retina
    before coming into focus
    (1.) The globe has a normal length, but the
    refractive power is insufficient (refractive)
    (2.) The refractive power is normal, but the
    globe is too short (axial)
    HYPEROPIA
    Farsightedness)
    HYPEROPIA
    (Farsightedness)
    Compensated by accommodation which
    increases the refractive power of the
    lens and if accommodation does not
    compensate, vision is blurred.
    HYPEROPIA
    (Farsightedness)
    Classification:
    Total hyperopia paralysis of ciliary muscle
    Manifest hyperopia corrected with convex
    Latent hyperopia degree of hyperopia
    overcome by accommodation
    HYPEROPIA
    (Farsightedness
    Symptoms:
    - Eye pain
    - Headache
    - Burning sensation in the eye
    - Blurred vision
    - Rapid fatigue
    HYPEROPIA
    (Farsightedness)
    Correction:
    1.Spectacles
    -Convex lens (positive lens) or convergent
    lens
    -Decreases focal length to fall on retina
    2. Contact lenses
    - Convex lens or positive lens
    HYPEROPIA
    (Farsightedness)
    3.LASIK
    -Laser applied to paracentral cornea
    -Thins out peripheral cornea steeper/more
    curved central cornea IOP will push the
    center forward. Causing greater refractive
    power lesser focal length.
    -Focal point falls on retina
    HYPEROPIA
    (Farsightedness)
    4. Lens extraction with Multifocal Intra
    Ocular Lens (IOL)
    -Implanted lens which focus objects
    at multiple distance into retina
    -Multicentric grades of the lens that is
    placed within the anterior chamber
    -Diopteric powers of the lens differs
    from center to periphery
    MYOPIA
    Condition in which rays of light entering
    the eye parallel to the visual axis come to
    focus in front of the retina
    refractive power of the cornea and lens is
    too great for the length of the eye
    the eye is too long for the refractive
    power of the cornea and lens
    MYOPIA
    MYOPIA
    Divided into three:
    Physiologic myopia Axial or refractive
    Pathologic myopia Axial
    Lenticular myopia Refractive
    MYOPIA
    Physiologic myopia
    Most common type
    Inadequate correlation of the refractive
    power of the cornea and lens with the length
    of the globe
    Onset 5 10 year of age but may begin late
    25 yoa
    Rarely exceeds 6 diopters
    MYOPIA
    Pathologic Myopia (degenerative)
    Abnormality in the axial length of the eye is
    excessive (overgrowth of the two third of the
    globe)
    Begins with physiologic myopia, but rather
    than stabilizing the eyes continues to grow
    MYOPIA
    First ophthalmologic sign is a Crescent of the
    optic disk, begins in the temporal side and
    progress to surround disk
    MYOPIA
    Lenticular myopia
    Increase in refractive power of the anterior
    segment of the crystalline lens
    DM, Nuclear Sclerosis (aging change of he
    lens), antihyperntisive drugs (hydralazine),
    phenothiazide increases refractive power of
    the lens
    MYOPIA
    Concave lenses neutralizes myopia
    MYOPIA
    Radial keratotomy (Radial Incision
    partially to the thickness of the
    peripheral cornea) and Photokeratectomy
    (eximer laser ablasion of the central
    corneal stroma)
    Decreases the refracive power of the cornea
    PRESBYOBIA
    The loss of accomodation that comes
    with aging to all people is called
    Presbyopia.
    All person with emmetropic eyes will
    begin to notice inability to read small
    print or close objects at bout age 44-46
    Worse in dim, early morning, fatiqued
    Increases in the age of 55
    PRESBYOBIA
    Corrected with Plus Lenses to makeup for
    the lost automatic focusing.
    May be used in several ways:
    Reading glasses
    Half Glasses
    Bifocals
    Trifocals
    ASTIGMATISM
    An optical condition in which refracting
    power of a lens (or an eye) is not the
    same in all meridians
    ASTIGMATISM
    Regular astigmatism - two principle
    meridians with constant power and
    orientation across the pupillary aperture
    resulting in two focal lines

    Irregular astigmatism - power or orientation


    of the principal meridians changes across
    the pupillary aperture; usual cause is
    abnormalities is corneal shape
    ASTIGMATISM
    Simple: when one meridian is on the retina

    Simple myopic: when the other meridian is


    anterior to the retina

    Simple hyperopic: when the other meridian is


    intercepted by the retina before coming to focus
    Compound myopic astigmatism: both meridians are
    in front of the retina

    Compound hyperopic astigmatism: both meridians


    in intercepted by the retina before coming to focus

    Mixed astigmatism: one focal line is focused in front


    of the retina and the other focal line is intercepted
    by the retina

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