Performance Evaluation of DPSK Optical

Fiber Communication Systems

DPSK: Differential Phase-Shift Keying, a modulation

technique that codes information by using the phase
difference between two neighboring symbols.

Jin Wang
April 22, 2004
 Outline

1. Introduction
2. Bit Error Analysis in DPSK Systems
3. Transmission Impairments in DPSK Systems
4. Electrical Equalizer in DPSK Systems
5. Nonlinear DPSK Systems

2
1. Introduction

3
 Typical Long-Hual Optical Communication System
Information Laser Photodetector
Optical
Bits
signal
Symbols Optical
Optical Decoder Bits
Encoder Modulator Filter Elec.
signal Filter

Optical Communication Optical

Transmitter Channel Receiver

One Span ~ 80 km
for terrestrial system
Optical Fiber Optical Amplifier

Performance measure: Bit Error Ratio (BER). Required: 10-9 ~ 10-14.

Dominant noise is Amplified-Spontaneous-Emission (ASE) noise from optical amplifiers.
Capacity record (2002): 40 Gb/s/channel, 64 channel, 4000 km, BER < 10 -12. Using DPSK.

4
 Modulation Formats
Electric field of optical carrier: E(t) = Aexp(jwt+f)

Polarization Amplitude

Frequency Phase

One or more field properties can be modulated to carry information.

Example:
On-off keying (OOK): binary amplitude modulation
Binary DPSK, Quadrature DPSK : phase modulation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): amplitude and phase
modulation

5
 DPSK in Optical Systems
1. Early Experiments ( ~ 1990)
For the improvement of receiver sensitivity (At BER 10-9, 1000 photons/bit for OOK
v.s. < 100 photons/bit for DPSK)
Low bit rate: ~ 1 Gb/s
2. Cooling ( 90s ) After the Advent of Optical Amplifiers
High sensitivity OOK receiver (<100 photons/bit) can be realized with the aid of
optical amplifier (Ex. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier)
Complicated DPSK transmitter and receiver
Stringent requirements on laser linewidth (< 1% of data rate)

3. Recent Revival ( ~ 2002)

For the improvement of receiver sensitivity (< 50 photons/bit), reduction of fiber
nonlinearity and increase of spectrum efficiency
Interferometric demodulation + direct detection
Data rates of 10 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s relaxed linewidth requirements

6
 On-Off Keying (OOK)
OOK System:
Es (t ) n(t )
Bits Laser E(t)
G Optical
Mod. filter Electrical
i
filter
E(t) 1 0 1 1
Non-return-to-zero Bit set {0, 1} symbol set {0, 1}.
(NRZ) OOK Signal
E(t) t One symbol transfers one bit information.
Return-to-zero
OOK Signal Easy to modulate and detect.
t
Detected Signal:
2 2 2
Symbol constellation for OOK i Es n Es 2 Re( Es n* ) n

Im{E} Probability density Signal-ASE beat noise is

dominant noise
function of i

Re{E}
i
0 1 0 1

7
 Binary DPSK (2-DPSK)
2-DPSK System: +
Ts i
Elec.
Bits E(t) Filter
Differential Laser Optical
G
Encoder Mod. Filter E Interferometer -
s

1 0 0 1
E(t)
Bit set {0, 1} symbol set {-1, 1} i.e. {ej , ej0}
NRZ-2-DPSK
signal t One symbol transfers one bit information
E(t) Bit 0: leave phase alone, bit 1: introduce a -
RZ-2-DPSK phase change
signal t
2 2
E (t ) Es (t - Ts ) E (t ) - Es (t - Ts )
i s - s
Im{E} 2 2
Symbol 1 0
constellation 1
0
Re{E}
i
-1 1
0
1
8
 Quadrature DPSK (4-DPSK)
4-DPSK System:
Ts Elec. iI
LPF
Bits E(t)
Differential Laser Optical
G
Encoder Mod. BPF
Ts iQ
Elec.
90o LPF
Bit-pair set {00,01,10,11} symbol set {e j/4, e j3/4}
One symbol transfers TWO bits of information. Ts = 2Tb.
Signal bandwidth is only one half of the bit rate.

EQ iQ
00 11
01
10 00
01
11
01
10
00
EI iI
11
11
10
01
10
11
01 10
00 00

9
 Transmission Impairments - I
Chromatic Dispersion (CD)
Origin: The refractive index of fiber is frequency dependent.
Analogy:

CD Parameter, 3 ~ 17 ps/km/nm

Fiber length
j 2

Linear effect. Baseband TF of fiber: H ( f ) exp( f 2 DL )

c
Phenomenon: pulse broadening intersymbol interference (ISI).
-3 -3 -3
x 10 x 10 x 10
3.5
3
3.5
3
2.5
3
2.5
2
2.5
2

1 1 0 1
intensity

intensity

intensity
1.5 2
1.5

1 1.5
1
1
0.5 0.5
0.5
0

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

40 km 0
40 km 0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
time -10

10 Gb/s signal
x 10
D=17 ps/km/nm time
x 10
-10

D =17 ps/km/nm
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
time
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
x 10
-10

10
 Transmission Impairments - II
Fiber Nonlinearity (FNL)
Origin: The refractive index of fiber is power dependent.
Nonlinear Schrdinger equation (wave equation in fiber):

E j 2E
2 2 E j E E No analytic solutions for general
2

z 2 t 2 input, numerical approach necessary

(split-step FFT)
CD Fiber FNL
Loss
Effects:
Self-phase modulation (SPM) spectrum broadening.
Cross-phase modulation (XPM) spectrum broadening.
Four-wave mixing (FWM) noise amplification. interchannel crosstalk.
Spectrum broadening + CD intersymbol interference .

11
 Transmission Impairments - III
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Origin:
fast axis
ideal fiber real fiber slow axis

Principal states model

Input field
E0(t)

D

Ein E0 (t )( a 1 - a - ) : power splitting ratio.
D: differential group delay.
Eout E0 (t - 0 ) b E0 (t - 0 - D) 1 - b -

Linear effect in optical domain. Baseband TF of fiber with PMD:

H ( f ) b 1 - exp[ - j 2fD] b-
PMD stochastic. PMD causes ISI. Impact D.

12
Challenges for Optical Communication Systems

Challenges Solutions
Transmission at ultra high bit rate Reduce signal bandwidth by transmitting multi-
requires extremely low CD. bits with one symbol. (4-DPSK)

Long transmission distance causes Reduce FNL by decreasing signal power and its
significant FNL. variation. (2-DPSK and 4-DPSK)

Ultra short bit period implies high Increase symbol period transmitting multi-bits
sensitivity to PMD. with one symbol. (4-DPSK)

Fixed channel bandwidth, Improve spectrum efficiency by transmitting

increasing bit rate. multi-bits with one symbol. (4-DPSK)

13
 DPSK vs. OOK (ASE dominated)
4 1
16 16 4
Spectral Efficiency (bits / symbol)

Relative Bandwidth (Hz)

1
3 8 8
3

DPSK

PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) 1

2 4 4 OOK is 2-PAM
2

2 2
1 1
-3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Relative Required Light Power (dB) to Achieve 10-9 BER in Ideal System

2-DPSK vs. OOK: Power FNL , Power variation FNL

4-DPSK vs. OOK: Spectrum efficiency , CD , PMD , FNL .

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 How Robust is DPSK?

CD
PMD Impacts on DPSK not quantified before.
FNL

Reasons for the dearth of impact analysis:

The BER of DPSK systems has been difficult to calculate,
because of the squaring effect of photodetector.
The interaction of CD and FNL in fiber increases the
difficulty of modeling optical noise in fiber.

15
2. Bit Error Analysis in DPSK Systems

16
 BER Calculation using Eigenfunction Expansion
Bits Laser G Optical
Mod. BPF Electrical
i
LPF

Neglect fiber nonlinearity

e(t) i(t)
Ho ( f ) | .|2 He ( f )

Square in time domain Convolution in frequency domain

i (t ) E * ( f )K ( f , f ' ) E ( f ' ) exp[ j 2 ( f - f ' )t ]dfdf ' K(f, f) Hermitian

The 2nd kind of homogeneous Fredholm integral equation:

m f m ( f ) K ( f , f ' )f m ( f ' )df ' {fm(f)} is a complete
orthornormal function set
Eigenfunction expansion:

E ( f )e j 2ft ( sm nm )fm ( f ) i(t ) m sm nm

2

m m
Signal Noise 2 distribution
17
 BER calculation in DPSK system II
One more step to obtain BER:
Moment generating function (MGF) of i(t) is (s), i.e.,
(s)= E[esi] = Laplace transform of PDF of i(t)

(s ) L-1 di
PDF of i(t) BER (CDF of i(t))

One Integral

We use saddle point integration method to calculate the integral of MGF.

18
 Saddle Point Integration

Also called stationary phase method, especially in physics.

Basic idea: For the calculation of line integral :

H ( )
jq ( u )
e f (u )du
-

If amplitude f(u) changes slowly compared to phase q(u), the main contribution to
the integral comes from very near u0 where the phase is stationary, i.e,
q(u)
q' (u0 ) 0

u
jq ( u )
H ( ) e f (u )du u0
near u0

19
 Accuracy of BER calculation method
10 Gb/s system, with Gaussian optical filter and 5th-order Bessel electrical filter.

-2
NRZ-DPSK -2
RZ-DPSK
10 10
BER calculation BER calculation
Monte Carlo Monte Carlo

-3 -3
10 10
4-DPSK 4-DPSK
BER

BER
-4 -4
10 10

2-DPSK 2-DPSK
-5 -5
10 10

-6 -6
10 10
8 10 12 14 8 10 12 14
OSNR (dB) OSNR (dB)

OSNR is optical signal-to-noise ratio

20
3. Transmission Impairments in DPSK
Systems

21
 Power penalty of CD
Power Penalty: To account for the transmission impairments, the increase
in the optical power to maintain a fixed BER such as 10-9 .
Super-Gaussian Optical Filter
6
NRZ-OOK
RZ-OOK
5 NRZ-2-DPSK
RZ-2-DPSK
NRZ-4-DPSK
RZ-4-DPSK
Power Penalty (dB)

4 NRZ-OOK

3 RZ-OOK

2
NRZ-2-DPSK
1

4-DPSK
0
0 5 10 15
2 4 2
DLL [10 (GHz) ps/nm] R:D:Bit
R2DB CDrate, D: CDR:parameter,
parameter, L: fiber
Bit rate, L: fiber length
length

22
 Power Penalty of PMD
Super-Gaussian Optical Filter
6
NRZ-OOK
RZ-OOK NRZ-OOK and
5 NRZ-2-DPSK
RZ-2-DPSK NRZ-2-DPSK
NRZ-4-DPSK RZ-OOK and
Power Penalty (dB)

4 RZ-4-DPSK
RZ-2-DPSK
3

NRZ-4-DPSK
1

RZ-4-DPSK
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
D/Tb

D: Differential group delay, Tb: Bit period.

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Link Distance Limitation due to PMD
(km) (km)
20000 5000
NRZ-OOK
18000 RZ-OOK 4500
NRZ-2-DPSK
16000 RZ-2-DPSK 4000
NRZ-4-DPSK
14000 RZ-4-DPSK 3500
RZ-4-DPSK

40 Gb/s System
10 Gb/s System

12000 3000

10000 2500

8000 2000

6000 NRZ-4-DPSK 1500

4000 1000

2000 500

0
-3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8
10 10 10 10 10 10
Outage Probability

Fiber PMD parameter 0.25 ps/ km

24
 Power Penalty of Interferometer Phase Error
Ts Super-Guassian Optical Filter
5
Df
4.5
0.1 mm path error
4
15 phase error Power Penalty (dB)
3.5
4-DPSK
3

2.5 2-DPSK
2

1.5

1 NRZ-2-DPSK
RZ-2-DPSK
0.5 NRZ-4-DPSK
RZ-4-DPSK
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Phase Error Df (deg)

25
4. Electrical Equalizer in DPSK Systems

26
 Electrical Equalizer in Optical Systems
From electrical Td Td Td Feed-forward equalizer
(FFE)
low-pass filter
c1 c2 cM

Decided bits
d1 d2 dN
Data-feedback equalizer
(DFE) Ts Ts Ts
Td may be symbol duration or a
fraction of it.

Electrical equalizer is used to reduce ISI caused by CD, PMD, etc.

Electrical equalizer is compact, flexbile, low-cost.
High speed electrical equalizers operate at 10 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s.
Tap weights can be adapted using Least-Mean-Square (LMS), Q-factor maximization
and BER minimization schemes.

27
 Equalizer based on LMS algorithm
FFE -7
Eye Diagram
x 10
1.5
ek
v(t)

D
1
1
T T 0.5
ek

Amplitude
c0 c1 cM _ 0
+
+ + +
-0.5

+ + kT yk Ik -1
0
dN d1
-1.5
-5 0 5
T T Time

DFE <ek2> is minimized

( k 1) (k ) (k )
C C DekV or C ( k 1) C ( k ) D sgn( ek ) sgn( V ( k ) )

C [c0 , c1 , , cM , d1 , , d N ]
(k )
V [vk , vk -1 ,, vk -( M -1) , I k -1 ,, I k - N ]
28
Performance of Electrical Equalizer
OOK - CD OOK - PMD
6 6
OOK OOK

PMD penalty (dB)

CD Penalty (dB)
4 4

2 2

0 0
0 5 10 15 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
2 4 2
R DL [10 (Gb/s) ps/nm] D/T
b
6
DPSK - CD 6
DPSK - PMD
2-DPSK 2-DPSK

PMD penalty (dB)

CD Penalty (dB)

4
W/O EQ 4
FFE
FFE+DFE
2 2

0 0
0 5 10 15 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
2 4 2
R DL [10 (Gb/s) ps/nm] D/T
b
29
5. Nonlinear DPSK Systems

30
 Nonlinear 2-DPSK and OOK Systems
E(t)
Bits
Transmitter Pre-Compensator Post-Compensator Receiver

DL = -1176 ps/nm DL = -1176 ps/nm

DCF fiber
Pulses: Chirped RZ DL = -258 ps/nm
(phase varies with power) noise

Light loss in fiber: 0.2 dB/km G

Nonlinear parameter : 1.5 /W/km 80 km, LEAF fiber
DL = 280 ps/nm NF: 4.5 dB
100
Total link distance 8000 km.

CD of green fiber + CD of blue fiber + CD of Pre, Post-Compensators 0

( Local high dispersion, global low dispersion )
Pre-Compensator spreads pulses quickly, realizing quasi-linear transmission.

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BER Calculation in Nonlinear DPSK System
No noise model for general nonlinear DPSK or OOK system.

No BER calculation method for general nonlinear DPSK or OOK

system.

Q-factor is not a reliable performance measure, especially for DPSK

system (2~3 dB OSNR error).

In CRZ-DPSK or CRZ-OOK system, noise can be modeled as additive

non-white Gaussian noise because of low fiber nonlinearity.

Non-white Gaussian noise model + eigenfunction expansion method

yields accurate BER.

32
 Performance of Nonlinear OOK and DPSK
CRZ-OOK
CRZ-OOK 1/6 mW 1/3 mW 1/2 mW 2/3 mW

-5 -5 -5 -5
BER

10 10 10 10
-7
x 10 Eye Diagram
1.5

-10 -10 -10 -10 0.5

10 10 10 10

Amplitude
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 0

Decision threshold (a.u.)

CRZ-DPSK
CRZ-DPSK -0.5

-1

-1.5
-5 0 5
Time
-5 -5 -5 -5
10 10 10 10
BER

Threshold
-10 -10 -10 -10
10 10 10 10
-1 0 1 -2 0 2 -4 -2 0 2 4 -5 0 5
Decision threshold (a.u.)

There exists an optimum optical power for both OOK and DPSK systems.
DPSK has lower BERs than OOK because of lower FNL.
33
 Current Work
4-DPSK long-haul transmission experiment
EDFA
+21 dBm Fiber
Coupler
VOA Fiber

100 km
Raman DCF Pol Scr

EDFA
Fiber +21 dBm
Coupler
Fiber VOA

100 km
Raman DCF
4-10 dB
5.6 dB 3 dB
SW 2 Coupler

Recirculating Loop
Preamp

TX / MUX SW 1 DMUX / RX

BERT

34