ECG6

ECG Rhythm
Interpretation
Module VI
Advanced 12-Lead
Interpretation
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Course Objectives
To recognize the normal rhythm of
the heart - Normal Sinus Rhythm.
To recognize the 13 most common
heart arrhythmias.
To recognize an acute myocardial
infarction on a 12-lead ECG.

Learning Modules
ECG Basics
How to Analyze a Rhythm
Normal Sinus Rhythm
Heart Arrhythmias
Diagnosing a Myocardial
Infarction
Advanced 12-Lead Interpretation
The 12-Lead ECG
The 12-Lead ECG contains a wealth of

information. In Module V you learned
that ST segment elevation in two leads is
suggestive of an acute myocardial
infarction. In this module we will cover:
ST Elevation and non-ST Elevation
MIs
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Bundle Branch Blocks
ST Elevation and
non-ST Elevation MIs

ST Elevation and non-ST Elevation
MIs
When myocardial blood supply is abruptly
reduced or cut off to a region of the
heart, a sequence of injurious events
occur beginning with ischemia
(inadequate tissue perfusion), followed by
necrosis (infarction), and eventual fibrosis
(scarring) if the blood supply isn't
restored in an appropriate period of time.
The ECG changes over time with each of

these events
ECG Changes
Ways the ECG can change include:
ST elevation &
depression
T-waves
peaked flattened
Appearance inverted
of pathologic
Q-waves
ECG Changes & the Evolving
MI
Non-ST Elevation
There are two
distinct patterns
of ECG change
depending if the
infarction is:
ST Elevation
ST Elevation (Transmural or Q-wave), or

Non-ST Elevation (Subendocardial or non-Q-wave)
ST Elevation Infarction
The ECG changes seen with a ST elevation infarction are:
Before injury Normal ECG
Ischemia ST depression, peaked T-waves,

then T-wave inversion
Infarction ST elevation & appearance of

Q-waves
Fibrosis ST segments and T-waves return to
normal, but Q-waves persist
Heres a diagram depicting an evolving infarction:
A. Normal ECG prior to MI
B. Ischemia from coronary artery occlusion

results in ST depression (not shown) and
peaked T-waves
C. Infarction from ongoing ischemia results

in marked ST elevation
D/E. Ongoing infarction with appearance of

pathologic Q-waves and T-wave
inversion
F. Fibrosis (months later) with persistent Q-

waves, but normal ST segment and T-
waves For more presentations
Heres an ECG of an inferior MI:
Look at the
inferior leads
(II, III, aVF).
Question:
What ECG
changes do
you see?
ST elevation
and Q-waves
Extra credit:
What is the
rhythm? Atrial fibrillation (irregularly irregular with narrow QRS)!
Non-ST Elevation Infarction
Heres an ECG of an inferior MI later in time:
Now what do
you see in the
inferior leads?
ST elevation,
Q-waves and
T-wave
inversion

The ECG changes seen with a non-ST elevation infarction are:
Before injury Normal ECG
Ischemia ST depression & T-wave inversion
Infarction ST depression & T-wave inversion
Fibrosis ST returns to baseline, but T-wave

inversion persists
Heres an ECG of an evolving non-ST elevation MI:
Note the ST
depression
and T-wave
inversion in
leads V2-V6.
Question:
What area of
the heart is
infarcting?
Anterolateral

Left Ventricular
Hypertrophy

Compare these two 12-lead ECGs. What
stands out as different with the second one?
Normal Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Answer: The QRS complexes are very tall

(increased voltage)
Why is left ventricular hypertrophy characterized
by tall QRS complexes?
As the heart muscle wall thickens there is an increase in
electrical forces moving through the myocardium resulting
in increased QRS voltage.
LVH ECHOcardiogram
Increased QRS voltage
Criteria exists to diagnose LVH using a 12-lead ECG.
For example:
The R wave in V5 or V6 plus the S wave in V1 or V2
exceeds 35 mm.
However, for now, all

you need to know is
that the QRS voltage
increases with LVH.


Turning our attention to bundle branch blocks
Remember normal
impulse conduction is
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle Branches
Purkinje fibers
Normal Impulse Conduction
Sinoatrial node
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle Branches
Purkinje fibers
So, depolarization of
the Bundle Branches
and Purkinje fibers
are seen as the QRS
complex on the ECG.
Therefore, a conduction
block of the Bundle
Branches would be Right
reflected as a change in BBB
the QRS complex.
With Bundle Branch Blocks you will see two
changes on the ECG.
1. QRS complex widens (> 0.12 sec).
2. QRS morphology changes (varies depending on ECG
lead, and if it is a right vs. left bundle branch block).

Why does the QRS complex widen?
When the conduction

pathway is blocked it
will take longer for
the electrical signal
to pass throughout
the ventricles.

Right Bundle Branch Blocks
What QRS morphology is characteristic?
For RBBB the wide QRS complex assumes a

unique, virtually diagnostic shape in those
leads overlying the right ventricle (V1 and V2).
V1
Rabbit Ears
Left Bundle Branch Blocks
What QRS morphology is characteristic?
For LBBB the wide QRS complex assumes a

characteristic change in shape in those leads
opposite the left ventricle (right ventricular
leads - V1 and V2).
Broad,
Normal deep S
waves

Summary
This Module introduced you to:
ST Elevation and Non-ST Elevation MIs
Dont worry too much right now about

trying to remember all the details. Youll
focus more on advanced ECG interpretation
in your clinical years!

End of Module VI
Advanced 12-Lead
Interpretation
Proceed to Module VI Practice
Quiz on WebCT


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ECG Rhythm

For more presentations

The 12-Lead ECG contains a wealth of

For more presentations

The ECG changes over time with each of

ST Elevation (Transmural or Q-wave), or

Before injury Normal ECG

Ischemia ST depression, peaked T-waves,

Infarction ST elevation & appearance of

B. Ischemia from coronary artery occlusion

C. Infarction from ongoing ischemia results

D/E. Ongoing infarction with appearance of

F. Fibrosis (months later) with persistent Q-

For more presentations

Before injury Normal ECG

Ischemia ST depression & T-wave inversion

Infarction ST depression & T-wave inversion

Fibrosis ST returns to baseline, but T-wave

For more presentations

For more presentations

Normal Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Answer: The QRS complexes are very tall

However, for now, all

For more presentations

For more presentations

Turning our attention to bundle branch blocks

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When the conduction

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For RBBB the wide QRS complex assumes a

For LBBB the wide QRS complex assumes a

For more presentations

Dont worry too much right now about

For more presentations

For more presentations

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