The Global Positioning System:

Policy, Program Status and

International Activities
15th Korean Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS) Workshop
Busan, Republic of Korea
October 30-31, 2008
Ray E. Clore
Senior Advisor for GPS-Galileo Issues
Office of Space and Advanced Technology
U.S. Department of State
 Overview

U.S. Space -Based Positioning, Navigation

and Timing (PNT) Policy

GPS Program Status and Modernization

GPS Augmentations Status

U.S. International Activities

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008
 2004 U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy

Provide GPS and Encourage international

augmentations free of direct development of PNT
user fees on a continuous, systems based on GPS
worldwide basis
Seek to ensure
Provide open, free access to international systems are
information needed to interoperable with civil
develop equipment GPS and augmentations

Improve performance of Address mutual security

GPS and augmentations to concerns with
meet or exceed that of international providers to
international systems prevent hostile use
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 3
 2004 U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy

Recognizes the changing international scene

Other nations are implementing space-based systems that provide PNT
services
National Executive Committee (EXCOM) for Space-Based
PNT
Chaired by Deputy Secretaries of Defense and Transportation
Membership includes: State, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce,
Homeland Security, Joint Chiefs of Staff and NASA
National Coordination Office (NCO)
Established with staff from member agencies
National Space-Based PNT Advisory Board

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 4

 Overview

U.S. Space -Based Positioning, Navigation

and Timing (PNT) Policy

GPS Program Status and Modernization

GPS Augmentations Status

U.S. International Activities

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008
 Current Constellation

29 Operational Satellites
(Nominal Constellation: 24)

11 Block IIA satellites operational

12 Block IIR satellites operational
6 Block IIR-M satellites operational
Transmitting new second civil signal (L2C)
2 Block IIR-M satellites remain to be launched
Continuously assessing constellation
health to determine launch need
Next IIR-M launch planned for early 2009
First IIF projected for launch mid 2009
Global GPS civil service performance
commitment met continuously since 1993
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 6
 Current GPS Accuracy

Signal-In-Space (SIS) User Range Error (URE): 0.92 m RMS

User Position Error (maximum): 4 8 meters
User Position Error (observed): 2 4 meters

7
2000 ORD
6
Signal-in-Space User Range
5 4.6 Error (SIS URE) the difference
between a GPS satellites
RMS SIS URE (m)

4.3

4 navigation data (position and

3 clock) and the truth, projected
3 2.7 on the line-of-sight to the user
1.8
2 1.5
1.1 1 0.92
1

0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 2001 2004 2006 2007

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 GPS Modernization

System-wide improvements in:

Accuracy
Availability
Integrity
Reliability
Backward compatibility
Robustness against interference
Improved indoor, mobile, and urban use
Interoperability with other space-based PNT systems

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 8

 Modernized GPS Civil Signals

Second civil signal (L2C) starts with GPS Block IIR-M

Designed to meet commercial needs
Higher accuracy through ionospheric correction
Higher effective power and improved data structure reduce interference
Speed up signal acquisition and enable miniaturization of receivers
First Launch Sep 2006; expect 24 satellites: ~2016
Third civil signal (L5) starts with GPS Block IIF
Designed to meet requirements for transportation safety-of-life (aviation)
Highly protected Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service (ARNS) band
First launch: ~2009; 24 satellites: ~2018
Fourth civil signal (L1C) starts with GPS Block III
Designed with international partners to enable GNSS interoperability
First launch: ~2014; 24 satellites: ~2021
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 9
 Recent GPS Program
Accomplishments

Completed GPS Architecture Evolution Plan (AEP)

Transitioned to new GPS Ground Control Segment Sept. 2007
Activated fully capable backup GPS Operations Center at VAFB, CA

Announced GPS III without Selective Availability Sept 2007

Awarded GPS OCX Development Contracts -Nov 2007
ICAO accepted updated U.S. offer on GPS/SPS and WAAS
Launched two GPS-IIR(M) satellites (Dec 07/Mar 08)
Awarded GPS IIIA Contract - May 2008

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 10

 Overview

U.S. Space -Based Positioning, Navigation

and Timing (PNT) Policy

GPS Program Status and Modernization

GPS Augmentations Status

U.S. International Activities

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008
 WAAS Architecture

38 Reference 3 Master 4 Ground

Stations Stations Earth Stations

2 Geostationary 2 Operational
Satellite Links Control Centers

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 Geostationary Satellites (GEO)

PanAmSat Telesat
133W 107W

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 WAAS Avionics Status

General Aviation
Over 37,000 Units Sold
Increasing at ~1000 Units Per Month
New Products Coming to Market in Late 2008
Business & Regional Aircraft
Over 500 Units Sold Since 2007
Two Additional Products Coming to Market in Late 2008
Cessna CJs Delivering with WAAS Avionics in 2009
Acceptance Rates Should Increase Significantly in 2009
Air Carrier & Cargo Aircraft
Southwest Airlines Equipping 200 Boeing 737s
Federal Express Has Equipped 253 Caravan Aircraft
Horizon Airlines Equipping 48 Bombardier Aircraft
Helicopter Aircraft Implementing WAAS
Significant Growth Projected for First Responders
WAAS Avionics are Interoperable with Other SBASs

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 WAAS Approach Procedures
- Projected to Exceed Legacy Systems, eg. ILS By Sep 2008 -

September 2008
1,333 WAAS LPV
Approach Procedures
783 at non-ILS runways
329 at non-ILS airports

WAAS Procedures to be Published to All

Instrument Runways in the NAS by 2018

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 Future WAAS Considerations

GNSS Modernization
GPS Dual Frequency (L1/L5) Service Provides Foundation
Potential for Larger GNSS or Use of Multiple GNSS
Constellations
User Equipment Standards Development for New Signals
WAAS Dual Frequency Upgrade
Determine Appropriate Level of Dual Frequency Integration
Required to Maximize Benefit With Minimum Impact
Established GNSS Evolutionary Architecture Study
(GEAS) to Investigate Long Range Planning for Dual
Frequency GPS
Develop Architectural Alternatives to Provide Worldwide LPV-
200 Service in the ~2020-2030 Timeframe
Leverage Lessons Learned on WAAS/LAAS to Identify the Best
Architecture Alternative to Meet Aviation Integrity
Requirements
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008
 National Differential GPS

Operated/managed by USCG/NAVCEN as a
joint system with Maritime DGPS
Extension of Maritime DGPS
Corrections broadcast at 285 and 325 kHz using Minimum shift
Keying (MSK) modulation
Real-time differential GPS corrections provided in Radio
Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM) SC-104
format
No data encryption
Real-time differential corrections for terrestrial mobile and static
applications
Single coverage on the ground over 92% of CONUS; double
coverage over 65% of CONUS

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 National Differential GPS (2)

Accuracy: < 1 meter at broadcast site

Degrades at an approximate rate of 1 meter for each
150 km distance from site
Typical user equipment achieves 1-2 meter horizontal
accuracies throughout the coverage area, in real time
High-end user equipment achieves accuracies better
than 1 meter, real time
Availability: 99%+
Integrity: alarm within 6 seconds; site monitors
Fix rate: 1-20 per second, three dimensional

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 National Differential GPS (3)ed
DGPS Coverage Today

09/15/08
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 19
 NDGPS Highway Applications

Surveys: Land, roads, hydrological and

environmental location, and management and
maintenance
Inventory and asset management: Infrastructure
asset location, assessment, management, maintenance
and protection
Utilities: Location, management, and maintenance
Roadside management: Precision application of
pesticides, runoff minimization, avoidance of
protected species, roadside features (condition and
location)
Law Enforcement: Incident location and reporting,
emergency response

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 NDGPS Applications

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

requires two meter accuracy to
position dredges

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 NDGPS Monitoring of Space Weather

NOAAs Space Weather Prediction Center

uses M/NDGPS data to map the spatial
distribution of free electrons in the
ionosphere, once every 15 minutes
and delays the arrival of GS
The distribution of free
electrons in the ionosphere
affects HF radio
communication and delays
the arrival of GPS signals
that is interpreted as
position errors, which can
be as large as 100 meters in
extreme cases.trge as 100
meters in extreme cases

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 National Continuously Operating
Reference Stations (CORS)

Managed by NOAA
1,200+ sites
200+ public, private,
academic organizations
Provides highly accurate,
3-D positioning
Centimeter-level precision
Tied to National Spatial
Reference System
Uses include land management, coastal monitoring, civil
engineering, boundary determination, mapping,
geographical information systems, geophysical and
infrastructure monitoring, and future improvements to
weather prediction and climate monitoring

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 Overview

U.S. Space -Based Positioning, Navigation

and Timing (PNT) Policy

GPS Program Status and Modernization

GPS Augmentations Status

U.S. International Activities

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008
 2004 U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy
(Excerpts focused on International Relations)
Goals:
U.S. space-based PNT systems and services remain essential
components of internationally accepted PNT services
Promote U.S. technological leadership in applications involving space-
based PNT services
To achieve this, the United States Government shall:
Encourage foreign development of PNT services/systems based on GPS
Seek to ensure foreign space-based PNT systems are interoperable with civil GPS and
augmentations
At a minimum, ensure compatibility

The Secretary of State shall:

Promote the use of civil aspects of GPS and its augmentation services
and standards with foreign governments and other international
organizations
Lead negotiations with foreign governments and international
organizations regarding civil PNT matters

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 25

 Planned GNSS

Global Constellations Satellite-Based

GPS (24+) Augmentations
GLONASS (24) WAAS (3)
Galileo (27) MSAS (2)
Compass (35) EGNOS (3)
GAGAN (3)
Regional Constellations SDCM (2?)
QZSS (3)
IRNSS (7)

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 26

 U.S. Objectives in Working with Other
GNSS Service Providers
Ensure compatibility ability of U.S. and non-U.S.
space-based PNT services to be used separately or
together without interfering with each individual
service or signal
Radio frequency compatibility
Spectral separation between M-code and other signals
Achieve interoperability ability of civil U.S. and
non-U.S. space-based PNT services to be used together
to provide the user better capabilities than would be
achieved by relying solely on one service or signal
Primary focus on the common L1C and L5 signals
Ensure a level playing field in the global marketplace
Pursue through Bi-lateral and
Multi-lateral Cooperation
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 27
 The Goal of RNSS Civil
Interoperability
GALILEO IRNSS
COMPASS

QZSS

GLONASS
GPS Ideal interoperability
allows navigation
with one signal each
from four or more
systems with no
additional receiver
cost or complexity

Interoperable = Better Together than Separate

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 28
 U.S. - Europe Cooperation

U.S.-EU agreement signed in 2004 provides solid

foundation for cooperation
Four working groups were set up under the agreement:
Technical, trade, and security issues working groups have met
Improved new civil
signal (MBOC) adopted
in July 2007
First Plenary Meeting
in October 2008

June 26, 2004, press conference at U.S.-EU Summit in Ireland (U.S.

Sec. of State Colin Powell, Irish Foreign Minister Brian Cowen, EU
Vice-President Loyola De Palacio)

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 29

 U.S. - Russian Federation Cooperation

U.S.- Russia Joint Statement issued in

December 2004
Negotiations for a U.S.-Russia Agreement on
satellite navigation cooperation have been
underway since late 2005
Several very productive technical working group
meetings have been held:
Russia WG-1 chair proposed adopting two new civil
CDMA signals at L1, L5 to be interoperable with GPS
Still under discussion within the Russian Government
Next WG-1 meeting is planned for December 2008
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 30
 U.S. - Japan Cooperation

Japans status as a world leader in GPS

applications and user equipment makes it an
important partner
Regular policy consultations and technical
meetings on GPS cooperation began in 1996 and
led to the 1998 Clinton-Obuchi Joint Statement
Both countries have benefited from the close
relationship:
QZSS is designed to be compatible and interoperable
with GPS
U.S. working with Japan to set up QZSS monitoring
stations in Hawaii and Guam
Next plenary meeting is planned in Nov. 2008
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 31
 U.S. - India Cooperation

Policy and technical consultations on GPS

cooperation underway since 2005
One aim is to ensure interoperability between GPS
augmentation system WAAS and Indias planned
GAGAN augmentation system based on GPS
Another important topic is ionospheric distortion and
solutions
U.S.-India Joint Statement on GNSS Cooperation
issued in February 2007 in Washington
Bi-lateral meeting held in Bangalore in September 2007
Technical Meeting focused on GPS-IRNSS compatibility
and interoperability held in January and July 2008
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 32
 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
GNSS Implementation Team (GIT)

Promote implementation of regional GNSS

augmentation systems to enhance inter-modal
transportation and recommend actions to be
considered in the Asia Pacific Region

Reports to Transportation Working Group (TPT-

WG) through the Inter-modal Experts Group (IEG)

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 33

 APEC GNSS recent activities

Thailand with the support of AEROTHAI hosted a GNSS

Technological Innovation Summit in May 2008
Completed the successful $1 million GNSS test bed
project, located in Bangkok and funded by the U.S. Trade
and Development Administration and supported by the
U.S. FAA
Updated the Terms of Reference to take account of
environmental benefits
Achieved consensus on a project proposal to survey and
assess current applications for surface transportation
utilizing GNSS
Adopted a Program of Action

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 34

 APEC TPT-WG Outcome

The GNSS Implementation Team (GIT) reported to

the Inter-modal Experts Group (IEG).
The IEG was impressed with the GNSS
Technological Innovation Summit and the GIT 12
Outcomes and forwarded project proposal to APEC.
GIT contributed to the deliberations in all four
working groups (Inter-modal, Maritime Safety,
Maritime Experts and Aviation).
Interest expressed in learning more about GNSS in
the Plenary and in the maritime safety group at the
next APEC Transportation Working Group.
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 35
 International Committee on Global
Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)

Emerged from 3rd UN Conference on the Exploration

and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space July 1999
Promote the use of GNSS and its integration into
infrastructures, particularly in developing countries
Encourage compatibility and interoperability among
global and regional systems
Members include:
GNSS providers (U.S., EU, Russia, China, India, Japan)
Other Member States of the United Nations
International organizations/associations

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 36

 International Committee on Global
Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)
ICG-2 held in September, 2007 in India
Established Providers Forum to address
common issues
Began implementation of the ICG Work Plan
within established working groups:
A. Interoperability and compatibility
B. Enhancement of performance of GNSS services
C. Information dissemination, education, outreach &
coordination
D. Interaction with monitoring & reference station
network organizations
U.S. will host the 3rd ICG in December 2008
http://www.geolinks.org/ICG3/
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 37
 ICG Providers Forum

Six space segment providers listed previously are members

Purpose:
Focused discussions on compatibility and interoperability,
encouraging development of complimentary systems
Exchange of detailed information on systems and service provision
plans
Exchange views on ICG work plan and activities
Consensus reached at the first meeting on general
definitions for compatibility and interoperability
Including spectral separation between each systems authorized
service signals and other systems signals

http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SAP/gnss/icg.html
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008 38
 Summary

As new space-based GNSS are emerging

globally, interoperability is the key to
success for all
U.S. is actively engaged in bi-lateral, regional,
and multi-lateral cooperation on space-based
navigation issues
International cooperation in the context of
National Space-Based PNT Policy principles is a
top priority for the U.S. Government

15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008

 Contact Information

Ray E. Clore
Senior Advisor for GPS-Galileo issues
Office of Space and Advanced Technology
U.S. Department of State
1990 K Street NW, Suite 410
Washington, D.C. 20006
202-663-2394 (office)
clorere@state.gov

http://www.state.gov/g/oes/sat/
15th Korean GNSS Workshop, Busan, October 30-31, 2008