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    Analysis of Sedimentary Basins

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    Francisco Rojas
    1. Sedimentary basins form in different tectonic settings including divergent boundaries where plates separate, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. 2. The classification of sedimentary basins is based on the type of tectonic setting involved in their formation such as rift basins at divergent boundaries or foreland basins associated with mountain building at convergent boundaries. 3. Studying features within sedimentary basins such as the types and thickness of sediment layers can provide information about the paleotectonic environment during the time the basins were forming and filling with sediment.

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    Analysis of Sedimentary Basins

    Uploaded by

    Francisco Rojas
    179 views30 pages
    1. Sedimentary basins form in different tectonic settings including divergent boundaries where plates separate, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. 2. The classification of sedimentary basins is based on the type of tectonic setting involved in their formation such as rift basins at divergent boundaries or foreland basins associated with mountain building at convergent boundaries. 3. Studying features within sedimentary basins such as the types and thickness of sediment layers can provide information about the paleotectonic environment during the time the basins were forming and filling with sediment.

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    Análisis de las principales cuencas sedimentarias según su clasificación tectónica.

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    1. Sedimentary basins form in different tectonic settings including divergent boundaries where plates separate, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. 2. The classification of sedimentary basins is based on the type of tectonic setting involved in their formation such as rift basins at divergent boundaries or foreland basins associated with mountain building at convergent boundaries. 3. Studying features within sedimentary basins such as the types and thickness of sediment layers can provide information about the paleotectonic environment during the time the basins were forming and filling with sediment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    179 views30 pages

    Analysis of Sedimentary Basins

    Uploaded by

    Francisco Rojas
    1. Sedimentary basins form in different tectonic settings including divergent boundaries where plates separate, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. 2. The classification of sedimentary basins is based on the type of tectonic setting involved in their formation such as rift basins at divergent boundaries or foreland basins associated with mountain building at convergent boundaries. 3. Studying features within sedimentary basins such as the types and thickness of sediment layers can provide information about the paleotectonic environment during the time the basins were forming and filling with sediment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 30

    Sedimentary basins

    Doesnt have to be a place on the Earths surface


    with strictly basinal shape, with closed contours, like
    a washbowl.
    Can be made just by erecting highland in
    adjacent area by volcanism.
    The most important control on sedimentation is
    tectonic (nowadays sedimentary basins are
    classified by tectonic ). Climate es a rather distant
    second.
    If i talk about paleotectonic it is about by the
    sedimentary record in sedimentary basins.
    The disposition of sedimentary types, sediment
    ticknesses, and paleocurrents, in a basin gives
    evidence of the existence and location of
    elevated areas of the crust created by
    tectonism.
    Surface mapping.
    Rock core samples.
    Subsurface geophysics.
    Mainly seismic propiling.
    Master cross sections.
    Stratigraphic sections.
    Isopach maps.
    Lithofacies maps.
    Ratio maps.
    Paleocurrent maps.
    Draw diagrams.
    NATURE OF FILL ( MORE DESCRIPTIVE)
    GEOMETRY
    PALEOGEOGRAPHY
    TECTONIC SETTING ( MORE GENETIC)
    1. Active sedimentary basins still
    accumulating sediments.
    2. Inactive, but little deformed
    sedimentary basins showing
    more or less their original
    shape and sedimentary fill
    and
    3. Strongly deformed and
    incomplete former sedimentary
    basins, where the original fill
    has been partly lost to erosion,
    for example in a mountain belt.
    Basin-generating tectonics is the most important
    prerequisite for the accumulation of sediments. That
    basin classification must be in accordance with the
    modern concept of global plate tectonics so will differ
    from older classifications and terminology.
    Divergent boundaries: Occur where two plates slide
    apart from each other.
    Convergent boundaries (or active margins): Occur
    where two plates slide towards each other commonly
    forming either a subduction zone (if one plate moves
    underneath the other) or an orogenic belt (if the two
    simply collide and compress).
    Transform boundaries: Occur where plates slide, or
    perhaps more accurately grind, past each other along
    transform-faults. The relative movement of the two
    plates is therefore either sinistral or dextral.
    In order to identify the various basin categories,
    one must know the nature of the underlying
    crust as well as the type of former plate
    movement involved during basin formation, i.e.,
    divergence or convergence. Even in the case of
    transform movement, either some divergence or
    convergence must take place.
    REGION BASINS WITH DIVERGENT MARGINS
    CONTINENTAL RIFT ZONES ( RIFT BASIN)
    ORIGIN:

    Large scale mantle convection


    Regional updoming: Regional basaltic volcanism
    Extensional fault of crust: Lystric normal fault system, subsided/rotated half grabens.
    Widening to form central rift graben.

    Commonly associated with bimodal volcanism

    SEDIMENT COMPOSITIONS
    1. Mixed provenance, mainly clastic
    2. Exposed crustal rocks at rift margin

    EXAMPLES
    1. East Africa rift zone
    2. Rio Grande rift; Rhine graben

    May be subsequently deformed by compressional deformation.


    A certain type of such failed rifts is an aulacogen. Aulacogens
    represent the failed arm of a triple junction of a rift zone,
    where two arms continue their development to form an oceanic
    basin. Aulacogen floors consist of oceanic or transitional crust
    and allow the deposition of thick sedimentary sequences over
    relatively long time periods.
    ORIGIN:
    Subsidence along a passive margin, mostly due to long-term accumulation of
    sediments on the continental shelf
    Evolve from oceanic rift basins
    Become passive margin basins when MORs - large, wide ocean
    basins.
    Half graben system evolves into coastal plain-continental shelf &
    slope
    oceanic abyssal plain system
    VOLCANISM
    none expected after break-up
    perhaps intraplate hot spot volcanism
    SEDIMENTATION & PROVENANCE
    as for oceanic rift basin
    + well developed shelf-slope seds ( carbonate seds.)
    TECTONICS
    post-break-up thermal & later isostatic subsidence of continental
    margin
    transgression
    REGION BASINS WITH CONVERGENT MARGINS
    CONTINENTAL MARGIN ARC-SUBDUCTION ASSOCIATED
    BASINS

    TRENCH

    ORIGIN :
    Formed by subduction of ocean litosphere.
    SEDIMENT COMPOSITIONS
    metasedimentary debris eroded off accretionary prism
    v. minor volcanic debris
    pelagic sed.

    Example: Western edge of Vancouver Island


    ORIGIN:
    The area between the accretionary wedge( ocean trench) and
    the magmatic arc, largely caused by the negative floating of
    the subducting plate pulling down on the overlying continental
    crust.
    SEDIMENT COMPOSITIONS
    voluminous volcanic debris

    EXAMPLE: Georgia Strait


    Form by rifting and ocean spreading either landward of an
    island arc, or between two island arcs.
    Submarine basins associated with island arcs and subduction
    zones. They are found at some convergent plate boundaries,
    presently concentrated in the western Pacific Ocean. Most of
    them result from tensional forces caused by oceanic trench
    rollback (the oceanic trench is wandering in the seafloor
    direction) and the collapse of the edge of the continent. The arc
    crust is under extension or rifting as a result of the sinking of the
    subducting slab.
    -Are formed by depressing and flexuring the continental
    crust under the load of the overthrust mountain belt.
    -A depression caused by the weight of a large mountain
    range pushing the adjacent crust below sea level.
    Example: The sediment filled plain south of the
    Himalayas
    REGION BASINS WITH TRANSFORMANT MARGINS
    Transform motions may be associated either with a tensional
    component (transtensional) or with a compressional component
    (transpressional). Transtensional fault systems locally cause
    crustal thinning and therefore create narrow elongate pull-
    apart basins.

    STRIKE-SLIP BASIN
    A pull-apart block (e.g. between two
    transform faults) that subsides significantly.
    The study of sedimentary basins as a specific entity in
    themselves is often referred to as basin modelling or
    sedimentary basin analysis. The need to understand
    the processes of basin formation and evolution are not
    restricted to the purely academic. Indeed, sedimentary
    basins are the location for almost all of the world's
    hydrocarbon reserves and as such are the focus of
    intense commercial interest.

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