Gluco Neo Genesis
Gluco Neo Genesis
Gluco Neo Genesis
H 4 3 OH H 4 3 OH
Pi H2O
OH H OH H
fructose-6-phosphate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Fructose-1,6-biosphosphatase
biotin NH
carboxybiotin NH
red. phosphoenolpyruvate
CO2 + GDP
PEP Carboxykinase
Glycolysis enzyme GTP
names in blue. oxaloacetate
Pi + ADP
Pyruvate Carboxylase
HCO3 + ATP
pyruvate Gluconeogenesis
glucose Gluconeogenesis
Pi
Glucose-6-phosphatase
H2O
glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucose Isomerase
fructose-6-phosphate
Pi
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
H2O
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
Triosephosphate
Isomerase
(continued)
Glycolysis & Gluconeogenesis are both spontaneous.
If both pathways were simultaneously active in a cell, it
would constitute a "futile cycle" that would waste energy.
Glycolysis:
glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi
2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2
ATP
Gluconeogenesis:
2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP + 2 GTP
glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 2 GDP +
6 Pi
Questions:
1. Glycolysis yields how many ~P ?
2
2. Gluconeogenesis expends how many ~P ?
3. A futile cycle of both pathways would waste6 how
many
~P per cycle ?4
Phosphofructokinase
6 CH OPO 2 1CH2OH 6 CH OPO 2 1CH2OPO32
2 3 2 3
O ATP ADP O
5 H HO 2 5 H HO 2
H 4 3 OH H 4 3 OH
Pi H2O
OH H OH H
fructose-6-phosphate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Fructose-1,6-biosphosphatase
To prevent the waste of a futile cycle, Glycolysis
& Gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated.
Local Control includes reciprocal allosteric
regulation by adenine nucleotides.
Phosphofructokinase (Glycolysis) is inhibited
by ATP and stimulated by AMP.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
(Gluconeogenesis) is inhibited by AMP.
The opposite effects of adenine nucleotides
on
Phosphofructokinase (Glycolysis)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Gluconeogenesis)
60
50 low [ATP]
40
PFK Activity
Sigmoidal
dependence of 30
reaction rate on high [ATP]
20
[fructose-6-
phosphate] is 10
observed at high
[ATP]. 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
[Fructose-6-phosphate] mM
60
PFK Activity
allosteric regulator 30
fructose-2,6- high [ATP]
20
bisphosphate is
similar to that at low 10
ATP.
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
[Fructose-6-phosphate] mM
Phosphofructokinase-2
(PFK2) domain catalyzes:
Fructose-6-phosphate + PFK2/FBPase2 homodimer PDB
2BIF
ATP fructose-2,6-
bisphosphate + ADP
PFK-2
Fructose-Biophosphatase- domain
2 (FBPase2) domain
catalyzes:
Fructose-2,6-
bisphosphate + H2O
fructose-6-phosphate + Pi
Bifunctional
FBPase-2
PFK2/FBPase2 assembles domain
into a homodimer. with bound
fructose-6-P
in active site
PFK2/FBPase2 homodimer PDB
2BIF
PFK-2
domain
FBPase-2
domain
with bound
fructose-6-P
in active site
Adjacent to the PFK-2 domain in each copy of the liver
enzyme is a regulatory domain subject to
phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase.
Which catalytic domains of the enzyme are active
depends on whether the regulatory domains are
phosphorylated.
(active as Phosphofructokinase-2)
Enz-OH
ATP ADP
fructose-6-P fructose-2,6-bisP
Pi View an
Enz-O-PO32 animation.
(active as Fructose-Bisphosphatase-2)
Pi
Enz-O-PO32
(active as Fructose-Bisphosphatase-2)
X Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Pathway
Glucose Glucose
2 NAD+ 2 NAD+
2 NADH 2 NADH
6 ~P 2 ~P
2 Pyruvate 2 Pyruvate
2 NADH 2 NADH
2 NAD+ 2 NAD+
2 Lactate 2 Lactate
Glucose Glucose
2 NAD+ 2 NAD+
2 NADH 2 NADH
6 ~P 2 ~P
2 Pyruvate 2 Pyruvate
2 NADH 2 NADH
2 NAD+ 2 NAD+
2 Lactate 2 Lactate
Glucose Glucose
2 NAD+ 2 NAD+
2 NADH 2 NADH
6 ~P 2 ~P
2 Pyruvate 2 Pyruvate
2 NADH 2 NADH
2 NAD+ 2 NAD+
2 Lactate 2 Lactate
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