Introduction To XML Extensible Markup Language: Mr.A Raghuvira Pratap Computer Science Department

Introduction to XML
Extensible Markup Language

Mr.A Raghuvira Pratap
Computer Science Department
What is XML
XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language.

A markup language is used to provide
information about a document.
Tags are added to the document to provide the
extra information.
HTML tags tell a browser how to display the
document.
XML tags give a reader some idea what some of
the data means.
What is XML Used For?
XML documents are used to transfer data from one
place to another often over the Internet.
XML subsets are designed for particular applications.
One is RSS (Rich Site Summary or Really Simple
Syndication ). It is used to send breaking news bulletins
from one web site to another.
A number of fields have their own subsets. These
include chemistry, mathematics, and books publishing.
Most of these subsets are registered with the
W3Consortium and are available for anyones use.
Advantages of XML
XML is text (Unicode) based.

Takes up less space.
Can be transmitted efficiently.
One XML document can be displayed differently
in different media.
Html, video, CD, DVD,
You only have to change the XML document in order
to change all the rest.
XML documents can be modularized. Parts can
be reused.
Example of an HTML Document
<html>
<head><title>Example</title></head.
<body>
<h1>This is an example of a page.</h1>
<h2>Some information goes here.</h2>
</body>
</html>
Example of an XML Document
<?xml version=1.0/>
<address>
<name>Alice Lee</name>
<email>alee@aol.com</email>
<phone>212-346-1234</phone>
<birthday>1985-03-22</birthday>
</address>
Difference Between HTML and XML
HTML tags have a fixed meaning and

browsers know what it is.
XML tags are different for different
applications, and users know what they
mean.
HTML tags are used for display.
XML tags are used to describe documents
and data.
XML Rules
Tags are enclosed in angle brackets.

Tags come in pairs with start-tags and
end-tags.
Tags must be properly nested.
<name><email></name></email> is not allowed.
<name><email></email><name> is.
Tags that do not have end-tags must be
terminated by a /.
<br /> is an html example.
More XML Rules
Tags are case sensitive.

<address> is not the same as <Address>
XML in any combination of cases is not allowed
as part of a tag.
Tags may not contain < or &.
Tags follow Java naming conventions, except
that a single colon and other characters are
allowed. They must begin with a letter and may
not contain white space.
Documents must have a single root tag that
begins the document.
Encoding
XML (like Java) uses Unicode to encode characters.
Unicode comes in many flavors. The most common one
used in the West is UTF-8.
UTF-8 is a variable length code. Characters are
encoded in 1 byte, 2 bytes, or 4 bytes.
The first 128 characters in Unicode are ASCII.
In UTF-8, the numbers between 128 and 255 code for
some of the more common characters used in western
Europe, such as , , , or .
Two byte codes are used for some characters not listed
in the first 256 and some Asian ideographs.
Four byte codes can handle any ideographs that are left.
Those using non-western languages should investigate
other versions of Unicode.
Well-Formed Documents
An XML document is said to be well-formed if it

follows all the rules.
An XML parser is used to check that all the rules
have been obeyed.
Recent browsers such as Internet Explorer 5
and Netscape 7 come with XML parsers.
Parsers are also available for free download
over the Internet. One is Xerces, from the
Apache open-source project.
Java 1.4 also supports an open-source parser.
XML Example Revisited
<?xml version=1.0/>
<address>
<name>Alice Lee</name>
<phone>212-346-1234</phone>
<birthday>1985-03-22</birthday>
</address>
Markup for the data aids understanding of its purpose.
A flat text file is not nearly so clear.
Alice Lee
alee@aol.com
212-346-1234
1985-03-22
The last line looks like a date, but what is it for?
Expanded Example
<?xml version = 1.0 ?/>
<address>
<name>
<first>Alice</first>
<last>Lee</last>
</name>
<phone>123-45-6789</phone>
<birthday>
<year>1983</year>
<month>07</month>
<day>15</day>
</birthday>
</address>
XML Files are Trees
address
name email phone birthday
first last year month day

XML Trees
An XML document has a single root node.

The tree is a general ordered tree.
A parent node may have any number of
children.
Child nodes are ordered, and may have
siblings.
Preorder traversals are usually used for
getting information out of the tree.
Validity
A well-formed document has a tree structure and

obeys all the XML rules.
A particular application may add more rules in
either a DTD (document type definition) or in a
schema.
Many specialized DTDs and schemas have
been created to describe particular areas.
These range from disseminating news bulletins
(RSS) to chemical formulas.
DTDs were developed first, so they are not as
comprehensive as schema.
Document Type Definitions
A DTD describes the tree structure of a

document and something about its data.
There are two data types, PCDATA and
CDATA.
PCDATA is parsed character data.
CDATA is character data, not usually parsed.
A DTD determines how many times a
node may appear, and how child nodes
are ordered.
DTD for address Example
<!ELEMENT address (name, email, phone, birthday)>

<!ELEMENT name (first, last)>
<!ELEMENT first (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT last (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT email (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT phone (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT birthday (year, month, day)>
<!ELEMENT year (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT month (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT day (#PCDATA)>
Schemas
Schemas are themselves XML documents.

They were standardized after DTDs and provide
more information about the document.
They have a number of data types including
string, decimal, integer, boolean, date, and time.
They divide elements into simple and complex
types.
They also determine the tree structure and how
many children a node may have.
Schema for First address Example
<?xml version="1.0 />
<xs:schema>
<xs:element name="address">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="email" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="phone" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="birthday" type="xs:date"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
XSLT
Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations
XSLT is used to transform one xml document

into another, often an html document.
A program is used that takes as input one xml
document and produces as output another.
If the resulting document is in html, it can be
viewed by a web browser.
This is a good way to display xml data.
A Style Sheet to Transform address.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>

<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
<xsl:template match="address">
<html><head><title>Address Book</title></head>
<body>
<xsl:value-of select="name"/>
<br/><xsl:value-of select="email"/>
<br/><xsl:value-of select="phone"/>
<br/><xsl:value-of select="birthday"/>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
The Result of the Transformation
Alice Lee
alee@aol.com
123-45-6789
1983-7-15
Parsers
There are two principal models for

parsers.
SAX Simple API for XML
Uses a call-back method
Similar to javax listeners
DOM Document Object Model
Creates a parse tree
Requires a tree traversal

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Introduction to XML

Extensible Markup Language

XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language.

XML is text (Unicode) based.

HTML tags have a fixed meaning and

Tags are enclosed in angle brackets.

Tags are case sensitive.

An XML document is said to be well-formed if it

name email phone birthday

first last year month day

An XML document has a single root node.

A well-formed document has a tree structure and

A DTD describes the tree structure of a

<!ELEMENT address (name, email, phone, birthday)>

Schemas are themselves XML documents.

XSLT is used to transform one xml document

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>

There are two principal models for

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