Transformer

Magnetic circuit analysis

The magnetic circuit consists of a
laminated iron core and a winding.
The AC current in the winding
I
generates an AC magnetic flux in the
core. I

The magnetic field is calculated by

Amperes law: N

F = I N = H Lc
where: F is the magnetomotive force Lc
N is the number of turns
I is the current
H is the magnetic field
Lc is he magnetic path length
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 Transformer
Magnetic circuit analysis
Magnetic flux density (Weber/m2 or Teslas)
B = m H = m I N / Lc
where:
m is the permeability in H/m. m = mo mr
mo = 4 p 10-7 H/m free space permeability (air)
mr relative permeability (air mr =1, and iron mr= 5000-
8000)
The actual value of mr is determined from the B - H
magnetization curve of the magnetic material.

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 Transformer
Magnetic circuit analysis B - H Curves. (B in teslas, H in amp/m)

The magnetic circuits are built 1.5

with laminated core.

The core is made out of silicon
iron sheets.
1.0
B - H curves of three magnetic
materials are shown in the
figure.
The permeability of the core is
0.5
the slope of the B - H curve.
The operating range is below
the saturation (knee) of the
curve. This region is more or
less linear.

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 Transformer
Magnetic circuit analysis
The next step of the analysis is the calculation of the
magnetic flux.
The flux is measured by Weber
The majority of the flux is in the iron core. Small leakage
flux may appears in the air, which is neglected here.
The flux is:
f m = B A = m H A = I m NA / Lc

Where: B is the flux density in Tesla

A is the cross section of the iron core

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 Transformer
Magnetic circuit analysis
The sinusoidal AC flux induces voltage in the coil (Faradays Law)
This voltage is equal to the supply voltage if the ohmic voltage
drop is neglected.
df d
The induced voltage is: e( t ) N
dt dt
The equation for the sinusoidal flux is: f(t) = fm sin(w t)
Therefore, the expression for the induced voltage becomes:
df
e(t ) N N fm w cos (w t )
dt
The rms value of the induced voltage is:
N fm w
V 4.44 N f fm
2
where: V is in volts, f = 60 Hz, and f m in Weber

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 Transformer
Magnetic circuit analysis

The substitution of the f = m I (N A / Lc) in the induced voltage

equation yields:
df m A di di N2 A
eN N2 L where L m
dt L c dt dt Lc
is the inductance
The energy in the magnetic field is integral of the incoming electric
power:
I
di 1

W i e dt i L dt L i di L I 2
dt 0
2
The voltage induced in a second coil placed on the core is:
df m A di di N1 N 2
e2 N2 N 2 N1 L1,2 L1, 2 m 0 A
dt Lc dt dt Lc

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 Test 1

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 Lecture 9

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 Transformer
Magnetic Circuit Analyses
c
The arrangement of an c
b
inductor with air gap is a
a
shown on the Figure
A coil is placed on the iron- h
g
core.
The magnetic flux density in b
the air gap is Bgap. when the
current is Im.
w

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 Transformer
Calculate
1) Magnetic flux and the flux density in the different
section of the iron core
2) Determine the magnetic field intensity (H) in the different
section of the core
3) Calculate the number of turns needed to maintain the
flux if the current is Im
4) Calculate the inductance when the iron-core is neglected
or considered.
5) Calculate the induced voltage in a coil, with 150 turns, if
it is placed on the iron-core Assume that the frequency is
60 Hz
6). Determine the required supply voltage if the resistance
is neglected

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 Transformer
Ideal Transformer
Primary Secondary
The transformer has winding winding
laminated iron-core and a
primary and secondary
winding I1m
The windings resistance and
leakage flux are zero. N1 N2
V1
The primary winding is
supplied by a sinusoidal
voltage V1.
The V1 voltage drives a
magnetizing current through
the winding. I1m Laminated iron core

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 Transformer
Ideal Transformer

Magnetizing current I1m

Flux generation
generates a magnetization flux f m
in the iron core. I1m

The flux changes more or less in

sinusoidal form. V1 N1 N2

The relation between the flux

and voltage is :

df fm
V1 N1 m 4.44 f N1 fmax
dt

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 Transformer
Ideal Transformer
The ac flux links to the Voltage generation
secondary winding.
The flux change (dfm /dt)
induces a sinusoidal voltage
I1m
V2 in the secondary winding.
The induced voltage is : V1 N1 N2 V2
df
V2 N 2 m 4.44 f N 2 fmax
dt
The ratio of the primary and
secondary voltages is called
the turn ratio:
fm
a = V1/V2 = N1/N2

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 Transformer
Ideal Transformer
Transformer loaded
A load impedance Z2 is
connected to the secondary.
I1m I2
The secondary voltage V2
drives a load current through V1 N1 N2 V2 Z2
Z2 The current is :

I2 = V2 / Z2 Load
f2
The load current generates a fm
flux f2 that opposes the
magnetization flux fm.

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 Transformer
Ideal Transformer
Transformer loaded
The load flux f2 induces a
voltage in the primary winding
that opposes the supply voltage. I1m+ I1 I2
The supply voltage is constant.
Therefore the reduction of the V1 N1 N2 V2
induced voltage increases the
primary current. (I1m+ I1). Load
f2
The I1 current generates a flux f1
that balances and equalizes the f m+f1
flux f2 generated by the
secondary current I2.

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 Transformer
Ideal Transformer
The flux equalization produces the
following effects: Transformer loaded
The core flux fm remains
constant and independent from I + I I2
1m 1
the load.
The primary magneto-motive V1 N1 N2 V2
force F1 is equal to the
secondary magnetomotive force Load
F2. Therefore:
I1 N1 = I2 N2 f m + f1- f 2
This equation assumes that the
magnetizing current Im is
negligible small

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 Transformer
Ideal Transformer
The losses are zero in an Equivalent Circuit
ideal transformer. Therefore
the input power (VA) is equal
to the output power (VA). I1 I2 = aI1
I1 V1 = I2 V2
The voltage and current
relations are: V1 = E1 E2 = V2
a = V1 / V2 = I2 / I1 or
V2 =V1/ a and I2 = I1 a E2 =E 1 / a
If a transformer increases the
voltage, the current
decreases and viceversa.

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 Lecture 10

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 Transformer
Actual Transformer

The actual transformer windings

have resistances R1 and R2 , which
are removed from the windings and
placed in series with them.
R1 I1 I2 R2
Part of the primary current
generated flux will not link
f 22
the secondary winding. This V1 V2
flux is the primary leakage f 11
flux f 11.
Part of the secondary current
generated flux will not link the N1 fm N2
primary winding. This flux is the
secondary leakage flux f 22.

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 Transformer
Actual Transformer
IL
The flux linking the primary winding is: f f f f 1 1
1 m 11 m N1
I L
The flux linking the secondary winding is: f f f f 2 2
2 m 22 m N1

11 and 22 can be replaced by equivalent inductance L1 and L2

respectively

L1 R1 I1 R2 L2

V1 E1 E2 I2 V2

N1 N2
fm
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 Transformer
Actual Transformer
In a real transformer the iron core permeability is not infinite and the
magnetizing current is not negligible. The iron core is represented by a
magnetizing reactance Xm

Hysteresis and eddy currents cause iron losses. These losses are
represented by a resistance Rc which is connected in parallel with Xm

X1 R1 I1 R2 X2

I1 Ic Im
V1 E1 I2 V2
E2
Rc Xm

N1 N2
m

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 Transformer
Actual Transformer. Equivalent circuit

jX1 R1 I1 jX2 R2

I1 E2 I2
V1 E1 V2
Ic Im

Rc jXm
Ideal Transformer

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 Transformer
Simplification of equivalent circuit

The equations for an ideal transformer

E1 = a E2 I1 = I2 /a

The division of the two equation result in

E1 E
a2 2 Z1 a 2 Z2
I1 I2
An impedance can be transferred from one side to the other by
multiplying by the square of the turns ratio.

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 Transformer
Simplification of equivalent circuit
The transfer of the impedances from the secondary to the primary results
in :
jX R ja2 X a2 R I2
1 1 2 2

I1 I2= I2 /a
V1 E2 V2
Ic Im E1 = a V2

Rc jXm

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 Transformer
Equivalent circuit parameters
The series impedance of a
transformer is calculated Short- circuit test
from a short circuit test.
Isc Psc
The low voltage side (LV) is
A
short-circuited and the high short
voltage (HV) is supplied by a Reduced W circuit
reduced voltage which drives voltage V Vsc A
rated current through the
transformer.
HV LV
The voltage, current, and
input power are measured.

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 Transformer
Equivalent circuit parameters
The short circuit test gives the The series impedance calculation is:
current Isc, the supply voltage
Vsc and the power loss Psc. Ze = Vsc / Isc and Re = Psc / Isc2

The equivalent circuit shows Therefore, the equivalent reactance is:

that the series impedance can
be calculated from this data. X e Ze2 R e2
Isc Re jXe Isc sec

Vsc

HV LV
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 Transformer
Equivalent circuit parameters
The magnetizing impedance Open - circuit test
of a transformer is calculated
from the open-circuit test.
Io Po
The high voltage side (HV) is A
open and the low voltage side W
open V Rated
(LV) is supplied by the rated circuit
V Vo voltage
voltage, which drives
magnetizing current through
the transformer. HV LV

The voltages, current and

impute power are measured.

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 Transformer
Equivalent circuit parameters
If the series impedance is
The open-circuit test gives negligible, the magnetizing
the magnetizing branch impedance is:
current Io, the supply voltage
V0 and the iron loss Pc. R c = V 0 2 / P0
The equivalent circuit shows as So = V0 I0 and
that the magnetizing
impedance can be calculated
Q m S0 P0
2 2
then
from this data.
Io
V0 2
Re jXe
Xm
Q0
jXm Vo
Rc

HV LV

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 Transformer
Questions to ponder.

Why the discovery of the transformer accelerated the

development of the use of electricity ?

Why the iron or magnetization losses are more important than the
losses caused by the winding resistance ?

Why the transformer has to be cooled ? How it is done ?

What is the connection of the transformer that supplies your

house and where is it ?

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 Transformer
A 25 kVA, 2400 V / 240 V single phase transformer was tested.
In the short-circuit tests, the HV side was shorted and the
parameters were measured at the LV side.
In the open-circuit test, the LV side was opened and the
parameters were measured at the HV side.
The results of the tests are :

Short-circuit test (HV shorted) Vs = 80 volt, Is = 400 amp,

PS = 800 watt
Open-circuit test (LV open) Vo = 2400 volt, Io = 2 amp, Po
= 300 watt

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 Transformer
a) Calculate the transformer parameters.
b) Draw the simplified equivalent circuit
c) Calculate and plot the transformer voltage regulation vs. load
and determine the load when the regulation is 5%
d) Calculate and plot the efficiency vs. load. Determine the load
when the efficiency is maximum and the maximum efficiency

Assume: power factor 0.8 lagging and load voltage = rated

voltage

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