Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

PowerPoint Slides
to accompany

Electric Machinery
Sixth Edition

A.E. Fitzgerald
Charles Kingsley, Jr.
Stephen D. Umans

Chapter 4
Introduction to Rotating
Machines

4-1
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4.1 ELEMENTARY CONCEPT

Electromechanical energy conversion occurs when changes
in the flux linkages resulting from mechanical motion.
d
e(t )
dt

Magnetic
Field Producing voltage in the
Horizontal
coil
axis Rotating the winding in
magnetic field
Rotating magnetic field
through the winding

e(t)
Stationary winding and time
changing magnetic field
(Transformer action)

4-2
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Armature winding: AC current carrying winding

Synchronous machine Armature winding is
Induction machine stator winding
(stationary)

DC machine Armature winding is on

the rotor
Field winding: DC current carrying winding
DC machine Field winding is on the stator
Synchronous machine Field winding is on the rotor

Note: Permanent magnets produce DC magnetic flux and

are used in the place of field windings in some machines.

VRM (Variable Reluctance Machines) No windings

on the rotor
Stepper Motors (non-uniform air-
gaps)

4-3
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4.2 INTRODUCTION TO AC AND DC MACHINES

AC Machines: Synchronous Machines and Induction
Machines
Synchronous Machines:
Two-pole, single phase machine
Rotor rotates with a constant
speed
Constraction is made such that
air-gap flux density is sinusoidal
Sinusoidal flux distribution
results with sinusoidal induced
voltage

(a) Space distribution of flux density and

(b) corresponding waveform of the generated voltage for
the single-phase generator.
4-4
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Four-pole, single phase

machine
a1,-a1 and a2,-a2 windings
connected in series
The generator voltage goes
through two complete cycles per
revolution of the rotor. The
frequency in hertz will be twice
the speed in revolutions per
second.

p p n n: rpm
ae a fe
2 2 60 fe: Hz
4-5
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hydroelectric power plant (D. Yldrm, T Lecture Notes)

4-6
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hydroelectric power plant

genera
tor

turbine

giant shaft
4-7generator hydropower-plant-generator.s wf
connecting
sets
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

715 MW generator

Diameter of
rotor:
16 meters

Rotating mass:
4-8 2650 ton
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Field winding is a two-pole

distributed winding
Winding distributed in
multiple slots and arranged
to produce sinusoidal
distributed air-gap flux.

Why some synchronous

generators have salient-
pole rotor while others
have cylindirical rotors?
Answer: In salient-pole
machines the number of
poles can be large
therefore they will be able
to operate in slow speed to
produce 50 Hz voltage.

Elementary two-pole
cylindrical-rotor field
winding.
4-9
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Schematic views of three-phase generators: (a)

two-pole, (b) four-pole, and (c) Y connection of
the windings.
Figure 4.12

4-10
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Induction Machines:

The stator winding

excited by ac current.
The current produces a
rotating magnetic field
which in turn produces
currents in rotor
conductors due to
induction.
These machines mostly
used as motors.
Rotor windings are
short circuited
(electrically) and
frequently have no
external connections. Typical induction-motor speed-
torque characteristic.
Stator and rotor fluxes
rotate in synchronism Figure 4.15
with each other and that
torque is related to the
relative displacement
between them.
Rotor does not rotate
4-11 synchronously
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Typical Induction Motor

4-12
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Windings placed in stator slots

4-13
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Inside View of An Induction Motor

4-14
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

DC Machines:
Armature winding on the
rotor with current
conducted from it by
means of carbon brushes

Elementary dc
machine with
commutator.

4-15 Figure 4.17

 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4.3 MMF OF DISTRIBUTED WINDINGS

(a) Schematic view of flux

produced by a
concentrated,
full-pitch winding in a
machine with a uniform
air gap. (b) The air-gap
mmf produced
by current in
this winding.
Figure 4.19
Fourier Analysis

4 Ni
Fag1 cos a
2

4 Ni
( Fag1 ) peak
2

4-16
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

AC Machines:
The mmf of one phase of a distributed
two-pole,
three-phase winding with full-pitch coils.
Figure 4.20

4 k N ph ia p
Fag1 cos a
p 2
k Winding factor (usually
between 0.85 and 0.95)

N ph Series turns per phase

4-17
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Example 4.1: The phase-a two-pole armature winding of figure below

can be considered to consists of 8 Nc-turn full-pitch coils
connected in series, with each slot contaning two coils. There are
a total of 24 armature slots, and thus each slot is separated by
3600 /24=150. Assume angle a is measures from the magnetic
axis of phase a such that the four slots containing the coil sides
labeled a are at 67.50, 82.50, 97.50, and 112.50. The opposite sides
of each coil are thus found in the slots found at -112.50, -97.50,
-82.50, and 67.50, respectively. Assume this winding to be
carrying current ia.
a) Write an expression for the space-fundamental mmf produced by
the two coils whose sides are in the slots at a=112.50 and -67.50.
b) Write an expression for the space-fundamental mmf produced by
the two coils whose sides are in the slots at a=67.50 and -112.50.
c) Write an expression for the space-fundamental mmf of the
complete armature winding.
d) Determine the winding factor kw for this distributed winding.

4-18
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The air-gap mmf of a distributed winding on the rotor

of a round-rotor generator.
4 kr N r I r p
Fag1 cos r
p 2

4-19
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

DC Machines:

Cross section of a two-pole

dc machine.

4-20
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Developed
sketch of the dc
machine
(b) mmf wave;
(c) equivalent
sawtooth mmf wave,
its fundamental
component,
and equivalent
rectangular current
sheet.
Sawtooth waveform
because of
restrictions imposed
by the commutator.
Peak value of
fundamental
component
8
0.81
2

4-21
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Cross section of a four-pole dc machine;

(b) development of current sheet and mmf wave.

Na 8 Na
( Fag ) peak ia ( Fag1 ) peak 2 ia
p p
4-22
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Four Pole Stator of a DC Motor:

4-23
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Rotor of a DC Motor:

4-24
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4-25
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Parts of a small DC motor

4-26
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4.4 MAGNETIC FIELDS IN

ROTATING MACHINERY

The air-gap mmf

and radial
component
of Hag for a
concentrated
full-pitch winding.
4 Ni
H ag1 cos a
2g

Distributed
winding:
4 k w N ph ia p
H ag1 cos a
gp 2

4-27
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Example 4.2: A four-pole synchronous ac

generator with a smooth air gap has a
distributed rotor winding with 263 series
turns, a winding factor of 0.935, and an air
gap of length 0.7 mm. Assuming the mmf
drop in the electrical steel to be negligible,
find the rotor-winding current required to
produce a peak, space-fundamental
magnetic flux density of 1.6 T in the
machine air gap.

4-28
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Machines with non-uniform air gaps.

Structure of typical salient-pole machines: (a) dc machine

and (b) salient-pole synchronous machine.

4-29
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Finite-element solution of the magnetic field distribution

in a salient-pole dc generator. Field coils excited; no
current in armature coils. (General Electric Company.)

4-30
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Flux distribution in a 4-pole salient-pole generator

Colors
represent the
strength of B.
Blue to Red :
The flux density
increases

4-31
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4.5 ROTATING MMF WAVES IN AC MACHINES

Single-phase-winding
space-fundamental
air-gap mmf:
(a) mmf distribution of
a single-phase winding
at various times;
(b) total mmf Fag1
decomposed into two
traveling wavesF and
F +; (c) phasor
decomposition
of Fag1.
4 k w N ph ia
cos a
p
Fag1
p 2

ia I a cos et
4-32
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

MMF Wave of a Polyphase Winding

Simplified two-
pole three-
phase stator
winding.

ia I m cos et
ib I m cos(et 1200 )
ic I m cos(et 1200 )

4-33
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Instantaneous phase currents under balanced

three-phase conditions.
Figure 4.30

4-34
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The production of a rotating magnetic field by

means
of three-phase currents.
Figure 4.31

4-35
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cross-
sectional
view of an
elementary
three-phase
ac machine.
Figure 4.32

4-36
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Voltage between the

brushes in the
elementary dc machine
of Fig. 4.17.
Figure 4.33

4-37
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Elementary two-pole machine with smooth air

gap:
(a) winding distribution and (b) schematic
representation.
Figure 4.34

4-38
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Simplified two-pole machine: (a) elementary

model and
(b) vector diagram of mmf waves. Torque is
produced
by the tendency of the rotor and stator magnetic
fields
to align. Note that these figures are drawn with
sr positive, i.e., with the rotor mmf wave Fr
leading that of the stator Fs.
Figure 4.35

4-39
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The mmf and

H field of a
concentrated
full-pitch
linear
winding.
Figure 4.36

4-40
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Typical
open-
circuit
characteris
tic and air-
gap line.
Figure 4.37

4-41
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Finite-
element
solution for
the flux
distribution
around a
salient pole.
(General
Electric
Company.)
Figure 4.38

4-42
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Flux-density
wave
correspondi
ng to Fig.
4.38 with its
fundamenta
l and third-
harmonic
components
.
Figure 4.39

4-43
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Three-coil system showing components of

mutual
and leakage flux produced by current in coil 1.
Figure 4.40

4-44
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Flux
created by
a single coil
side in
a slot.
Figure 4.41

4-45
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Problem 4.8: (a) full-pitch coil and (b) fractional-

pitch coil.
Figure 4.43

4-46
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Elementary
generator for
Problem 4.13.
Figure 4.44

4-47
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Elementary
cylindrical-rotor,
two-phase
synchronous
machine for
Problem 4.22.
Figure 4.45

4-48
 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Schematic two-
phase, salient-
pole
synchronous
machine for
Problem 4.24.
Figure 4.46

4-49