04 - Geoteknik Tambang - Supandi - Penyelidikan Lapangan

SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL (STTNAS) YOGYAKARTA.
GEOTEKNIK TAMBANG
PENYELIDIKAN GEOTEKNIK
September 2013
SUPANDI, ST, MT
supandisttnas@gmail.com
GEOTEKNIK TAMBANG
Jurusan : Teknik Pertambangan
Kode : AS7446P
Mata Kuliah : Geoteknik Tambang
SKS : 2 SKS
Semester : VII
Waktu Perkuliahan : 2 x 50 menit
Dosen Pengampu : Supandi ST. MT
Sistem Perkuliahan :
Penilaian : a. Tugas, presentasi dan Diskusi, Quiz,
20%
b. Ujian Tengah Semester (UTS) 30%
c. Ujian akhir semester (UAS) 50%
Range Nilai : 0-20,9 = E ; 21-44 = D ; 45-60.9 = C ;
61 80 = B ; 81 100 = A
Contact Person : supandisttnas@gmail.com
Slide 2
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA Agt-17
Textbook
1. John Read and Peter Stacey, 2009, Guidelines fr Open
Pit Slope Design, CRC Press.
2. William A Hustrulid, Michael K.McCarter and Dirk J.A Van
Zyl, 2000, Slope Stability in Surface Mining, Society for
Mining Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
3. Ducan C Wyllie & Christopher W Mah, 2007-4th Edition,
Rock Slope Engineering, Spon Press.
4. Charles A Kliche, 1999, Rock Slope Stability, Society for
Mining Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
5. E. Hoek & J.W Bray, 1994, Rock Slope Engineering,
Institute of Mining and Metalurgy.
6. Roy E. Hunt, 2007, Geotechnical Investigation
Methods, CRC Press.
7. Roy E Hunt, 2007, Geologic Hazards, CRC Press.
Slide 3
SITE INVESTIGATION
- philosophy
after each stage of site investigation it

should be possible to assess the degree
of uncertainty that remains
Weltman and Head (1983) - CIRIA
Slide 4
The general objective of an exploration program is to identify all of
the significant features of the geologic environment that may impact
on the proposed construction. Specific objectives are to:
1. Define the lateral distribution and thickness of soil and rock strata within
the zone of influence of the proposed construction.
2. Define groundwater conditions considering seasonal changes and the
effects of construction or development extraction.
3. Identify geologic hazards, such as unstable slopes, faults, ground
subsidence and collapse, floodplains, regional seismicity, and lahars.
4. Procure samples of geologic materials for the identification, classification,
and measurement of engineering properties.
5. Perform in situ testing to measure the engineering properties of the
geologic Materials.
Slide 5
Methodology
Three general categories subdivide exploration methodology:
1. Surface mapping of geologic conditions, which requires review of
reports and publications, interpretation of topographic and
geographic maps, remote-sensing imagery, and site reconnaissance.
2. Subsurface sectioning (Section 1.3), for which data are obtained by
geophysical prospecting, test and core borings, and excavations and
soundings
3. Sampling the geologic materials, utilizing test and core borings and
excavations
Slide 6
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Surface Mapping
General - Objectives
Data Base
For all sites it is important to determine the general geologic conditions and
identify significant development and construction constraints. For large study
areas it is useful to prepare a map illustrating the surficial and shallow
geologic conditions.
Preliminary Site Evaluations

An overview of geologic conditions permits preliminary evaluations regarding
the suitability of the site for development. The first step is the identification of
major geologic hazards and constraints in the study area. Depending upon
the construction or development proposed, constraints could include shallow
rock or water, or thick deposits of weak soils.
Taking into account the hazards and constraints, the optimum location for the
proposed construction is selected, and the planning of the site investigation
then begins.
Slide 8
Methodology
A geologic reconnaissance study may advance through a number of steps
as described briefly in Figure 1.1, including:
1. Research of reference materials and collection of available data.
2. Terrain analysis based on topographic maps and the interpretation of
remotely sensed imagery.
3. Preparation of a preliminary engineering geology map (large land areas).
4. Site reconnaissance to confirm initial data, and, for large areas,
amplification of the engineering geology map, after which it is prepared in
final form.
5. Preparation of a subsurface exploration program based on the
anticipated conditions.
Slide 9
Research Data
Basic Objectives
A large amount of information is often available in the literature for a
given location. A search should be made to gather as much data as
possible before initiating any exploration work, particularly when large
sites are to be studied, or when the site is located in a region not familiar
to the design team. Information should be obtained on:
1. Bedrock geology, including major structural features such as faults.
2. Surficial geology in terms of soil types on a regional or, if possible,
local basis.
3. Climatic conditions, which influence soil development, groundwater
occurrence and fluctuations, erosion, flooding, slope failures, etc.
4. Regional seismicity and earthquake history.
5. Geologic hazards, both regional and local, such as ground
subsidence and collapse, slope failures, floods, and lahars.
6. Geologic constraints, both regional and local, such as expansive
soils, weak soils, shallow rock, groundwater, etc.
Slide 10
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Subsurface Exploration
Objectives
1. To confirm or supplement the engineering geology map showing
shallow and surficial distributions of the various formations.
2. To determine the subsurface distribution of the geologic materials
and groundwater conditions.
3. To obtain samples of the geologic materials for identification and
laboratory testing.
4. To obtain in situ measurements of engineering properties
Preparation of Subsurface Exploration Program

Prepare the subsurface exploration program, considering the necessity
of:
1. Confirming the boundaries of the various geologic formations as
mapped.
2. Obtaining data for the preparation of geologic sections.
3. Obtaining samples for identification, classification, and laboratory
testing.
4. Obtaining in situ measurements of the engineering properties of the
materials.
Slide 12
Exploration Method Categories
General Categories
1. Direct methods allow the examination of materials, usually with
the recovery of samples; examples are excavations and test
borings.
2. Indirect methods provide a measure of material properties;
examples are geophysicalmethods and the use of the cone
penetrometer, which through correlations allow an estimation of
material type.
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Recovery of Samples and Cores
Objectives
Samples of geologic materials are recovered to allow detailed examination for
identification and classification, and to provide specimens for laboratory
testing to obtain data on their physical and engineering properties.
Sample Classes Based on Quality

Totally disturbed samples are characterized by the complete destruction of
fabric and structure and the mixing of materials such as that occurring in
wash and auger samples.
Representative samples are partially deformed. The engineering properties

(strength, compressibility, and permeability) are changed, but the original
fabric and structure vary from unchanged to distorted, and are still apparent.
Such distortion occurs with split-barrel samples.
Undisturbed samples may display slight deformations around their

perimeter, but for the most part, the engineering properties are unchanged.
Such results are obtained with tube or block samples.
Slide 16
Sampler Selection
A number of factors are considered in the selection of samplers,
including:
1. Sample use, which varies from general determination of material (wash
sampler), to examination of material and fabric and in situ testing
(split-barrel sampler), to performing laboratory index tests (split-barrel
sampler), and to carrying out laboratory engineering-properties tests
(UD).
2. Soil type, since some samplers are suited only for particular
conditions, such as soft to firm soils vs. hard soils.
3. Rock conditions, since various combinations of rock bits and core
barrels are used, depending on rock type and quality and the amount
of recovery required.
4. Surface conditions, which vary from land or quiet water to shallow or
deep water with moderate to heavy swells.
Slide 17
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Measurement of Properties
Objectives
The properties of geologic materials are measured to provide the basis for:
1. Identification and classification.
2. Correlations between properties including measurements made during
other investigations in similar materials.
3. Engineering analysis and evaluations.
2.1.2 Geotechnical Properties

Basic Properties
Basic properties include the fundamental characteristics of the materials
and provide a basis for identification and correlations. Some are used in
engineering calculations.
Index Properties
Index properties define certain physical characteristics used basically for
classifications, and also for correlations with engineering properties.
Slide 23
Hydraulic Properties
Hydraulic properties, expressed in terms of permeability, are engineering
properties. They concern the flow of fluids through geologic media.
Mechanical Properties
Rupture strength and deformation characteristics are mechanical
properties. They are also engineering properties, and are grouped as static
or dynamic.
Correlations
Measurements of hydraulic and mechanical properties, which provide the
basis for all engineering analyses, are often costly or difficult to obtain with
reliable accuracy. Correlations based on basic or index properties, with
data obtained from other investigations in which extensive testing was
employed or engineering properties were evaluated by back-analysis of
failures, provide data for preliminary engineering studies as well as a check
on the reasonableness of data obtained during investigation
Slide 24
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Rock masses are usually tested in situ to measure their engineering
properties, as well as their basic properties. In situ tests in rock masses,
their applications, and their limitations are summarized in Table 2.4.
Soils are tested in situ to obtain measures of engineering properties to

supplement laboratory data, and in conditions where undisturbed
sampling is difficult or not practical such as with highly organic
materials, cohesionless granular soils, fissured clays, and cohesive
soils with large granular particles (such as glacial till and residual soils).
In situ soil tests, properties measured, applications, and limitations are

summarized in Table 2.5.
Slide 29
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Drilling and trial pitting are normally carried out for a number of reasons,
such as:
1. to establish the general nature of the strata below a site;
2. to establish the vertical or lateral variability of soil conditions;
3. to verify the interpretation of geophysical surveys;
4. to obtain samples for laboratory testing;
5. to allow in situ tests to be carried out; and
6. to install instruments such as piezometers, or extensometers
Geophysical methods (Chapter 4) may be used for:

1. Geological investigation, for example in determining the thickness of
soft, superficial deposits, and the depth to rock, and in establishing
weathering profiles, usually to provide cross sections;
2. Resource assessment, for example the location of aquifers, the
delineation of saline intrusion,the exploration of the extent of sand and
gravel deposits, and rock for aggregate;
3. Detecting critical buried features, such as voids (mineshafts, natural
cavities, adits, pipelines)and buried artefacts (old foundations, wrecks
at sea, etc.); and
4. Determining engineering parameters, such as dynamic elastic module,
and soil corrosivity.
Slide 34
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Information may be obtained in situ in at least three ways:
1. By using geophysical techniques; in particular, Chapter 4 showed
how seismic techniques may be used to obtain valuable estimates of
the stiffness of the ground;
2. By using in situ soil testing techniques, such as those described in
this chapter; and
3. By making measurements using field instrumentation, such as is
described in Chapter 10.
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Slide 59
OPERASI
MENILAI BAGAIMANA KONDISI GEOTEKNIK
SELAMA PENYELIDIKAN AWAL APAKAH SESUAI
PERANCANGAN PARAMETER KELAYAKAN.
MENYUSUN DAN MELAKSANAKAN SECARA TERUS
MENERUS PENGUMPULAN DATA SEBAGAI BAGIAN
DARI GEOLOGI PERTAMBANGAN DAN GEOTEKNIK.
RANCANGAN DAN MELAKSANAKAN RENCANA
PADA STUDI KELAYAKAN SEPERTI :
- PELEDAKAN AKHIR DAN PENGGALIAN
- PENYANGGA LERENG
- MENGUBAH GEOMETRI LERENG
- DEPRESSURISATION LERENG
Slide 60
MELAKSANAKAN PEMANTAUAN LERENG.
RANCANGAN DAN MELAKSANAKAN RENCANA
HIDROGEOLOGI, MEMANTAU DEBIT ALIRAN AIR
ATAU AIR BAWAH TANAH.
TERUS MENERUS MERUBAH PERANCANGAN
LERENG SELAMA UMUR TAMBANG SEPERTI
PERUBAHAN KONDISI GEOTEKNIS ATAU KARENA
ALASAN EKONOMI.
Slide 61
HUB MINE DEVELOPMENT AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
MINE OR PROJECT STATUS
MAIN SOUCRE
OF GEOTCHNICAL
PRELIMINARY PRE-FEASIBILITY FEASIBILITY DESIGN OPERATING
OR GROUNDWATER
KNOWLEDGE
EXPLORATION DATA
GEOTECHNICAL
INVESTIGATION
DRILLING
MAPPING
LABORATORY TESTING
Slide 62
STTNAS
MINE GEOLOGYYOGYAKARTA Agt-17
TUJUAN UTAMA PENYELIDIKAN GEOTEKNIK
PADA TAHAP PRELIMINARY :
MENGELOMPOKKAN UNIT-UNIT GEOLOGI DAN
STRUKTUR UNTUK MODEL GEOTEKNIK AWAL
MENGIDENTIFIKASI FAKTOR-FAKTOR GEOTEKNIK

DAN AIR TANAH YANG DAPAT MEMPENGARUHI
RANCANGAN
MENGIDENTIFIKASI GAP ANTARA MODEL

GEOTEKNIK DAN GEOLOGI
Slide 63
PRE-FEASIBILITY
MENGELOMPOKKAN UNIT-UNIT GEOLOGI DAN
STRUKTUR UNTUK MODEL GEOTEKNIK AWAL
MENGIDENTIFIKASI FAKTOR-FAKTOR GEOTEKNIK

DAN AIR TANAH YANG DAPAT MEMPENGARUHI
RANCANGAN
MENGIDENTIFIKASI GAP ANTARA MODEL

GEOTEKNIK DAN GEOLOGI
MENGKONFIRMASI MODEL GEOTEKNIK AWAL

TERMASUK KUANTIFIKASI DASAR PARAMETER
RANCANGAN
MERENCANAKAN DAN MELAKUKAN PENYELIDIKAN

GEOTEKNIK DAN HIDROGEOLOGI
Slide 64
FEASIBILITY
MERENCANAKAN DAN MELAKUKAN

PENYELIDIKAN GEOTEKNIK DAN AIR TANAH
MELENGKAPI MODEL GEOTEKNIK SAMPAI

PADA LEVEL YANG DIPERLUKAN,
TERMASUK SEMUA PARAMETER KUNCI
RANCANGAN
Slide 65
OPERATING
MENGAWALI PENYELIDIKAN UNTUK
MENGECEK PARAMETER KUNCI YANG
DIGUNAKAN DALAM TAHAP FEASIBILITY
MERENCANAKAN DAN MELAKUKAN

PENYELIDIKAN PARAMETER KUNCI YANG
SEBELUMNYA BELUM DIKUANTIFIKASI
Slide 66
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Slide 68
Open Pit Slope Design - Objectives
The Challenge
Design must ensure that a level of safety is achieved which is
acceptable to the owner and Regulatory bodies.
Design must ensure security of the value embodied in the
orebody.
Design must be economically optimal so that maximum return is
obtained from the investment.
Reduced Waste
$$$$
Orebody
Increased Ore
Extraction $$$$
Slide 69
Slide 70
The Investigation
Slide 71
MEMBERI PERANCANGAN LERENG MENURUT
FALSAFAH YANG DISETUJUI OLEH PERENCANA
TAMBANG DAN PEMILIK PROYEK. SUDUT
PERANCANGAN LERENG TERGANTUNG PADA
PENGEMBANGAN TAMBANG, DENGAN
TOLERANSI SEBAGAI BERIKUT :
OPEN PIT : SUDUT OVERALL + 1O - 3O

STRIP MINE : SUDUT HIGHWALL + 5O
SUDUT SPOIL PILE + 1O - 3O
OPEN PIT (BATUAN KERAS)
Slide 72
72 Commercial in Confidence: Technology and Innovation 19 August 2017
MEMBERI PERANCANGAN LERENG SECARA
DETAIL TERMASUK TINGGI JENJANG, LEBAR
BERM, SUDUT JENJANG, INTERAMP DAN SUDUT
OVERALL PIT SLOPE MAKSIMUM PADA TIAP
BAGIAN PERANCANGAN TAMBANG.
MEMBERI PERANCANGAN DETAIL UNTUK
EXTERNAL WASTE DUMPS.
STRIP MINE (BATUBARA)
MEMBERI PERANCANGAN DETAIL LERENG
TERMASUK: SUDUT HIGHWALL, SUDUT SPOIL
DUMP, PERANCANGAN PIT WASTE DUMP, SUDUT
LOW WALL, PERANCANGAN FOOTWALL, JARAK
DENGAN MESIN.
Slide 73
MEMPERKIRAKAN PENGERINGAN TAMBANG
TERMASUK DESAIN DETAIL, RANCANGAN,
SPESIFIKASI DAN BIAYA.
BERSAMA DENGAN PERENCANA TAMBANG DAN
PARA AHLI GEOTEKNIK MEMASTIKAN
PERANCANGAN AIR BAWAH TANAH SESUAI DAN
TIDAK AKAN MERUGIKAN OPERASI
PENAMBANGAN.
BERSAMA DENGAN PERENCANA TAMBANG
MERANCANG JALAN MASUK ANGKUTAN DAN
RESIKONYA SECARA EKONOMIS.
Slide 74
MEMBERI PETUNJUK PADA TEKNIK PELEDAKAN
AKHIR DAN PERALATAN YANG SESUAI.
MEMILIH STAFF UNTUK MASALAH GEOTEKNIK
ATAU AIR BAWAH TANAH.
RANCANGAN DAN BIAYA PROGRAM PEMANTAUAN
AIR BAWAH TANAH.
LAPORAN YANG JELAS MENGENAI KELAYAKAN
PERTAMBANGAN YANG DIRENCANAKAN.
MERANCANG DAN MEMANTAU PERALATAN YANG
DIGUNAKAN PADA OPERASI.
Slide 75
KELAYAKAN
PENYELIDIKAN GEOTEKNIK DAN HIDROGEOLOGI
DILAKUKAN LEBIH RINCI DAN SPESIFIK YANG
DISESUAIKAN DENGAN ALAT DAN METODA
PERTAMBANGAN.
MEMBERI PENILAIAN STATISTIK PADA SEMUA

PARAMETER TEKNIK PERANCANGAN TERMASUK
RATA-RATA DAN DISTRIBUSI UNTUK SEMUA UNIT
GEOTEKNIK.

MEMASTIKAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR GEOTEKNIK YANG
BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERANCANGAN.
Slide 76
PRA KELAYAKAN
GEOTEKNIK PENDAHULUAN, SAMPLING
HIDROGEOLOGI, DAN UJI.
PENYUSUNAN MODEL DASAR GEOTEKNIK UNTUK

LOKASI TERMASUK PENYELIDIKAN EKSPLORASI
YANG DIDASARKAN PADA DATA GEOTEKNIK DAN
HIDROGEOLOGI UNTUK TIAP MASSA BATUAN DAN
PERKIRAAN AWAL DARI PARAMETER
PERANCANGAN.
MEMPERKIRAKAN PENGARUH AIR BAWAH TANAH

PADA PERANCANGAN LERENG UNTUK PROSES
PENGERINGAN PADA TAMBANG, SKALA
PENGERINGAN YANG POTENSIAL, PELAKSANAAN,
WAKTU DAN BIAYA DALAM BATAS WAKTU YANG
DITENTUKAN.
Slide 77
MEMBERI PERANCANGAN LERENG SECARA
DETAIL :
OPEN PIT : + 5O-10O
STRIP MINE : 10O
BERSAMA-SAMA DENGAN PERENCANAAN
TAMBANG MEMBERI PETUNJUK PEMILIHAN
PERALATAN DAN METODA PERTAMBANGAN.
MENGETAHUI FAKTOR-FAKTOR GEOTEKNIK DAN
HIDROGEOLOGI YANG MEMPENGARUHI
PERANCANGAN TAMBANG DAN YANG BELUM
SESUAI.
RANCANGAN DAN BIAYA DARI AKHIR
PENYELIDIKAN YANG DIPERLUKAN UNTUK
TINGKAT STUDI KELAYAKAN.
Slide 78
GEOTEKNIK TAMBANG
Slide 79
Urutan Penyelidikan
Relevan dengan upaya memenuhi ketersediaan
data atas tuntutan tadi, diperlukan sederetan
kronologi penyelidikan sbb :
RECONNAISSANCE
PRELIMINARY STUDY
FEASIBILITY STUDY
STUDY DURING CONSTRUCTION
STUDY AFTER CONSTRUCTION (MAINTENANCE)
Slide 80
MANFAAT
Memperoleh kesimpulan potensi dan kendala

lahan/material
Aspek batuan, struktur geologi
dan morfologi.
Menunjang kebijakan desain fondasi bangunan

termasuk desain galian atau eskavasi, e.g. terowongan.
Antisipasi bencana geologi dan dampaknya terhadap

infrastruktur.
Slide 81
TAHAP-TAHAP PERTAMBANGAN DAN
SASARAN GEOTEKNIK
TAHAP PENDAHULUAN
GEOLOGI YANG LUAS.
MENGETAHUI GEOTEKNIK DAN AIR BAWAH
TANAH YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERTAMBANGAN.
MENGETAHUI MODEL GEOLOGI.
MEMBERI PETUNJUK PADA PEMAKAIAN SISTEM
PERTAMBANGAN YANG BERBEDA DAN
PERLENGKAPAN PADA SUATU ENDAPAN.
Slide 82
MEMBERI MASUKAN GEOTEKNIK PADA
PROGRAM EKSPLORASI.
MEMBERI PETUNJUK PERANCANGAN LERENG.
MENGETAHUI GEOTEKNIK DAN AIR BAWAH
TANAH YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERTAMBANGAN.
RANCANGAN DAN SUSUNAN SPESIFIK MENGENAI
GEOTEKNIK DAN PROGRAM PENELITIAN AIR
BAWAH TANAH.
Slide 83
OBJECTIVES
Subsurface conditions
Strength of foundation strata
Settlement, deformation
Groundwater level and quality
Slide 84
Site investigation includes -
A walk-over of the site

Desktop study
Sampling (pits or boreholes)
Probing, sounding
Testing
Proof-loading
Slide 85
Planning the investigation
Frequency of boreholes or pits

Depth of exploration
At what depths are samples required?
What types of samples?
Equipment required
Ground water monitoring?
Field testing?
Timing of exploration
Slide 86
Sampling
Samples must represent the soil wrt:

structure or soil fabric
m.c. & density
Samples relatively undisturbed
large diameter samples?
sampling technique has a large influence
Samples
sealed & stored away from the sun
Slide 87
Class of sample
What you can use the sample for

Class depends on the method chosen,the soil & its
condition
Example:
a) sand from an SPT - classification only (4)
b) silt using Shelby tubes - mc & classification (3)
c) firm to stiff OC clay using Shelby tubes
- anything! (1)
Slide 88
Shelby Tubes
Air
release Disturbance zones
B Tension zone
t
Compression
B zone
B
Twist to shear Little strain if ratio B/t is large

base soil
i.e. 40
Slide 89
Recommended dimensions
inside clearance 1% maximum
Dw - B
inside clearance
B
t area ratio 10%
B
net projected area of sampler D 2w De2
area ratio
projected area of sample core De2
Dw
De
Slide 90
A reasonable soil sample but is it
representative?
Slide 91
Sample
liner
Auger
Hollow Flight Augur

Cutter
- better class of sample than Shelby tubes
Sample
Slide 92
Disturbed soil
sampling
esp. using
jackhammer
Slide 93
Soil penetration tests
1. DCP = Dynamic cone penetrometer

falling weight hammer driving a graduated rod
2. SPT = Standard penetration test

falling weight hammer driving a thick-walled,
split sampling tube
3. CPT = quasi-static Cone penetration test

solid instrumented cone, pushed at 2 cm/sec
into the ground
Slide 94
Soil penetration tests
DCP One person operation;

Maxm. depth approx. 1 m
SPT Drilling rig required;
Test within boreholes;
Recovers a sample;
Slow testing over soil profile;
Results are operator & equipment dependent
CPT No borehole;
Sufficient dead weight for penetration? Many
Soundings made in a day;
Continuous recording of data;
Soil type from friction ratio and the tip resistance
Slide 95
Falling weight
Soil penetration
Slide 96
SPT
A thick split spoon sampler with a driving shoe,

OD 50.8 mm & ID 34.9 mm, is driven into the
soil at the bottom of a borehole
Falling mass of 63.5 kg & fall height = 0.76 m
450 mm of penetration, the resistance to
penetration of last 300 mm is recorded as
number of standard blows or SPT count, N
Slide 97
SPT Device
http://www.archway-
engineering.com/products/spt_sampler.html
Automatic trip hammer
soil catchers
Split with sampling tip
Assembled with solid tip
Split spoon sampler
Slide 98
SPT
A number of corrections are applied to the

recorded blowcount for:
1. Efficiency of driving system
2. Length of driving rods
3. Overburden pressure
(dead weight vertical stress)
4. Water table
Slide 99
Cone Penetration Testing (CPT)
Pore water
pressure
sensor
Slide 100
CPT
Slide 101
CPT
Slide 102
CPT, Cone Penetration Test
Less robust than SPT, much faster

No soil sample
Much information
penetration resistance, qc & sleeve friction, fs
FR = fs/qc used to distinguish soil types

Direct application to piling
E = fn (qc)
Slide 103
Typical CPT Output
Cone Resistance, qc Friction Resist, fc Friction Ratio, Fr

(MPa) (kPa) (% )
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 10 20
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2
Depth (m)
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
Slide 104
100
clayey silts,
sandy silts,
silty sands
silty clays
silts
sands
Cone Resistance, qc MPa

10
CPT & soil type

- one example
clays
Robertson & Campanella 1982

0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Slide 105
STTNAS YOGYAKARTA Friction Ratio, Fr % Agt-17
CPT and soil properties
Undrained shear strength

of clays,
qc vo
su = cu usually su
Nk
Nk = 12 to 15
Correlation improved if
OCR taken into account
Direct application to piling

Slide 106
CPT and soil properties
Shear strength of qc

max arctan 0.1 0.38 log

clean sands

vo
= fn (qc/vo)0.5
Kulhawy & Mayne 1990
Slide 107
Other Field Tests
1. Downhole Screw Plate (DHSP)

Helical plate (dia. 150 mm) attached to
rods
Screwed below borehole; pushed to fail

soil
Mini-plate loading test
Soil strength and stiffness

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SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL (STTNAS) YOGYAKARTA.

after each stage of site investigation it

Weltman and Head (1983) - CIRIA

Preliminary Site Evaluations

Preparation of Subsurface Exploration Program

Sample Classes Based on Quality

Representative samples are partially deformed. The engineering properties

Undisturbed samples may display slight deformations around their

2.1.2 Geotechnical Properties

Soils are tested in situ to obtain measures of engineering properties to

In situ soil tests, properties measured, applications, and limitations are

Geophysical methods (Chapter 4) may be used for:

MINE OR PROJECT STATUS

MENGIDENTIFIKASI FAKTOR-FAKTOR GEOTEKNIK

MENGIDENTIFIKASI GAP ANTARA MODEL

MENGIDENTIFIKASI FAKTOR-FAKTOR GEOTEKNIK

MENGIDENTIFIKASI GAP ANTARA MODEL

MENGKONFIRMASI MODEL GEOTEKNIK AWAL

MERENCANAKAN DAN MELAKUKAN PENYELIDIKAN

MERENCANAKAN DAN MELAKUKAN

MELENGKAPI MODEL GEOTEKNIK SAMPAI

MERENCANAKAN DAN MELAKUKAN

OPEN PIT : SUDUT OVERALL + 1O - 3O

OPEN PIT (BATUAN KERAS)

MEMBERI PENILAIAN STATISTIK PADA SEMUA

BERSAMA DENGAN PERENCANA TAMBANG

PENYUSUNAN MODEL DASAR GEOTEKNIK UNTUK

MEMPERKIRAKAN PENGARUH AIR BAWAH TANAH

Memperoleh kesimpulan potensi dan kendala

Menunjang kebijakan desain fondasi bangunan

Antisipasi bencana geologi dan dampaknya terhadap

A walk-over of the site

Frequency of boreholes or pits

Samples must represent the soil wrt:

What you can use the sample for

Twist to shear Little strain if ratio B/t is large

inside clearance 1% maximum

Hollow Flight Augur

1. DCP = Dynamic cone penetrometer

2. SPT = Standard penetration test

3. CPT = quasi-static Cone penetration test

DCP One person operation;

A thick split spoon sampler with a driving shoe,

Split with sampling tip

Assembled with solid tip

Split spoon sampler

A number of corrections are applied to the

Less robust than SPT, much faster

FR = fs/qc used to distinguish soil types

Cone Resistance, qc Friction Resist, fc Friction Ratio, Fr

Cone Resistance, qc MPa

CPT & soil type

Robertson & Campanella 1982

Undrained shear strength

Direct application to piling

Kulhawy & Mayne 1990

1. Downhole Screw Plate (DHSP)

Screwed below borehole; pushed to fail

Mini-plate loading test