Production Estimation

1
Overview

To teach you how to accurately

estimate an equipment oriented mission
by using given estimation production
formulas and procedures.

2
Learning Objectives

Terminal Learning
Objective
Enabling Learning
Objective

3
Method and Media

Lecture, demonstration, and practical

application Methods

Computer Generated Slides

4
Evaluation

Practical
applications using
each Production
Estimation Formula.
Open book exam!

5
Safety/Cease Training

Safety

Cease Training

6
ANY QUESTIONS?

7
 Estimating

The art of determining

the size of the job,
labor, equipment
needed to perform the
job and quantities of
materials.
To do any type of
estimation, you need
to know some basic
formulas. 8
Soil States

Soil is found in three

states.
Sometimes it is
necessary to convert
from one volume to
another.
To do this we use
table #1-1.

9
 Bank State

Any soil that has not

been disturbed from
its natural state for
at least ten years.
This is also known
as Bank Cubic Yards
(BCY).

10
 Loose State

Any soil that has

been disturbed.
Note: Soil is always
in a loose state when
hauled, worked or
stockpiled.
This is also known
as Loose Cubic
Yards (LCY).

11
 Compacted State

Any soil that has

been compacted by
artificial means.
This is also known
as Compacted Cubic
Yards (CCY).

12
 Table #1-1 Soil Conversion Factors

Soil Converted From: Bank Loose Compacted

Sand or Bank * 1.11 .95
Gravel Loose .90 * .86
Compacted 1.05 1.17 *
Loam Bank * 1.25 .90
Loose .80 * .72
Compacted 1.11 1.39 *
Clay Bank * 1.43 .90
Loose .70 * .63
Compacted 1.11 1.59 *
Rock Bank * 1.50 1.30
(Blasted) Loose .67 * .87
Compacted .77 1.15 *
Coral Bank * 1.50 1.30
Comparable Loose .67 * .87
To Limestone Compacted .77 1.15 * 13
 Example
If we needed to make a road that is 1,500 long
with a 3 lift of gravel and 24 wide, it would be
necessary to compute the volume first in
compacted cubic yards and then convert it to a
loose state.
This determines how much material our haul
units would have to move.
This is done by multiplying the volume of the
compacted material by a conversion factor.
14
Solution
3 12 = .25
1500 (L) x .25 (H) x 24 (W) =

9000 27 = 333.33 or 334 CCY

334 CCY
x1.17 Conversion Factor
390.78 or 391 LCY
Note: Round up to the next full
cubic yard.

15
 What Have You Learned?
Problem #1 Solution
Your crew is tasked to
dig a trench which is
300 long, 9 wide,
300 x 9 x 6
and 6 deep.
27 = 600 BCY
Earth loam, dry and
the soil has been
undisturbed for more 600 BCY x 1.25 =750 LCY
than 10 years.
Using a 420 DV
How many loose cubic
yards of soil will you
remove?
16
What Have You Learned?
Problem #2
In the previous Solution
problem you removed
___ LCY of soil.
750 LCY x .72 = 540 CCY
However you
requirement for a road
you are working on is 16,600 CCY
16,600 CCY. - 540 CCY
Will you have enough
soil to do the road? 16,060 CCY under
If yes, how much over?
If no, how much
17
under?
Production Time

Each piece of Loose Cubic

equipment has its Yards/Hour (LCYPH)
own production
formula. Bank Cubic Yards/Hour
(BCYPH)
Basic Formulas
Cubic Yards Per Compacted Cubic
Hour (CYPH) Yards/Hour (CCYPH)

18
Cubic Yards Per Day (CYPD)

Total cubic
yards moved Example:
per hour
100 CYPH x 8 hr work/day =
multiplied by
800 CYPD
the total hours
worked per day.
Note: Round down CYPD

19
 Production Days
Total Example:
requirement of
material needed 16,600 req CY 800 CYPD =
divided by the 20.75 or 21 days
total CYPD
moved. Note: Round up days to next full
day.

20
What Have You Learned?
Problem #3
You are moving 150
LCYPH
Working 5 hours per
day.
The requirement to be
moved is 17,000 LCY.
LCYPD?
Total Days?

21
Solution

150 LCYPH x 5 Hrs/day = 750 LCYPD

17,000 Req LCY 750 LCYPD =

22.67 or 23 days

22
What Have You Learned?

Problem #4
You are moving 250
LCYPH
Working 8 Hrs/day.
The requirement to
be move is 18,000
LCY.
LCYPD?
Total Days?

23
Solution

250 LCYPH x 8 Hrs/day = 2,000 LCYPD

18,000 Req LCY 2000 LCYPD = 9 days

24
Questions

25
Scrapers
Designed for loading, hauling and dumping on long
haul earthmoving operations.
Has 3 basic operational parts; the bowl, the apron,
and the ejector.
The bowl, which is equipped with a cutting edge on
the front bottom, is the loading and carrying
component.
The apron is the front wall of the bowl, and can be
raised and lowered independently of the bowl.
The ejector is the rear wall of the bowl. It is moved
back to load, and forward to discharge materials.

26
Scraper Uses

Scrapers serve the primary purpose of

loading and hauling material.
The distinct advantage of the scraper, is the ability
to load, haul, and spread in one continuous cycle.
Capacity is measured in heaped and struck
capacity.
Capable of working alone for leveling operations,
but is supplemented with push-tractors for cut and
fill operations.

27
Classification

Classified according to load capacity

and rated load.
A heap load is the maximum load of the
machine.
A struck load is the minimum effective
load.

28
Characteristics
Wheeled vehicle characterized by a tractor and a
scraper.
Prime movers in cut and fill operations and in
bringing elevations to rough, final grades.
Open bowl design, they can be loaded from
above.
3 types of cutting edges:
Straight, Curved, and the 3 piece cutting edge.
The 621B has a rated load weight of 48,000 lbs.

29
Operation
Hydraulically operated and powered by a
tractor.
Most efficient during downhill loading.
Other methods of production include
straddle loading and pump loading.
All loading should be accomplished with a
pusher, within (1) minute, and within (100)
feet of travel.

30
Types Of Loads

Struck load: Heap load:

Loaded with soil until Loaded with soil
the material is when the material is
approximately even overflowing the side
with the top of the boards.
side boards. The capacity of the
The capacity of the 621B Scraper, when
621B Scraper, when heap loaded, is 18
struck loaded, is 14 Loose Cubic Yards.
loose cubic yards.

31
Actual Load Size (ALS)

Actual load size (ALS) will vary

considerably, being somewhere
between struck & heap due to variables
such as:
Soil weight
Moisture Content
Manner in which scraper is being loaded.

32
Scraper Production
Are there any
questions?

There are 15 steps

involved with scraper
production estimations.

33
Questions?

34
Step 1 Scraper Production:
Soil Weight
Soil weight is used in all
production.

To determine the actual

soil weight (ASW) per
cubic yard, start by taking
the soil weight from table
#2-2.

35
Table #2-2 Approximate Weight of Soil
PER CUBIC YARD
Type Of Soil Pounds Per (CY) Type Of Soil Pounds Per (CY)
Cinders 1,200 lbs. Limestone 2,500 lbs.
Clay, Dry 2,000 lbs. Sandstone 2,200 lbs.
Clay, Wet 3,000 lbs. Sand, Dry 2,900 lbs.
Clay, Gravel 2,700 lbs. Sand, Wet 3,100 lbs.
Gravel, Dry 3,000 lbs. Shale & Soft Rock 2,700 lbs.
Gravel, Wet 3,100 lbs. Slag, Bank 1,940 lbs.
Earth Loam, Dry 2,200 lbs. Slate 2,500 lbs.
Earth Loam, Wet 3,200 lbs. Trap Rock 3,500 lbs.
Hardpan 3,100 lbs. Coral, Hard 2,440 lbs.
Coral, Soft 2,030 lbs.
36
Moisture Content
Moisture weight in the Soil analysis
soil. personnel are
Although table #2-2 trained to determine
shows some soils with the moisture
moisture, it may be content, and the
necessary to get an weight of this
exact moisture content moisture must be
to determine soil
weight.
calculated and
The moisture will be
added to the weight
expressed as a of the DRY soil.
percentage of the dry
37
soil.
 Actual Soil Weight (ASW)
For classroom purposes:
If you are given a wet soil,
take the weight of the wet soil
off table #2-2.
If you are not given either
wet or dry condition, take the
weight of dry soil off table #2-2.
If you are given a wet soil
and a moisture content, take
the weight of dry soil and
multiply the moisture content.
Never round off ASW
38
Actual Soil Weight (ASW)
Method used to The initial moisture
content is 7% of the
determine ASW.
original weight.
Example: Therefore, the actual
Earth Loam with a 7% soil weight is 107% of
moisture content. the original weight.
Earth loam weighs Convert the percentage
to a decimal.
2,200 lbs/cubic yard.
Multiply the original soil
Multiply 2,200 by 1.07 weight by 1.07 and you
to get the moisture get 2,354 lbs. ASW.
weight of 2354 lbs.
39
Scraper Production Step #1

Actual Soil Weight Example:

(ASW). Earth Loam weighs
Remember never 2,200 lbs./CY. With
round off ASW. 7% moisture
content.
2,200 x 1.07 = 2,354
ASW

40
 Try A Few
Figure out the Actual
Soil Weight (ASW) of
the following:
Wet clay, with 14%
Moisture.
Wet sand, with 17%
moisture.
Soft coral, with 2%
moisture.
Earth loam
Clay & gravel, with
18% moisture. 41
 Solutions
2,000 x 1.14 = 2,280 ASW

2,900 x 1.17 = 3,393 ASW

2,030 x 1.02 = 2,070.60 ASW

2,200 ASW

2,700 x 1.18 = 3,186 ASW

42
 Scraper Production Step #2
Example:
Cubic Yards of a
48,000 lbs. (rated capacity)
Load.
2,354 lbs. (Actual Soil Weight)
You have to determine
20.39 CY No more than 18 CY
the maximum cubic
yards you can haul If the resulting figure is less
than 18, use that entire
without exceeding number as it appears on
48,000 lbs. (max load) the calculator in step #3.
or 18 cubic yards (max If Push or Self Loading, this
capacity). is your Actual Load Size
To do this divide (ALS) - go to Step #5.
48,000 by the ASW/CY
43
 Scraper Production Step #3

Buckets Loaded. 18 Cubic Yards

Buckets loaded must 2.5 Cubic Yards (bucket size
be a whole number. from table #3-2)
Divide cubic yards of a 7.2 buckets or 7 bucket loads
load by the bucket
size.
Note: Round down to
Example: whole buckets loaded.
Using a TRAM with a
2 or 2.5 cy. bucket

44
Bucket Sizes Table #3-2
Type of Equipment Bucket size
Tram 624KR 2 or 2.5 CY
MC1155E 1 or 1.75 CY
ATC CLAMSHELL 1 or 1.25 CY
420D Front Bucket 1 or 1.25
420D Backhoe Bucket or .25

45
 Scraper Production Step #4

Actual Load Size. Example:

The true amount of 7 #of Buckets
soil in haul unit.
x 2.5 TRAM Bucket Size
Number of buckets
multiplied by the 17.5 cy Actual Load Size (ALS)
bucket size. Note: Never round off
ALS.

46
 Scraper Production Step #5
Load Weight (LW).
Multiply your ASW by your ALS.
Keep your load weight under 48,000 lbs.
Table #2-2 shows the weight of cinders as 1200 lbs./LCY.
A struck load would weigh 16,800 lbs., while the heap load
would weigh 21,600 lbs..
These weights would be easily hauled, but it is a different
story with other materials.
Take a look at Earth Loam, wet for instance:
3,200 weight of Earth Loam, wet/CY 3,200
x 14 LCY Struck x 18 LCY Heaped
44,800 lbs. Struck Loaded 57,600 lbs. Heaped
47
Example

Each cubic yard 2,354 ASW

weighs 2,354 lbs. x17.5 ALS
(step #1), and you 41,195 load weight (LW)
are hauling 17.5
cubic yards.
Note: Never round
off load weight.

48
Scraper Production Step #6

Short Tons 41,195 LW (step #5)

First determine the +66,590 Tractor weight
gross weight of the
vehicle with load.
107,785 Gross weight
Divide the gross 2,000 Weight of 1 ton
weight by 2,000 lbs. 53.89 Short tons (ST)
(the weight of one
ton).
Note: Never round
Example: off short tons (ST).
A 621B weighs
66,590 lbs. 49
What Have You Learned?

Problem #1 Solution:
Figure the ASW of
Gravel with a 12%
moisture content.
3,000 Weight of dry gravel
x1.12 Moisture content
3,360 lbs. ASW

50
What Have You Learned?

Problem #2
When hauling this
gravel in a 621B
loaded with a TRAM
624KR, what would
the load weight be?

51
 What Have You Learned?
Solution: 5 # buckets loaded
x2.5 Bucket size
48,000 Rated Capacity 12.50 ALS
3,360 ASW x3,360 ASW
14.29 CY of load 42,000 LW
2.5 Bucket size
5.72 or 5 # buckets loaded

52
What Have You Learned?

Problem #3 Solution:
If the 621B has a
load weight of
46,590 lbs., what
46,590 LW
would your short +66,590 Tractor weight
tons be? 113,180 Gross weight
2,000 1 ton

56.59 ST

53
Scraper Production

Take a break!

54
 Scraper Production Step #7
Rolling Resistance Rolling resistance is
The resistance of measured by the rim pull
movement to wheeled in pounds per short ton
vehicles over a haul required to overcome
surface caused by resistance.
irregularities in the This resistance effects
surface such as the cycle time.
compacting and
displacement of
material, caused by the
flexing of tire sidewalls
on the roadway.
55
 Scraper Production Step #7
To do this multiply short tons (from step #6) by the
rolling resistance factor (RRF) found in table #4-2).
The resulting answer will be your rolling resistance (RR).
Table #4-2 Rolling Resistance Factors
Hard, Smooth, Stabilized roadway without penetration under 40 lbs. a ton
load (CONCRETE OR BLACKTOP)
Firm, Smooth-Rolling roadway flexing slightly under load 1 65 lbs. a ton
penetration (GRAVEL TOPPED ROAD)

Rutted Dirt roadway, flexing considerably under load 2-3 100 lbs. a ton
penetration (SOFT CLAY ROAD)

Rutted Dirt roadway, no stabilization under load 4-6 150 lbs. a ton
penetration (SOFT CLAY ROAD)

No stabilization 7 or greater penetration 400 lbs. a ton

(SOFT, MUDDY, RUTTED ROADWAY, OR IN SAND)
56
 Example
Determine the rolling 53.89 ST (from step #6)
resistance for a 621B x 65 RRF (from table #4-2)
scraper traveling over 3502.85 or 3503 RR
firm, smooth-rolling
roadway flexing
slightly under load 1 Note: Round Off Rule
Round up 5 or greater, round
penetration. down 4 or less for RR.
The weight of the soil
in the scraper is
41,195 lbs.(from Step
#5) 57
What Have You Learned?
Problem #1
Figure the Rolling Step #1
Resistance for the 3,100 ASW
following situation. Step #2
621B Scraper N/A
Struck loaded (self Step #3
loaded)
N/A
Hard pan
Rutted, dirt roadway, Step #4
flexing considerably N/A
under load with 2-3
penetration. 58
What Have You Learned?

Step #5 Step #7
3,100 ASW 55.00 ST
x 14 ALS x 100 RRF
43,400 LW 5,500 RR
Step #6
43,400 LW
+66,590 TR WT
109,990 GW
2,000 1 ton
55.00 ST 59
What Have You Learned?
Problem #2 Step #1
Figure rolling 3,500 ASW
resistance for the Step #2
following situation. 48,000 Rated Capacity
621B scraper 3,500 ASW
Loaded with a Tram 13.71 CY of a load
(2 CY bucket)
Step #3
Trap rock
13.71 CY of a load
Hard, smooth,
stabilized roadway 2.5 Bucket size
without penetration. 5.49 or 5 Bucket loads
60
What Have You Learned?
Step #6
Step #4 437250 LW
5 Buckets loaded + 66,590 TR WT
x2.5 Bucket size 110,340 GW
12.50 ALS 2,000 1 ST
Step #5 55.17 ST
3,500 ASW Step #7
x12.50 ALS 55.17 ST
43,750 LW x 40 RRF
2,206.80 or 2,207
RR 61
 Scraper Production Step #8
Grade Resistance
Rules of thumb
(GR) or Grade
generally accepted
Assistance (GA). as reliable measures
Grade resistance or of the effect of
Grade assistance is the grades are as
increase, or decrease, follows:
in the amount of Grade resistance
pounds of pull required effects the cycle time
as the result of adverse by slowing the
or favorable grades on scraper.
haul roads.
62
 Scraper Production Step #8
Each 1% of uphill grade increases the
resistance by 20 lbs. Per short ton pull of
gross vehicle weight.

Formula:
Short tons x 20 (constant) x % of grade =
Grade resistance or assistance.

63
 Example
The total weight of the loaded scraper on
the haul is 107,785 lbs. (from step #6)
Calculate the grade resistance factor for
climbing a (+2) uphill grade.

64
 Example Solution
53.89 x 20 x 2 = 2155.6 or 2156
ST x 20 x % grade = grade resistance (GR)

Note:
Round up 5 or greater, round down 4 or less (GR/GA).

65
Scraper Production Step #8

Each 1% of
downhill grade
decreases the
amount of pull
required by 20 lbs.
Per short ton of
gross vehicle
weight.

66
Example
For the return, the tractor is empty so
the total weight is 66,590 lbs.
Calculate the grade assistance factor for
(-2) downhill grade.

67
 Example Solution
33.30 x 20 x -2 = -1,332
ST empty x 20 x % of grade = Grade Assistance (GA)

Note:
Round up 5 or greater, round down 4 or less. (GR/GA)

68
What Have You Learned?
Problem #1
Determine Grade
Resistance for a
621B with the
following factors:
Struck load
Sand
7% initial moisture
3% Uphill grade

69
What Have You Learned?
Step #1 Step #5
2,900 Soil WT
3,103 ASW
x 1.07 Moisture
x 14 ALS
3,103 ASW
43,442 LW
Step #2
N/A Step #6
Step #3 43,442 LW
N/A +66,590 TR WT
Step #4 110,032 GW
N/A 2,000 1 ST
55.02 ST
70
 What Have You Learned?

Step #7
N/A
Step #8
55.02 ST
x 20 Constant
x 3 % of grade
3,301.20 or 3,301 GR

71
 What Have You Learned?

Problem #2
Determine rolling and
grade resistance for a
621B on the haul with
the following factors:
Heap load
Sandstone
Rutted, dirt roadway,
no stabilization under
load 4-6 penetration.
6% uphill grade 72
What Have You Learned?

Step #1 Step #5
2,200 ASW 2,200 ASW
x 18 ALS
Step #2
39,600 LW
N/A
Step #6
Step #3 39,600 LW
N/A + 66,590 TR WT
Step #4 106,190 GW
N/A 2,000 1 ST
53.10 ST
73
What Have You Learned?

Step #7
53.10 ST
x 150 RRF
7,965 RR
Step #8
53.10 ST
x 20 Constant
x 6 % of grade
6,372 GR
74
Scraper Production

Take a break!

75
 Scraper Production Step #9
Required Pounds Of
Pull (REQPP)
The total power required
to move a unit.
We can find our REQPP
by adding GR with RR
from uphill, or Subtract
GA from RR for downhill.
When on level ground,
your RR is your REQPP.

76
 Example 1
When traveling uphill a vehicle must overcome
both rolling resistance and grade resistance.
3,503 RR
+2156 (+GR)
5,659 REQPP Using table #5-2, you can see that the scraper will
not give you enough Rim Pounds Pull(RPP) in 8th or 7th gear, but 6th
gear you have enough RPP. The travel speed is 14 Mph.
Table #5-2 Power Characteristics of 621B Scraper

Available 35,062 23,375 16,187 13,148 9,146 6,657 5,008 3,393

RPP
Gear 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th
TS
Speed Mph 2 4 6 8 11 14 19 2677
 Scraper Production Step #9
Note:
If your TM doesnt have the table, you can
use the following formula to get your RPP.
375 x Engine HP x 80% Efficiency
travel speed in mph. =
Rim Pounds Pull (RPP)

78
 Example 2
When traveling downhill a When traveling over
vehicle must overcome level terrain, a vehicle
rolling resistance less
must overcome rolling
grade assistance.
2,165 RR
resistance only.
-1,332 GA 3,503 RR = 3,503 REQPP
833 REQPP Using table #5-2, we
Using table #5-2, we see see that the scraper will
that the scraper will give you give you enough RPP in
enough RPP in 8th gear. 7th gear.
The travel speed is 26
The travel speed is 19
mph.
mph.

79
 What Have You Learned?
Problem #1
Determine travel speed
with the following factors:
621B scraper
Struck Load
Earth loam
10% initial moisture
Hard, smooth roadway
with no penetration under
load.
4% downhill grade.

80
What Have You Learned?

Step #1 Step #5
2,200 Dry soil WT 2,420 ASW
x 1.10 Moisture x 14 ALS
2,420 ASW 33,880 LW
Step #2 Step #6
N/A 33,880 LW
Step #3 + 66,590 TR WT
N/A 100,470 GW
Step #4 2,000 1 ST
N/A 50.24 ST 81
 What Have You Learned?
Step #7 Step #9
50.24 ST 2,010 RR
x 40 RRF -4,019 GA
2,009.6 or 2,010 RR -2,009 REQPP
Step #8 8th gear 26 mph
50.24 ST
x 20 constant
x -4 % grade
-4,019.2 or -4,019 GA

82
 What Have You Learned?
Problem #2
Determine the travel
speed with the
following factors:
621B Scraper
Struck load
Clay and gravel
3% initial moisture
Rutted, dirt roadway,
no stabilization under
load, 4-6 penetration.
6% uphill grade.
83
What Have You Learned?
Step #1 Step #5
2,700 Dry soil WT 2,781 ASW
x1.03 Moisture x 14 ALS
2,781 ASW 38,934 LW
Step #2 Step #6
N/A 38,934 LW
Step #3 + 66,590 TR WT
N/A 105,524 GW
2,000 1 ST
Step #4
52.76 ST
N/A 84
What Have You Learned?

Step #7 Step #9
52.76 ST 7,914 RR
x 150 RRF + 6,331 GR
7,914 RR 14,245 REQPP
Step #8 3rd gear 6 mph
52.76 ST
x 20 Constant
x 6 % grade
6,331.2 or 6,331 GR
85
 Scraper Production Step #9
Return Step #7: Rolling
The return is done by Resistance (RR)
repeating steps 6-9 and 33.30 ST
using empty vehicle
x 65 RRF
weight to get short tons.
2,164.5 or 2,165 RR
Example:
Step #8: Grade
Step #6: Short tons (ST)
with empty vehicle Resistance/Assistance
weight. (GR/GA)
66,590 GW 33.30 ST x 20 x -2 =
2,000 1 ST -1,332 GA
33.30 ST (ST, constant
for an empty 621B)
86
 Scraper Production Step #9
Step #9: Required
Pounds Of Pull (REQPP)
& Travel Speed.
2,165 RR
-1,332 GA
833 REQPP
8th gear / 26 mph
Now that you have you
travel speed for haul and
return, you can formulate
the cycle time (step 10).
87
Scraper Production Step #10

Cycle Time
The time required to
Load, Haul, Spread,
and Return.
This is figured by
adding Fixed Time
(Fix-T) and Travel
Time (TT) to get
Cycle Time (CT)

88
 Scraper Production Step #10
Fixed Time:
Is the time spent during an equipment cycle
other than hauling and returning.
This includes positioning , loading,
unloading, turning, accelerating and
decelerating, all of which are fairly constant
or fixed.
Fixed times are determined from Table #6-2.
To use Table #6-2, start with what gear you
are in. 89
 Scraper Production Step #10
Table #6-2 Fixed Time
Equipment 1st,2nd,3rd 4th 5th,6th,7th,8th
Loading Gear Haul Gear Haul Gear Haul
Scraper
Struck Heap Struck Heap Struck Heap
Scraper Loading 2.50 N/A 2.80 N/A 3.0 N/A
Itself
1155E 7.0 9.0 7.30 9.30 7.50 9.50
TRAM 6.0 7.0 6.30 7.30 6.50 7.50
1085 w/1.5 bucket 12.0 14.0 12.30 14.30 12.50 14.50
1085 w/.75 bucket 16.0 22.0 16.30 22.30 16.50 22.50
HSHMC clamshell 16.0 19.0 16.30 19.30 16.50 19.50
Scraper Push 1.43 1.71 1.73 2.01 1.93 2.21
Loaded
90
Take a Look at the note in your handout.
Scraper Production Step #10

Travel Time:
The time spent on the haul road
transporting material and returning empty.
Travel Time depends on: size of hauling
unit, rolling resistance, grade resistance,
and distance traveled.
All of which have already been figured to
get your gear selection and speed to put in
your cycle time formula.
91
 Scraper Production Step #10
To figure cycle time (CT) you must first
figure travel time (TT).
To get travel time divide the distance in feet
of the haul or return road by the sum of the
travel speed (TS) in mph multiplied by 88.
Do this for the haul and return.
The total time plus fixed time will equal total
cycle time.
Note: 88 is he conversion factor to change
the speed in mph to feet traveled per minute. 92
 Example
A 621B scraper, 7500 haul dist.
hauling 17.5 CY of 14 TS x 88 =
material, travels 7500 6.09 HT
to the fill area using
8200 return dist.
6th gear and returns
empty by a different 26 TS x 88 =
route of 8200 in 8th 3.58 RT
gear. 6.09 + 3.58 + 7.5 =
What is the total cycle 17.17 min
time, if the 621B is Note: never round
being loaded by a off time. 93
TRAM.
What Have You Learned?

Problem #1
Figure total cycle
time.
621B, self loaded
Haul distance - 8250
Return distance -
7125
Haul gear - 4th
Return gear - 8th

94
Solution
8250 HD
8 TS x 88 = 11.72 HT

7125 RD
26 TS x 88 = 3.11 RT

11.72 + 3.11 + 2.80 =

17.63 CT

95
 What Have You Learned?

Problem #2
Figure total cycle time.
621B, self loaded
Haul distance - 9000
Return distance - 9176
Haul gear - 6th
Return gear - 8th

96
Solution
9000 HD
14 TS x 88 = 7.31 HT

9176 RD
26 TS x 88 = 4.01 RT

7.31 + 4.01 + 3.0 =

14.32 min CT

97
Scraper Production

Take A Break!

98
Scraper Production Step #11

Trips Per Hour Example:

To determine trips How many trips per
per hour (TPH) hour can a 621B
divide the working make during a 60
minutes per hour min. work hour if it
(normally a 60 min. has a 17.17 min
work hour) by the cycle time?
cycle time. 60 min. worked/hr
Note: never round 17.17 CT =
off TPH. 3.49 TPH
99
Scraper Production Step #12
Hourly Production
TPH
Rate (LCYPH)
x ALS
To determine the
x Efficiency Factor
hourly production
rate, you must know = LCYPH
the actual load size Note: always round down
(in LCY), the number LCYPH.
of trips per hour, and
the efficiency factor
of the operator and
equipment.
100
 Scraper Production Step #12
Table #7-2 Efficiency Factor
Type Unit Operator Day Night
Excellent 1.00 .75
Tracked Average .75 .56
Poor .60 .45

Excellent 1.00 .67

Wheeled Average .60 .40
Poor .50 .33

Example:
What is the hourly production rate for a 621B with an
average operator, working days, making 3.49 TPH,
with a load of 17.5 LCY?
3.49 TPH x 17.5 ALS x .60 = 36.65 or 36 LCYPH 101
Scraper Production Step #13

Soil Conversion
(SC) (if needed)
in some cases the
hourly production
rate may be needed
in compacted cubic
yards (CCY) for a
road or runway.
Note: round down
CYPH.
102
 Scraper Production Step #14
Total Hours
Volume needed (_CY)
Required To
_CYPH x #of scrapers =
Complete Mission
Total Hours Required
To determine the total
Note: never round off time.
time required to
complete the mission,
you must know the Example:
total volume to be 19,440 CCY
moved, the hourly 25 CCYPH x 3 scrapers =
production rate, and 259.20 hours required
the number of scrapers
you will use on the job.
103
Scraper Production Step #15

Total Production Example:

Days 259.20 hours req. 8 hrs/day
To get the production = 32.40 or 33 days
days required to
complete the Note: Round days to next
mission, divide total full day.
hours required by the
hours worked per
day, which will equal
the total number of
days required.
104
 What Have You Learned?
Problem# 1
Figure total number
production days with
the following factors:
3 621B
Struck loaded, loam
7 hr. production day
Excellent operator
13.08 min. cycle time
Compacted volume required
for job 250,000 CY
Working 60 min/hr
105
 Solution
Step #11 Step #13
60 Min/hr 64 LCYPH
13.08 CT x.72 Conversion Factor
46.08 or 46 CCYPH
4.59 TPH
Step #14
Step #12
250,000 Req vol
4.59 TPH
46 x 3 = 1,811.59 hrs
x 14 ALS
Step #15
x1.0 Efficiency factor
1,811.59 hrs req
64.26 or 64 LCYPH 7 Hrs/day
258.8 or 259 Days
106
 What Have You Learned?
Problem #2 A project requires you to build a
parking lot using gravel. How many work nights,
at 8 hours per night, are require to complete the
project? You are working only during hours of
darkness. The job conditions are as follows.
5 621B, Compacted fill required 150,000 CY
Struck loaded, Gravel, moisture content 14%
Haul distance 7000 ft, return same route
Grade of haul road 6% downhill, Average operator
Rutted, dirt roadway, with no stabilization under 4
to 6 penetration.
Working 60 min/hr 107
 Solution
Step #1 Step #6
3000 47880
X 1.14 +66590
3420 ASW 114470
Step #5 2000
3420 ASW 57.24 ST
x 14 ALS Step #7
47,880 LW 57.24
x 150
8586 RR (HAUL)
108
 Solution
Step #7 Step #8
33.30 33.30
X 150 x 20
4995 RR(RETURN) x 6
Step #8 3,996 GR (RETURN)
57.24
Step #9
x 20
x -6 8586 RR
-6868.8 or 6869 GA -6869 GA
(haul) 1717 RPP (HAUL)
8TH 26MPH
109
 Solution
Step #9 Step #10
4995 RR 7000
+3996 GR 11 x 88 = 7.23. RT
8991 3.06 + 7.23 + 3.00 = 13.29
RPP(RETURN) Step #11
5TH 11MPH 60 Min/HR
Step #10 13.29 CT
7000 4.51 TPH
26 x 88 = 3.06 HT

110
 Solution
Step #12 Step #14
4.51 TPH 150000
x 14 ALS 21 x 5 = 1428.57 THR
x .4 EFF. FAC.
25.26 or 25 LCYPH Step #15
Step #13 1428.57 THR
25 LCYPH 8 HRS/NIGHT
x .86 Conv. Fac. 178.57 or 179 NIGHTS
21.50 or 21 CCPH

111
 QUESTIONS??

Take a break!!

112
 Push Loading
One of the most effective methods of loading a
scraper.
Decreases time, and distance.
Usually, a 621B is pushed by a MCT.
The MCT has a reinforced blade for push loading.
Load time should be 1 min. or less.
The optimum loading distance is around 90 - 125.
The optimum depth of cut is 4 - 6.
Varies according to type of soil,moisture content,
loadability, operator, load size,and method of employment.

113
 Push Loading
2 mph for the MCT and first gear for the 621B.
The Mph listed In table #5-2 for the scraper and table
#8-2 for the MCT reflect maximum and/or average speed
in mph.
When push loading is employed, the maximum mph will
not be the loaded mph reflected in the tables, therefore,
for classroom purposes, use 2 mph when push
loading.

114
 Push Tractor Step #1
Figuring the number
of push tractors (PT) Length of cut
needed. mph x 88 = LT in min.
Load Time (LT) Example:
The time required to 150 length of cut
load the haul unit 2 mph x 88 = .85 LT
during which the dozer
is in contact with the
push block of the
scraper.

115
Push Tractor Step #2

Boost Time (BT)

The time expended
after the scraper is
loaded during which
the push tractor
assists the scraper in
attaining momentum.
(for boost time use a
constant of .25)

116
 Push Tractor Step #3

Return Time (RT) LT x 1.4 = RT

the time required for Example:
the push tractor to .85 LT
return to the starting
point. x 1.4 Constant
This portion of the 1.19 min.RT
cycle time will be
greatly reduced by
chain or shuttle
loading.

117
 Push Tractor Step #4

Formulate Cycle Time

(Load Time x 1.4) + Boost Time = PT Cycle Time (CT)

Example:

(.85 x 1.4) + .25 = 1.44 min PT CT

NOTE: NEVER ROUND OFF TIME

118
 Push Tractor Step #5
Number Of Scrapers A 4 min Scraper CT
Push-Tractor Can
Support 1.3 min PT CT
This is found by dividing 3.08 Round down to
scraper cycle time by the 3 scrapers.
push-tractor time.
Example:
How many scrapers can
a single push-tractor
support if the scraper
cycle time is 4 min. and
the push-tractor cycle
time is 1.3 min.?
119
 Push Tractor Step #6
Number of Push-
Tractors Required Example:
This is found by How many push-
dividing the number of tractors are required
scrapers on the job, by on a job that has 9
the number of scrapers 621Bs, if a single
a push-tractor can push-tractor can
support. support 3 scrapers?
Note: Round up 9 Scrapers
number of push- 3 Scrapers/tractor
tractors required. 3 Push-tractors
120
What Have You Learned?

Problem #1
Figure the number of
push-tractors
required for :
4 621B
12.58 min cycle time
150 cut

121
Solution

Step #1 Step #4
150 Length of cut 1.19 RT
(2x88) mph & conv.factor +.25 BT
.85 LT 1.44 min PT CT
Step #2 Step #5
.25 BT 12.58 CT
Step #3 1.44 PT CT
.85 LT 8.74 or 8 Scrapers/PT
x 1.4 Conv. factor
1.19 RT 122
Solution

Step #6
4 Scrapers
8 Scrapers/PT
.50 or 1 PT required

123
What Have You Learned?

Problem #2
Figure the number of
push-tractors
required for:
7 621Bs
8.92 CT
125 Cut

124
 Solution
Step #1 Step #4
125 Length of cut .99 RT
(2x88) mph & conv. Factor +.25 BT
.71 LT 1.24 min PT CT
Step #2
Step #5
.25 BT
8.92 CT
Step #3
1.24 PT CT
.71 LT
7.19 or 7 Scrapers/PT
x 1.4 Conv. Factor
.99 RT
125
Solution

Step #6
7 Scrapers
7 Scrapers/PT
1 PT required

126
 What Have You Learned?
Problem #3
A project requires you
build a road using clay
and gravel with an 8%
moisture content.
The borrow pit area
allows you to push
load the 621Bs with
MCTs.
How many days are
required?
Show and label all
figures and formulas.
127
Solution
Days 107,414 GW
Step #1 53.71 ST
Return
2,916 ASW
33.30 ST
Step #2
14CY/load
Step #7
Haul
Step #3
5,371 RR
N/A
Return
Step #4 3,330 RR
N/A
Step #8
Step #5 Haul
40,824 LW 7,519 GR
Step #6 Return
Haul 4,662 GA 128
Solution
Step #9
Haul Step #11
12,890 REQPP 4.29 TPH
4th gear 8 mph Step #12
Return
36 LCYPH
-1,332 REQPP
Step #13
8th gear 26 mph
22 CCYPH
Step #10
Step #14
9.38 HT
1,325.76 Hrs Req
2.88 RT
13.99 CT Step #15
133 Days

129
Solution

# of PT Required Step #5
Step #1 15 #scrapers/dozer

.45 LT Step #6
Step #2 1 PT required
.25 BT
Step #3
.63RT
Step #4
.88 PT CT
130
Push Tractor Production

Questions?

Take A Break!

131
Dozer Production

Introduction
Dozers and scrapers are the most common pieces
of equipment on a project.
It is important to be able to properly use these
earthmovers to, get maximum production, to
establish production estimation rates, and to
insure the prompt completion of an earth moving
task.

132
Dozer Uses

Used as prime movers for pushing or pulling

loads.
Used for power units for winches and hoists.
As moving mounts for dozer blades.
Used primarily where it is advantageous to
obtain high drawbar pull and traction.
Most suitable equipment for pushing or
pulling loads through marshy areas.

133
Dozer Classification

Crawler tractors are

classified according
to weight.
Light (1150 & 1155)
Medium (MCT)
Heavy (D8)

134
 Dozer Characteristics
Supported on the ground by track assemblies.
Commonly called bulldozers, they are the work
horses of construction.
Usually the first piece of equipment on job site,
last to leave.
Used to cut haul roads, move dirt, trees, rocks,
and many other.
Simply a tractor with a blade mounted on the
front which is used for pushing objects or
materials.
135
Dozer Characteristics

Once the blade is removed, its used as a

towing unit.
Since the weight of the machine is supported
by the track sections, the crawler tractor has
great traction pull.
The ability to lock one side section of track
while pulling with the other one enables the
crawler tractor to pull itself out of material that
would easily cause a wheeled machine to
become stuck. 136
 Dozer Operation
Equipped with a diesel engine rated from 85 to
202 horsepower, and either 4 or 6 cylinders,
depending on make and model.
Low ground bearing pressure, varying form 6 - 9
lbs./Sq. in., which gives it distinct floatation
advantage.
Capable of operating in muck or water as deep
as the height of the track.
Can move to jobsite on own power, but
transporting is preferred.
137
Dozer Production

Estimated using the

production from
Table #9-3, and
then adjusting the
table with six
correction factors.

138
 Dozer Production

Formula
Factor 1 x Factor 2 x Factor 3 x Factor 4 x Factor 5 x Factor 6 = LCYPH

Note: Round down LCYPH

For classroom purposes, if you are not given
the information for any step, that step will be
N/A.

139
Dozer Production Factor #1

Maximum Basic Note:

Production On the charts the 4S is
Find the average dozing
distance line on the
the 1150E and the 7S is
bottom of the scale. the MCT.
Read up until you Example
intercept the production
curve for the dozer you Determine the maximum
are using. basic production for a
Then read to the left to MCT with an average
get the production rate in dozing distance of 200.
LCYPH.
200 LCYPH
140
Round down
Dozer Production Factor #1
(1150)

141
Dozer Production Factor #1
(MCT)

142
 Dozer Production Factor #2
Grade Correction Factor
Using table #10-3 find the % of grade (-) favorable, (+)
unfavorable, on the top of the scale, read down until
you intercept the grade correction curve.
Read to the right to determine the grade correction
factor.
Each vertical line on this scale represents multiples of
two.
Each horizontal line represents 0.04.
Note: For classroom purposes round off, up or down
to the closest factor.
143
144
Example

If you had to move

the material up a 2%
grade (+), what
would be your grade
correction factor?
.96

145
 Dozer Production Factor #3
Soil Weight Correction Factor
Using table #2-2 as before, get your ASW.
Divide 2,300 lbs./CY by you ASW to find the correction
factor.
2,300 lbs. is a constant which is the weight of soil
used to determine table #9-3.
Example:
You are working in clay with a 5% moisture content.
2,300 Constant
2,100 ASW
1.10 Soil weight correction factor
Note: Never round off. 146
 Dozer Production Factor #4
Soil Type Correction Factor
The dozer blade is designed to cut the material and
give is a rolling effect for a production factor of 1.00.
Material found in different states will effect dozer
production as in the following table.
Table #11-3 Soil Correction Factor
Soil Type Factor

Loose, Stockpile 1.20

Hard to cut (with tilt cylinder) 0.80
Hard to cut (without tilt cylinder) 0.70
Hard to Drift (sticks to blade) 0.80

Rock, Ripped or Blasted 0.60 147

 Dozer Production Factor #5
Equipment/Operator Efficiency Correction
Factor
These factors include operator efficiency and visibility
(dust, rain, snow, fog, and darkness) with a job
efficiency of a 60 min. hour.

Table #7-2 Equipment/Operator Efficiency Factor

Type Unit Operator Day Night

Excellent 1.00 0.75
Tracked Average 0.75 0.56
Poor 0.60 0.45 148
Dozer Production Factor #6

Management Technique Correction Factor

Table #12-3

Management Technique Factor

Slot Dozing 1.20

Side By Side Dozing 1.15

149
 Dozer Production Step #1
Production
Calculation
Factor #1
x Factor #2
x Factor #3
x Factor #4
x Factor #5
x Factor #6
LCYPH/dozer
Note: Round down
LCYPH 150
Dozer Production Step #2

Soil Conversion
Factor (if required)
Convert soil by using
table #1-1 as before.

151
Dozer Production Step #3
Example:
Total Hours
How long would it take
Required to move 4,500 CCY of
Quantity to be clay, using 3 MCTs with
moved, divided by a production rate of 143
the hourly production CCYPH?
rate, multiplied by 4,500 CCY
the number of dozers
you have employed, (143x3) Basic prod. Rate x
# dozers
equals the total time
10.49 hrs. required
in hours to complete
the job. Note: Never round off
time. 152
Dozer Production Step #4
Total Production
(Days)

Example:
10.49 Hrs required
8 Hrs/day
1.31 or 2 Days
Note: round days to
next full day.

153
Dozer Production Step #5

Total Number of Example:

Dozers Required How many MCTs would
Quantity of material be needed to move
to be moved. 4,500 CCY of loam in 5
Divided by the hourly hrs. if the dozers have a
production rate. hourly production rate of
143 CCYPH?
Multiplied by the
number of hours you 4,500 CCY required
have to complete the (143x5) CCYPH x hrs.
job. 6.29 or 7 D7Gs
Note: Always round 154
up
What Have You Learned?

Problem #1
Using the information
in your handout,
determine how long it
will take 2 MCTs to
complete the job:

155
 Solution
Factor #1
Factor #6
300 LCYPH Max. basic prod.
1.15 Mngt. correct.
Factor #2 Factor
.96 Grade correction factor
Step #1
Factor #3
134.73 or 134 LCYPH
2,040 ASW
1.13 Soil wt correction factor Step #2
Factor #4 84.42 or 84 CCYPH
.80 Soil correction factor Step #3
Factor #5 9.21 Hours
.45 Equip/Op correct. factor
156
What Have You Learned?

Problem #2
Using the information
in your student
handout, determine
how many
MC1150Es are
required to complete
the job in 5 hours.

157
 Solution
Factor #1 Factor #6
200 LCYPH Max. basic prod.
1.20 Mngt. Correct.
Factor #2 factor
.92 Grade correction factor
Factor #3
Step #1
2200 ASW 185.47 or 185 LCYPH
1.05 Soil wt correction factor Step #2, 3, 4
Factor #4 N/A
.80 Soil correction factor
Step #5
Factor #5
1.00 Equip/op correct. factor
3.22 or (4) MC1150Es

158
Dozer Production Estimation

Are there any

questions?
Take a break!

159
Clearing, Grubbing, and Stripping

Clearing and Grubbing

Consists of removing all trees, fallen timber,
brush, and other vegetation from a
designated area.
Clearing techniques vary with the type of
vegetation, soil,and moisture conditions.
Table #14-3 shows average clearing rates for
normal conditions.

160
 Stripping
Consists of removing and disposing of the top
soil and vegetation which would be
objectionable as a sub-grade for a road or
runway.
Brush and small trees: Dozers operating in 1st or
2nd gear can clear brush and small trees (6 or
less in diameter) at the rate of 900 - 1000
sq.yd./hr.
Medium trees: 7 - 12 trees an average of 2 - 9
min./tree.
Large trees: More than 12 an average of 5 - 20
min./tree. 161
 Production Estimation
Production Estimates
There are two methods for estimating clearing, grubbing and
stripping.
The Quick Method: Table #13-3 gives quick estimates for
clearing, grubbing and stripping trees. (Avg. 50 trees/acre)
Use these estimates only when a detailed reconnaissance and
tree count are not possible.
Equipment Man Or Equipment
(Hours Per Acre)
Small Trees Med. Trees Large Trees
(6 or less) (7 12) (12 30)
Medium Tractor (MCT) 2.50 5.00 10.00
Spade Plow (MCT) 1.33 2.20 3.90
Shear Blade (MCT) 0.40 0.80 1.30
162
 Production Estimation
Quick method Step #1: Determine the
Use this method when area to be cleared in acres.
a detailed Change miles to feet.
reconnaissance and 2 mi. x 5,280 = 10,560
tree count are not 60 W x 10,560 L
possible. 43,560sq ft/acre=14.55acres
Example: Look at the Step #2: Determine size
example in your and # of dozers available.
handout. Size MCT # of MCT 2
Step #3: Determine the size
of trees to be cleared.
sm trees med trees lg trees
163
 Production Estimation
Step #4: Determine Hr/acre(sm)
Production Rates
(hrs/acre) for clearing. + Hr/acre(med)
Use table #13-3. + Hr/acre(lg)
# of different trees =
Small trees 2.5.hr/acre
Basic Production Rate (hrs/acre)
Step #5: Determine
Basic Production Rate Step #6: Determine
(avg hrs/acre) Equipment and Operator
Efficiency Factor, using
Average individual Table #7-2.
production rates if
needed.
164
 Production Estimation
Step #7: Total Hours Required to Complete
Mission
14.55 acres x 2.50 prod. (hr/acre) x 1.6 disp. & strip.
0.75 efficiency x 2 #of dozers =
38.80 total hours
Note:
If estimating clearing and grubbing only, omit 1.6 from
numerator in equation.
The 1.6 hrs. is there for disposal and stripping
vegetation.

165
Production Estimation

Step #8: Total Production (Days)

38.80 Hrs req 8 hrs/day = 4.85 or 5 Days
Note:
Round days to next full day.

166
What Have You Learned?

Figure out the

problem in your
student handout
using the Quick
Method.

167
Solution
5280 Feet/Mile 387.84
x 5 Miles (.75 x 3)
26,400 Length 172.37 THR
x 80
2,112,000 SQFT
43,560 SQFT Acre
48.48 Acres
5 Production
x 1.6 Stripping
387.84 168
Production Estimation

Example: Step #3: Determine

Tree Count Method the avg. # of each
Step #1: size trees and
Determine area to brush/acre.
be cleared in Acres Step #4: Determine
L x W Basic Production
43,560 sq ft/acre Rate (hrs/acre) per
Step #2: tree size using
Determine size and table #14-3.
number of dozers
169
available.
 Production Estimation

Step #4 cont.
_ small trees x .50 min/tree = min/acre
_ med. trees x 9 min/tree = min/acre
_ large trees x 20 min/tree = min/acre

min/acre(small) + min/acre(med) + min/acre(lg) = hrs/acre

60 min/hour
Step #5: Determine Equipment & Operator
Efficiency Factor
170
Production Estimation

Step #6: Total Hours Required To

complete Mission
(Acres) x (hrs/acre) x 1.6
(Efficiency) x (# Dozers) = total hours
Step #7: Total Production Days
Hrs req Hrs/work day = days

171
Clearing, Grubbing, and Stripping

Are there any

questions?
Take a break!

172
Grader Production

Introduction
Graders a multipurpose machines used
primarily for general construction and
maintenance of roads and runways.
When properly used, the grader can be
employed for crowning and leveling, mixing
and spreading materials, ditching and bank
sloping, and side-casting material.

173
Grader Uses

Serve as finishers.
Capable of finishing slopes and grades, blending
and mixing materials, snow removal, and
scarifying.
Used in conjunction with other earth movers when
leveling, maintaining and spreading.
Additional safety precautions should be used
when equipment is performing different tasks in
the same area.

174
Grader Classification

Classified as
multipurpose
machines.
Can be used in a
wide variety of
operations from the
beginning to the end
of construction.

175
 Grader Characteristics
Wheeled vehicles characterized by a moldboard
or blade and scarifier.
Graders bring elevations to a final grade.
The blade is used to side cast material it encounters.
Blade ends can be raised or lowered together or
separately.
Blade can be pitched.
The scarifier is used to break up material too hard for
the blade to cut.
It is composed of 11 removable teeth capable of
cutting to a depth of 12.
176
 Grader Operation
Hydraulically operated and powered by a diesel
engine.
Effective during leveling, ditching, and snow removal.
During ditching operations, the grader can make
progressive cuts to a depth of 3.
The grader has a high center of gravity.
Used to create bank slopes.
Maintains haul roads. This is done by working
material from one side of the road to the other.
Corrugated material should be scarified prior to
leveling and compacted after the grader has made the
final leveling passes.
During snow removal, the blade should be inspected
hourly for excessive wear.
177
 Grader Production
A work time formula may
The time required to be used to prepare
complete a grader preliminary estimates of the
operation depends on total time in hours required
the number of passes to complete a grader
operation.
necessary and the
speed maintained on Total Time = P x D
each pass. SxE
In turn, this speed P = # of passes required
depends largely on the D = Distance in miles/
skill of the operator and pass
the type of material. E = Grader efficiency
178
S = Speed of grader
 Grader Factors
Number of Passes (P): The number of passes
depends on the operation.
Careful consideration must be made when
determining the # of passes required.
These passes must be based upon the effective
grading width of the moldboard in the material worked,
and/or the # of passes required for cut or fill a given
lane which will bring the surface to the desired grade.
Note: When a grader makes a number of passes
covering a distance of less than 1000, it is normally
more efficient to back the grader the entire distance to
the start point. This is considered a pass. 179
 Grader Factors
Distance (D): Efficiency Factor (E):
Distance traveled in The grader efficiency
factor takes into account
each pass is
the fact that a 60 min. work
expressed in miles hour is attained.
and is determined Efficiency varies
before construction depending on supervision,
begins. operator skill, maintenance
Note: If the distance requirements and the site
conditions.
has been measured in
This formula is based on a
feet, you must change
60% efficiency factor.
it into miles.
Efficiency = 0.60 180
 Grader Factors
Speed (S): Speed is expressed in mph.
It is the most difficult factor in the formula to estimate
correctly.
As work progresses, conditions may require that speed
estimates be increased or decreased.
The work output is computed for each operation which is
performed at a different rate of speed.
The sum of all the values obtained in each part is the
total time required for the operation.
Care must be taken to use the correct number of passes
for each speed used. 181
Grader Production
Table #15-4 130G Grader Speed Per Gear
Speed both forward and reverse in MPH

GEAR 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH 5TH 6TH

MPH 2.3 3.7 5.8 9.6 15.5 24.5

182
Production Estimation
Example:
(Passes 1 & 2 in 2nd gear)
2 (passes) x 5 (distance) = 10
3.7 (speed) x .60 (efficiency factor) 2.22 = 4.5 hrs.
(Passes 3 & 4 in 3rd gear)
2 (passes) x 5 (distance) = 10
5.8 (speed) x .60 (efficiency factor) 3.48 = 2.87 hrs.
(Passes 5 & 6 in 5th gear)
2 (passes) x 5 (distance) = 10
15.5 (speed) x .60 (efficiency factor) 9.3 = 1.08 hrs.
4.5 + 2.87 + 1.08 = 8.45 total hrs.
Total Production Days
8.45 hrs. 8 hrs/day = 1.06 or 2 days 183
Production Estimation
Example:
1500 ft = .28 miles
5280
(Passes 1 & 2 in 2nd gear)
2 (passes) x .28 (distance) = .56
3.7 (speed) x .60 (efficiency factor) 2.22 =.25 hrs.
(Passes 3, 4 & 5 in 3rd gear)
3 (passes) x .28 (distance) = .84
5.8 (speed) x .60 (efficiency factor) 3.48 = .24 hrs.
.25 + .24 = .49 total hrs.
Total Production Days
.49 hrs. 8 hrs/day = 0.06 or 1 day
184
Production Estimation

What Have You

Learned?
Problem #1

Problem #2

185
Solution Problem #1
Passes 1 & 2
2x6
2.3x.60 = 8.70hrs
Passes 3 & 4
2x6
3.7x.60 = 5.41hrs
Passes 5 & 6
2x6
9.6x.60 = 2.08
16.19 THR 186
Solution #2
2,640 5,280 = .5 Miles
Passes 1 & 2
2 x .5 = .72 hrs .72
+ .29
2.3 x .60
.11
Passes 3 & 4
1.12 THR
2 x .5
5.8 x .60 = .29 hrs
Passes 5 & 6
2 x .5
15.5 x .60 = .11 hrs 187
Questions?

Break!

188
 Scoop Loader Production
Introduction
Loaders are available in varied sizes and bucket
capacities.
Loaders have a hinged frame which provides the
steering, this steering method is referred to as
articulated, and provides greater maneuverability.
Articulated steering provides zero clearance for
personnel at the point of articulation.
Most loaders have a towing pintle for towing small
trailers.
Special caution should be exercised when the bucket
is fully raised, because the chances of rollover or
189
tipping are greatly increased.
Production Estimation
Uses
Primarily used for front end loading.
Also used for excavating, snow removal, and back
filling.
It is capable of many other operations with the proper
attachments such as; forks, sweeper, snowplow, and
multi segmented bucket.
Used around rock quarries, when equipped with rock-
type tread tires.
Used in various tasks, including, stripping
overburden, charging hoppers, and carrying
materials. 190
Production Estimation

Classification
Classified according
to bucket size.
Normal bucket sizes
are 2 and 5 cubic
yards.

191
Production Estimation
Characteristics
Wheeled vehicles characterized by an
attachment for lifting and loading.
Most common scoop loader attachments
are the shovel type bucket and the forklift.
Hydraulically operated.
Two types of buckets: the general purpose
and the multi-segmented bucket.
The GP is a one piece bucket made of
heavy duty all welded steel. 192
Production Estimation

The multi-segmented bucket is a hinged

jaw bucket, commonly referred to as a
clamshell.
The two piece bucket has many
capabilities not available to the single
piece.
These include, clamshell, dozer, and
scraper operations.

193
 Production Estimation
Operation
Hydraulically operated and powered by a diesel
engine.
Extremely versatile and capable of many operations.
When working in a stockpile, the bucket should be
parallel to the ground when loading and raised after
penetration.
Crowding the material will prevent spilling, and
maximize loading.
When loading trucks the V method should be used.
A loader can dig excavations such as defilades and
gun emplacements.
194
 Production Estimation
Production
Scoop loaders are affected by numerous factors
which must be considered prior to their employment.
Among these factors are:
Operator skill
Extent of prior loosening of material
Weight and volume of the material
Slope of the operating area
Height of material
Climatic conditions
Management factors. 195
Production Estimation

The Marine Corps

has 2 scoop loaders
in the system.
MC1155E
624KR TRAM
The 420DV can also
be used.
Estimating using the
following formula:
196
 Production Estimation
Step #1: Determine Basic (Maximum)
Production
Bucket size (CY) x Secs. working/hour
Loader cycle time (Secs.) =
Basic Production (LCYPH)
Note: you can find the seconds you are
working per hour by multiplying the minutes
you are working per hour by 60.
Example:
2.5 x 3,600
35 = 257.14 or 257 LCYPH 197
 Production Estimation
Step #2: Determine Efficiency Factor
(Table 17-5)
Efficiency depends on both job conditions and
management conditions.
To arrive at an efficiency factor, these
conditions must be subjectively evaluated.
Job Factors - the physical conditions that
affect the production rate of specific jobs,
other than the type of material to be handled.

198
Production Estimation

Job Factors to Consider:

Topography and work dimensions, including depth
of cut and amount of movement required.
Surface and weather conditions, including the
season of the year and drainage conditions.
Specifications that control handling of work or
indicate the operational sequence.
Equipment maintenance, and directing personnel.

199
Production Estimation

Management
Factors to Consider:
Planning, organizing,
and laying out the
job; supervising and
controlling the
operation.
Selecting, training,
and directing
personnel.
200
 Production Estimation

Table #17-5 Management Factors

Job Factors Excellent Good Fair Poor
Excellent .84 .81 .76 .70
Good .78 .75 .71 .65
Fair .72 .69 .65 .60
Poor .63 .61 .57 .52
201
Production Estimation

Step #3: Determine Example:

Net Production What is the NET
(LCYPH) production in LCYPH
To determine the net of a scoop loader with
production in a basic production rate
LCYPH, multiply the of 257 LCYPH, and an
basis production in efficiency factor of .71?
LCYPH by the 257 LCYPH
efficiency factor. x .71 Eff. Fact.
182.47 or 182 LCYPH
202
Production Estimation

Step #4: Soil

Conversion (If
Needed)
If your requirement,
or quantity to be
moved, is expressed
in either CCY or
BCY, you must
convert your net
production.
203
Production Estimation

Step #5: Total Time

Required (HRS)
Determine the total time
required to complete the
mission.
Qty. to be moved
Hrly prod rate x # of loaders =
Total Time (hrs)
Never round off time

204
Production Estimation

Step #6: Total # of

Days Required
Determine the total #
of days the project ?
will take.
# hrs req
# hrs wk/day = # days
Note: round up to
the next full day
205
Production Estimation

What have you

learned?
Problem #1

Problem #2

206
Solution #1
2.5 BUCKET SIZE
x 3,600 SECS/HR Worked
9,000
120 LOADER CT
75 LCYPH
x .65 EFF FAC
48.75 or 48 LCYPH
x .72 CONV FAC
34.56 or 34 CCYPH
207
Solution #2
1.75 BUCKET SIZE
x 2,700 SECS/HR Worked
4,725
90 LOADER CT
52.50 or 52 LCYPH
x .52 EFF FAC
27.04 or 27 LCYPH

208
Production Estimation

Ratio of Loading
Units to Hauling
Units
You need to
determine how many
loaders is required to
keep up with the haul
units.

209
 Production Estimation
Use the following formula to figure out how many haul
units 1 loader can handle with no waiting.
Haul Unit Cycle Time
Load Time (Table #18-5) = # haul units/loader
Note: Round down # of haul units.
Table #18-5 Loading Time
Loading Equipment 621B Struck 621B Heap
1155E 6 min. 8 min.
Tram 644E 5 min. 6 min.
420D IT
4 in 1 Bucket 11 min. 15 min.
GP Bucket 15 min. 21 min.
ATC - Clamshell 15 min. 18 min.
210
 Production Estimation

Notes:
If the actual load size falls between a struck and a
heap load, use the heap load time for the load time.
These are average fixed times only and are based
on an average operator who is familiar with the
attachments and equipment operation.
These times are a basic starting point only.
Actual fixed times can vary considerably due to
varying conditions.
Timing of several actual cycles is necessary in order
to obtain a more realistic fixed time average for a job.
211
 Production Estimation

Example: Next you need to

How many haul units determine the total
can 1 Tram handle, if number of loading
the haul units are units needed.
hauling 15 CY of
material and their cycle All you would need
time is 14.5 minutes? to do is divide the
14.5 number of haul units
6 = 2.42 or by the amount of
2 haul units haul units 1 loader
Round down can handle. 212
 Production Estimation

Total Number of Loading units Needed:

Use the following formula:

# HAUL UNITS HAUL UNIT CYCLE TIME = # LOADING UNITS NEEDED

LOAD TIME (TABLE# 18-5)

Note: Round up # loading units

213
Production Estimation

What have you

learned?
Problem #1

Problem #2

214
Solution #1

8.42 HAUL UNIT CT

5 LOAD TIME
1.68 or 1 HAUL UNIT

215
Solution # 2

7 # Of HAUL UNITS
33 HAUL UNIT CT
.21
x 6 LOAD TIME
1.27 or 2 LOADING UNITS
REQUIRED

216
Production Estimation

Are there any

questions?

Take a break!

217
Production Estimation

Backhoes and Excavators

Fast-acting variable-flow hydraulic systems
and easy-to-operate controls give
excavators the high implement speed and
breakout force to excavate trenches, the
precision to set pipes, and the capacity to
back fill.
These vehicles have the mobility to move
quickly from job to job.
218
Production Estimation

Use
Best suited for trench excavating, since it
digs well below the units wheel or tracks.
Large variety of booms, sticks, buckets,
and attachments give them versatility to
excavate trenches, load trucks, clean
ditches, break up old concrete, install outlet
pipes, and many others.

219
 Production Estimation
Classification:
Classified by
horsepower.
The 420DV Backhoe
Loader is rated at 88hp

220
 Production Estimation

420DV Backhoe Loader

Fully hydraulic rough terrain equipped with
manually control 4WD
Will negotiate a max. grade of 35%
Front bucket is 1 cy
Back hoe bucket cy

221
 Production Estimation
Operation
Used for sub-ground work.
A survey should be conducted for underground
hazards, as well as surface obstacles.
It is important that the machine be positioned properly
on the job site to gain its greatest effectiveness.
Before operating level the machine.
Lower the bucket to the ground.
Insure the gear shift is in neutral.
.

222
Production Estimation
Determine the size of
Production the bucket that you
will use to load with.
Estimates:
Use Table #3-2 as
Backhoe and before in scraper
excavator production production.
can be determined
by using the Example:
following steps: You are tasked with
Step #1: Bucket digging a trench with
Size the 420D, with the
GP bucket.
Bucket size = ..25
223
 Production Estimation
Step #2: Cycles/Hour (CPH)
Determine the cycles/hour using the cycle time of the
excavator and the minutes the operator will be
working.
Table #19-6 Depth of Cut

Degree Of Swing 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

45 :12 :16 :22 :25 :31 :38 :46

90 :22 :25 :30 :36 :42 :49 :55

Note: These are average fixed times only and are based on
an average operator who is familiar with attachments and
equipment operation. Times will vary so it is necessary to time
the cycle time to get a more accurate fixed time average. 224
 Production Estimation
After determining the factors, place them in
the formula below:
Min. worked/hr x 60 sec/min.
Cycle time in seconds = Cycles/hr
Note: Never round off CPH
Example: If you are operating a 420DV tractor
for 50 min/hr, and your cycle time is 35 sec., how
many cycles/hr will you operate?
50 x 60
35 = 85.71 Cycles/hr (CPH) 225
 Production Estimation

Step #3: Efficiency Factors

Efficiency factors depends on both the job factors
and management factors.
Determine the factor as in loader estimations.
Step #4: Hourly Production Rate (LCYPH)
To determine the hourly production rate (LCYPH),
take the factors from steps 1 -3 and place them in
the formula below:
Bucket Size x Cycles/hr x Efficiency Factor = LCYPH
Note: Round down LCYPH
226
 Production Estimation

Step #5: Soil

Conversion (If
Needed)
LCYPH x Soil Conv. Fact. =
Converted CYPH
Note: Round down
CYPH.

227
 Production Estimation

Step #6: Total Time

Required (HRS)
Determine the total time
required to complete the
mission.
Qty. to be moved
Hrly Prod. Rate x # of equip.=
Total time in hours

228
Production Estimation

Step #7: Total # of

Days Required
Determine the total
number of days that
a project will take.
# Hrs. Req.
# Hrs. Worked/day =
# of days required
Note: Round up to next
full day.
229
Production Estimation

What have you

learned?
Problem #1

Problem #2

230
Solution # 1
.25 Bucket Size
30 Min/Hr Worked 1250 Req Volume
X 60 Secs/Min 12 Prod
1800 Secs/Hr Worked 104.17 THR
22 CT 8 Hrs/Day
81.28 CPH 13.02 or 14 Days
X .25 Bucket Size
X .60 EFF FAC
12.76 or 12 LCYPH

231
Solution # 2
50 MIN/HR Worked 63 REQ VOL
X 60 SEC/HR 9 PROD
3,000 SEC/HR Worked 7 THR
45 CT 8 HRS/DAY
66.67 CPH .88 or 1 DAY
X .25 BUCKET SIZE
X .78 EFF FAC
13.52 OR 13 LCYPH
X .70 CONV FAC
9.10 OR 9 BCYPH 232
Questions

Break!

233
CLAMSHELL PRODUCTION

234
Production Estimation
Because of the factors which effect
operation of the clamshell, it is difficult
to arrive at production rates that are
dependable.
The difficulty of loading the bucket in
different types of soil.
The height of the lift.
The slow swing required.
The method of disposing of the load.
The best method is to time the cycle time.235
Production Estimation
Example:
Determine the production rate and time
required to complete the job.

Step #1: Convert Working Minutes/Hour

to Working Seconds/Hour.
50 work min/hr x 60 sec/hr = 3,000 sec/hr
Step #2: Determine the Efficiency
Factor:
Use table 17-5 236
Production Estimation
Step #3: Production Formula:
Bucket size x step #1 x step #2
45 sec Cycle time (in sec) = 46 LCYPH
Step #4: Soil Conversion (If Needed)
Convert the soil using your soil conversion
factors.
Step #5: Determine Total Time
Required To Complete The Job
450 LCY (to be moved)
46 LCYPH x #of Clamshells = 9.78 hrs req.
237
Production Estimation

Step #6: Total Production Days

9.78 hrs req 8 hrs/day = 1.22 or 2 days

What have you learned?

238
Solution

45 MIN/HR Worked 15,000 VOL REQ

x 60 SECS/HR 47 PROD
2,700 SEC/HR 329.79 HRS
x 1.25 BUCKET SIZE 7 HRS/DAY
x .71 EFF FAC 47.11 or 48 DAYS
2396.25
50 CT
47.93 or 47 LCYPH
239
Questions

240
 Production Estimation
Introduction:
Compaction is the process of mechanically
densifying a soil by the application of a
moving load.
No other construction process, applied to
natural soils, so drastically affects a soils
properties.
Although compaction does not effect all soils
alike, the advantages gained by compaction
have made it a standard and essential part
of the horizontal construction process. 241
 Production Estimation
Uses:
Compaction equipment is used strictly for
mechanical stabilization.
Proper compaction is the most critical part of
construction.
It allows the structure to meet load bearing
requirements.
In road and airfields, compaction is used from
the sub-grade to the final wearing surface.
242
 Production Estimation
Classification:
Classified by weight, type and method of
operation.
There are basically 2 types of compactors:
Towed and self-propelled.
However when classified by method of
operation, there are 3 categories:
Pneumatic, vibratory, and rollers.
Classification by weight uses the maximum
static weight delivered to the surface. 243
Production Estimation

Characteristics:
There are many different types, models,
and functions, ranging form hand-held
models used for compaction in small areas
to larger models used in heavy
construction.
Some are diesel powered, gasoline
powered, or pneumatic powered.

244
 Production Estimation

Operation:
Compactors are driven, towed, or manually operated.
Because of the basic design of compactors, it is best
to operate the power unit behind the compactor.
The exception to this is with towed compactors.
Extreme caution must be used when compacting on
slopes.
By nature compactors are slow,ranging from 3-7 mph.
Operators should be switched often to prevent
boredom and fatigue.
245
Production Estimation

Selection And Testing Of Equipment:

Even though the Marine Corps has one
type of compactor (vibratory), the military
community has several to choose from.
If the job you are working on needs a
specific type that the Corps does not have,
do not forget that you may be able to
temporarily loan one from another service.

246
 Production Estimation
Selection Factors:
Soil-compacting equipment normally available to the
military engineer includes sheepsfoot rollers, tamping-
foot, pneumatic-tired rollers, smooth steel-wheel
rollers, and vibratory types.
By knowing the characteristics, capabilities, and
limitations of the different types of rollers, a project
officer can select the most appropriate type.
Take a look at Table #20-8 which shows the spectrum
of capabilities of each type of roller and the type of
compactive effort associated with each roller.
Note: Use this table only if test strip is unattainable.
247
Production Estimation

Production:
Once you have selected the correct
compaction equipment, use the following
formula to calculate compactor production
in compacted cubic yards per hour.
16.3 x W x S X L X E
P = CCYPH

248
 Production Estimation

16.3 x W x S x L x E S = Compactor speed, in

mph. (Table #21-8)
P
L = Compacted lift
16.3 = Constant used in
thickness, in inches. (Table
formula.
#21-8)
W = Effective width of the
E = Efficiency factor (Table
roller 6. The compactor
#22-8)
drum is 7 wide, however
to eliminate non- P = # of passes required
compacted strips, each (Table #21-8)
pass should overlap the
preceding pass by 1. 249
 Production Estimation
Step #1: Soil Type Step #2:
Production starts with Compaction
determining what type of Requirements
soil you are working in. Using the type of soil
Example: you are working get
You are compacting the speed, lift
clay. The operator is thickness and # of
working 50 min/hr passes from table
during the day. The total #21-8.
amount to be compacted S: 3 mph
is 1,500 CCY. You are L: 8
working 8 hrs/day. P: 7
Soil Type: CL 250
 Production Estimation
Step #3:
Operator/Time Step #4: Production
Factor Calculation
Due to the fact an 16.3 x W x S x L x E
operator cannot 16.3 x 6 x 3 x 8 x .83
physically operate a 7
vibratory compactor for
P
more than 50 min.
without a break, it is = 278.31 or 278 CCYPH
necessary to figure an
efficiency factor using
Table #22-8.
251
E: .83
 Production Estimation

Step #5: Total Hours

Required
Total to be compacted
_____1,500 CCY_____
278 CCYPH x 1 Comp.
Hrly prod rate x # comp.
= 5.40 Total hrs required

252
 Production Estimation

Step #6: Total

Production Days
Hrs Req hrs worked/day
5.40 8 = .68 or 1 day
Note: Round days to next
full day.

253
 Production Estimation
Ratio of LCYPH to Compactors (If Needed)
Use this step if there is more than one compactor
available.
Example:
If you have 36 LCYPH of clay being delivered by 3
621B, how many compactors will it take to keep up
with the delivery rate so there will be no slow down in
production?
36 LCYPH x .63 soil conversion
278 CCYPH = .08 or 1 compactor
Note: Always round up
254
Production Estimation

What have you

learned?

Problem #1

Problem #2

255
 Solution # 1
16.3 CONSTANT
X 6 EFF WIDTH
X 3 SPEED
X 8 LIFT
X.75 EFF FAC
1760.40
14 PASSES
125.74 or 125 CCYPH
256
 Solution #2
16.3 CONSTANT 880 SOIL DELV.
X 6 EFF WIDTH X .63 CONV FAC
X 2 SPEED 554.40
X 6 LIFT 176 CCYPH
X .75 EFF FAC 3.15
880.20 or 4 COMP REQ
5 PASSES
176.04 or
176 CCYPH 257
Questions

258
Production Estimation
Dump Truck

259
 Production Estimation
Introduction:
The most common hauling equipment used for military
purposes are the 2, 5, 7 (MK29 MK30),15 and 20
ton trucks.
The 2 ton truck is capable of hauling 2 cubic yards
of material.
The 5 ton 5 cubic yards.
The 20 ton, used mainly at a quarry, carries 12 cubic
yards.
This will vary according to the type of material being
used.
Materials weighing more than 2,000 lbs./LCY will
reduce load size. 260
Production Estimation
Uses:
Primarily used to haul and deliver material.
Also used to transport troops and
equipment in support of the unit mission.
Equipped with a towing hook and are a
tremendous asset for moving equipment
and trailers.
Trucks equipped with winches are valuable
for recovery operations.
261
 Production Estimation
Classification:
Classified by weight they carry in tons, by
truck volume in cubic yards, or by the heaped
capacity in cubic yards.
For example a 5 ton truck can carry 5.88 cubic
yards of loose dry clay weighing 1,700
lbs/LCY but is restricted to the 5 cubic yard
capacity.
Wet clay weighing 3,200 lbs/LCY, for instance
would be restricted by the 5 ton capacity.
262
 Production Estimation
Characteristics:
Characterized by a hydraulic lift cylinder that is
used to raise and lower the bed.
Most trucks are capable of all wheel drive that
permit operation in different terrain's.
The truck becomes top heavy when fully
raised, so caution should be taken on side
slopes.
For safest operation, the assistant operator
should dismount and act as ground guide. 263
 Production Estimation
Operation:
Hydraulically operated and powered by a diesel
engine.
Haul at the highest speed possible, without speeding.
When several trucks are hauling it is essential to
maintain proper speeds in order to prevent delays or
bottlenecks.
Lay out traffic patterns in loading and dumping sites to
minimize backing, passing, and cross traffic.
Keep trucks clean. The time spent cleaning and oiling
truck bodies must be considered in computing
transportation requirements. 264
 Production Estimation
Operation (Cont.)
The 900 series dumps cannot raise the bed and move
forward at the same time.
Where as the 800 series MK29 and MK30 dumps can,
allowing them to spread the loaded material.
Dump truck capacities are expressed 2 ways:
Tons (Use Tables, #23-9, 1-3.1, 1-12.1 or check data
plate for load weight.)
Cubic yards (Use Table 23-9 for CY or call motor
transport)

265
Production Estimation
Table #23-9 Truck Volumes
Load Struck Heap
Type of Capacity in Volume in Volume in LCY
Truck lbs. LCY
2 Ton 5,000 Call MT for Call MT for
volume volume
5 Ton 10,000 5 LCY 7.5 LCY

20 Ton 40,000 Call MT for Call MT for

volume volume

Note: Table information comes from TM 9

2320-260-10 and TM 9 2320-260-10 266
TABLE 1-12.1 Dump Body (MK29 and MK30)
Item Specification
Struck Payload Capacity Paved
Surface 21,060 lbs (9,561 kg)
Heaped Payload Capacity Paved
Surface 28,000 lbs (12,712 kg)
Struck or Payload Capacity
Cross Country 14,200 lbs (6,447 kg)
Recommended Personnel 16 (NOTE: Also Refer to
Capacity paragraph 2-31 for
warning information)

NOTE: TABLE 1-3.1 AND 1-12.1 INFORMATION COMES

FROM TM 10629-10B

267
Production Estimation

FOR CLASSROOM PURPOSES DO

NOT EXCEED 10CY (20,000LBS)
CAPACITY!

Outside the classroom, note the type of

surface you are traveling on, this will
change the capacity.

268
Production Estimation

Production:
Other than scrapers, dump trucks are the
primary haul units for earth work in the
military inventory.
Generally used for hauling distances more
than 5,000.
There is ten steps to calculate dump truck
production.

269
Production Estimation

Step #1: Actual Soil Weight

To determine the actual soil weight per
cubic yard, take the dry soil weight from
(Table #2-2).
If you are given a moisture content,
multiply the weight of the soil dry by the
moisture content.
This gives you your ASW in pounds.

270
 Production Estimation
Step #2: Cubic Yards Of A Load
Remembering that you want to keep the weight of the
load under 20,000 lbs., determine how many cubic
yards can be hauled without exceeding 20,000 lbs.
To do this divide 20,000 by the ASW per cubic yard.
20,000 lbs. (rated capacity)
2,354 ASW (step #1)
8.50 CY or no more than 10 CY
If the resulting figure is over 10 cubic yards, you must
go with 10.
If the resulting figure is less than 10, use that figure in
step #3. (note: No more than the max. volume of the
271
truck.).
Production Estimation

Step #3: Buckets Loaded

Determine the number of bucket loaded
that is equal to or less than the figure
determined in step #2. Divide that figure ,
in this case 8.50, by the size of each
bucket load (Table #3-2) which for the
TRAM is 2.5.
8.50 CY
2.5 CY (bucket size from table #3-2)
272
3.40 or 3 buckets
Production Estimation

Step #4: Actual Load Size Or Volume

To determine the volume of the load, take
the answer from step #3, 1 bucket/load,
and multiply by the bucket size (2.5 for a
TRAM).
3 # of bucket/load
x 2.5 TRAM bucket size
7.5 Actual Load Size (ALS)
Note: Never round off load size or volume.
273
Production Estimation
Step #5: Load Weight
Always try to keep your soil weight under
10,000 lbs.
Use Table #2-2 to determine you load
weight.
2,354 ASW (from step #1)
x 7.5 ALS (from step #4)
17,655 Load Weight (LW)
Now you know your load weight. You can
now calculate your cycle time. 274
 Production Estimation
Step #6: Cycle Time
Use Table #24-9 to get your travel speed.
The table is for classroom purposes only.
To figure cycle time you need to determine the
travel time (TT).
To get TT divide the distance in feet by your
travel speed (TS) multiplied by 88.
Do this for the haul and return to get your total
cycle time.
Note: 88 is the conversion factor to change
the speed in mph to feet per min. 275
Production Estimation
Haul:
Distance in feet
TS x 88 = Haul Time (HT)
Return:
Distance in feet
TS x 88 = Return Time (RT)
HT + RT + 2 min. fixed time = CT
Note: Use 2 min. as a constant fixed
time for dump trucks in the classroom.276
Production Estimation
Example:
Haul:
7,500
35 TS x 88 = 2.44 HT
Return:
8,200
50 TS x 88 = 1.86 RT
2.44 HT + 1.86 RT + 2 min = 6.30 CT
Note: round off cycle time 2 places after
the decimal point. 277
 Production Estimation
Step #7: Trips Per Hour
To determine trips per hour (TPH), divide the working
minutes per hour by the cycle time.
Working Min./Hr
Cycle Time = Trips/Hr (TPH)
Example:
How many trips per hour can a dump truck make
during a 60 min. work hour and a cycle time of 6.30
min/trip?
60 min/hr
6.30 CT = 9.52 TPH
278
Note: Never round off TPH
 Production Estimation
Step #8: Hourly Production Rate
To determine the hourly production rate you must
know the size of the load (in LCY), the number of trips
per hour, and the efficiency of the operator and
equipment (Table #7-2 this is the same table used in
scraper production).
TPH x ALS x Efficiency Factor = LCYPH
Example:
What is the hourly production rate of a dump truck with
an average operator, working a day shift, making 9.52
TPH, with a load of 7.5 LCY?
9.52 TPH x 7.5 ALS x .60 Eff. Fact. = 142.84 or
42 LCYPH279
Production Estimation

Step #9: Soil

Conversion (If
Needed)
Convert you type of
soil from one state to
the other depending
on what the job
requires.

280
 Production Estimation
Step #10: Ratio Of Trucks To Scoop Loader.
Determine the number of trucks to keep 1 scoop
loader moving with no down time.
Step #1: Loads/hr
Loader Production (LCYPH) (step# 1to3 of loader prod.)
Trucks ALS (LCY/load) = Loads/Hr. Do not round off
Step #2: Loading Time Per Truck
Min worked/hr
Loads/hr = Loading Time/Truck (min)
Step #3: Formulate
Truck CT (from step 6)
_____________________ + 1 = Trucks Req.
Loading Time/Truck (min) 281
 Production Estimation
Example:
The TRAM is putting out 150 LCYPH and you are
using a 7 ton w/ 2.5 LCY/load. You are working 50
min/hr.
Step #1
150 LCYPH
2.5 ALS = 60 Loads/hr
Step #2
50 Min. worked/hr
60 Loads/hr = .83 Loading time/truck
Step #3
6.30 Truck CT
.83 Loading time/truck (min) = 7.59 +1 = 8.59 or 8
Trucks Required
282
Production Estimation

Step #11: Total Hours Required to

Complete Mission
To determine the total time required to complete
the mission, you must know the total volume to be
moved, the hourly production rate, and the
number of trucks you will use on the job.
1,900 CCY required
10 CCYPH x 3 Dump Trucks = 63.33 Hrs.
Note: Never round off time.

283
Production Estimation

Step #12: Total Production Days

To get the total days, divide total time
required by the hours worked per day.
Example:
63.33 Hrs. Required
8 Hrs./Day = 7.92 or 8 Total Days

284
Production Estimation

What have you

learned?

285
Solution
2,000 DRY CLAY
x 1.08 MOISTURE
2,160 ASW

20,000 MAX LOAD SIZE

2,160 ASW
9.26 CY OF THE LOAD

9.26 CY OF THE LOAD

2.5 BUCKET SIZE
3.70
OR 3 BUCKETS LOADED
x 2.5 ALS
7.5 ALS
286
Solution
2,160 ASW
x 7.5 ALS
16,200 LW

6,600 HD
35 X 88 = 2.14 HAUL TIME (HT)

6,600 RD
50 X 88 = 1.50 RETURN TIME (RT)

_ 2.14 + 1.50 + 2.00 = 5.64

HAUL TIME RETURN TIME FIXED TIME CYCLE TIME

287
Solution
60 MIN/HR
5.64 CT
10.64 TPH

10.64 TPH
7.5 ALS
x .6 EF
47.88
OR 47 LCYPH

47 LCYPH
x .63 CONV FACTOR
29.31
OR 29 CCYPH
288
Solution
5.64 TCT
.50 LCT
11.28
+ 1.00
12.28
OR 12 TRUCKS REQUIRED

170,000 FILL REQUIRED

(29 x 12)
488.51 THR

488.51
10
48.85
OR 49 DAYS REQUIRED
289
Questions?
Break!

290
SUMMARY

291