Introduction To Networking Slides

Introduction
Chapter 1
Uses of Computer Networks

Network Hardware
Network Software
Reference Models
Example Networks
Network Standardization
Metric Units
CN5E by Tanenbaum & Wetherall, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall and D. Wetherall, 2011
Uses of Computer Networks
Computer networks are collections of autonomous

computers, e.g., the Internet
They have many uses:
Business Applications
Home Applications
Mobile Users
These uses raise:
Social Issues
This text covers networks for all of these uses
Business Applications
Companies use networks and computers for resource
sharing with the client-server model:
request
response
Other popular uses are communication, e.g., email, VoIP,

and e-commerce
Home Applications
Homes contain many networked devices, e.g., computers,
TVs, connected to the Internet by cable, DSL, wireless, etc.
Home users communicate, e.g., social networks, consume
content, e.g., video, and transact, e.g., auctions
Some application use the peer-to-peer model in which
there are no fixed clients and servers:
Mobile Users
Tablets, laptops, and smart phones are popular devices;
WiFi hotspots and 3G cellular provide wireless connectivity.
Mobile users communicate, e.g., voice and texts, consume
content, e.g., video and Web, and use sensors, e.g., GPS.
Wireless and mobile are related but different:
Social Issues
Network neutrality no network restrictions

Content ownership, e.g., DMCA takedowns
Anonymity and censorship
Privacy, e.g., Web tracking and profiling
Theft, e.g., botnets and phishing
Network Hardware
Networks can be classified by their scale:
Scale Type
Vicinity PAN (Personal Area Network)
Building LAN (Local Area Network)
City MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Country WAN (Wide Area Network)
Planet The Internet (network of all networks)
Personal Area Network
Connect devices over the range of a person

Example of a Bluetooth (wireless) PAN:
Local Area Networks
Connect devices in a home or office building
Called enterprise network in a company
Wireless LAN Wired LAN with

with 802.11 switched Ethernet
Metropolitan Area Networks
Connect devices over a metropolitan area

Example MAN based on cable TV:
Wide Area Networks (1)
Connect devices over a country
Example WAN connecting three branch offices:
An ISP (Internet Service Provider) network is also a WAN.
Customers buy connectivity from the ISP to use it.
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a WAN built from virtual
links that run on top of the Internet.
Network Software
Protocol layers
Design issues for the layers
Connection-oriented vs. connectionless service
Service primitives
Relationship of services to protocols
Protocol Layers (1)
Protocol layering is the main structuring method used to
divide up network functionality.
Each protocol instance

talks virtually to its peer
Each layer communicates

only by using the one below
Lower layer services are

accessed by an interface
At bottom, messages are

carried by the medium
Protocol Layers (2)
Example: the philosopher-translator-secretary architecture
Each protocol at different layers serves a different purpose
Protocol Layers (3)
Each lower layer adds its own header (with control inform-
ation) to the message to transmit and removes it on receive
Layers may also split and join messages, etc.
Design Issues for the Layers
Each layer solves a particular problem but must include

mechanisms to address a set of recurring design issues
Issue Example mechanisms at different layers

Reliability despite Codes for error detection/correction (3.2, 3.3)
failures Routing around failures (5.2)
Network growth Addressing (5.6) and naming (7.1)
and evolution Protocol layering (1.3)
Allocation of resources Multiple access (4.2)
like bandwidth Congestion control (5.3, 6.3)
Security against Confidentiality of messages (8.2, 8.6)
various threats Authentication of communicating parties (8.7)
Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless
Service provided by a layer may be kinds of either:
Connection-oriented, must be set up for ongoing use
(and torn down after use), e.g., phone call
Connectionless, messages are handled separately,
e.g., postal delivery
Service Primitives (1)
A service is provided to the layer above as primitives
Hypothetical example of service primitives that may provide
a reliable byte stream (connection-oriented) service:
Service Primitives (2)
Hypothetical example of how these primitives may be used
for a client-server interaction
Client Server
LISTEN (0)
CONNECT (1) Connect request
ACCEPT (2)
Accept response RECEIVE
SEND (3) Request for data

RECEIVE SEND (4)
Reply
DISCONNECT (5) Disconnect
DISCONNECT (6)
Disconnect
Relationship of Services to Protocols
Recap:
A layer provides a service to the one above [vertical]
A layer talks to its peer using a protocol [horizontal]
Reference Models
Reference models describe the layers in a network

architecture
OSI reference model

TCP/IP reference model
Model used for this text
Critique of OSI and TCP/IP
OSI Reference Model
A principled, international standard, seven layer model to
connect different systems
Provides functions needed by users

Converts different representations
Manages task dialogs
Provides end-to-end delivery
Sends packets over multiple links
Sends frames of information
Sends bits as signals
TCP/IP Reference Model
A four layer model derived from experimentation; omits
some OSI layers and uses the IP as the network layer.
IP is the
narrow waist
of the Internet
Protocols are shown in their respective layers
Model Used in this Book
It is based on the TCP/IP model but we call out the

physical layer and look beyond Internet protocols.
Critique of OSI & TCP/IP
OSI:
+ Very influential model with clear concepts
Models, protocols and adoption all bogged down by politics
and complexity
TCP/IP:
+ Very successful protocols that worked well and thrived
Weak model derived after the fact from protocols
Example Networks
The Internet
3G mobile phone networks
Wireless LANs
RFID and sensor networks
Internet (1)
Before, the Internet was the ARPANET, a decentralized,

packet-switched network based on Barans ideas. (IMP-
Interface Message Processor)
Nodes are IMPs,

or early routers,
linked to hosts
56 kbps links
ARPANET topology in Sept 1972.
Internet (2)
The early Internet used NSFNET-National Science

Foundation NETwork (1985-1995) as its backbone;
universities connected to get on the Internet
T1 links
(1.5 Mbps)
NSFNET topology in 1988
Internet (3)
The modern Internet is more complex:

ISP networks serve as the Internet backbone
ISPs connect or peer to exchange traffic at IXPs
(Internet eXchange Points)
Within each network routers switch packets
Between networks, traffic exchange is set by
business agreements
Customers connect at the edge by many means
Cable, DSL, Fiber-to-the-Home, 3G/4G wireless, dialup
Data centers concentrate many servers (the cloud)
Most traffic is content from data centers (esp. video)
The architecture continues to evolve
Internet (4)
Architecture of the Internet

DSLAM DSL Access Multiplexer
CMTS- Cable Modem Termination System
FTTH Fiber to Home
3G Mobile Phone Networks (1)
3G network is based on spatial cells; each cell provides

wireless service to mobiles within it via a base station
Base stations connect to the core network to find other
mobiles and send data to the phone network and Internet
RNC Radio Network Controller
Mobile Networks
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)
/WCDMA 3G
RNC Radio Network Controller
MSC Mobile Switching Center
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN Gateway GSN
HSS Home Subscriber Server
As mobiles move, base stations hand them off from one

cell to the next, and the network tracks their location
Handover
Wireless LANs (1)
In 802.11, clients communicate via an AP (Access

Point) that is wired to the rest of the network.
Wireless LANs (2)
Signals in the 2.4GHz ISM band vary in strength due to

many effects, such as multipath fading due to reflections
requires complex transmission schemes, e.g., OFDM
Wireless LANs (3)
Radio broadcasts interfere with each other, and radio

ranges may incompletely overlap
CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) designs are used
RFID and Sensor Networks (1)
Passive UHF RFID networks everyday objects:

Tags (stickers with not even a battery) are placed on objects
Readers send signals that the tags reflect to communicate
RFID and Sensor Networks (2)
Sensor networks spread small devices over an area:

Devices send sensed data to collector via wireless hops
Network Standardization
Standards define what is needed for interoperability
Some of the many standards bodies:
Body Area Examples

ITU Telecommunications G.992, ADSL
H.264, MPEG4
IEEE Communications 802.3, Ethernet
802.11, WiFi
IETF Internet RFC 2616, HTTP/1.1
RFC 1034/1035, DNS
W3C Web HTML5 standard
CSS standard
Metric Units
The main prefixes we use:

Prefix Exp. prefix exp.
K(ilo) 103 m(illi) 10-3
M(ega) 106 (micro) 10-6
G(iga) 109 n(ano) 10-9
Use powers of 10 for rates, powers of 2 for storage

E.g., 1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bps, 1 KB = 1024 bytes
B is for bytes, b is for bits
End
Chapter 1

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Introduction

Uses of Computer Networks

Computer networks are collections of autonomous

Other popular uses are communication, e.g., email, VoIP,

Network neutrality no network restrictions

Networks can be classified by their scale:

Connect devices over the range of a person

Wireless LAN Wired LAN with

Connect devices over a metropolitan area

Each protocol instance

Each layer communicates

Lower layer services are

At bottom, messages are

Layers may also split and join messages, etc.

Each layer solves a particular problem but must include

Issue Example mechanisms at different layers

SEND (3) Request for data

Reference models describe the layers in a network

OSI reference model

Provides functions needed by users

Protocols are shown in their respective layers

It is based on the TCP/IP model but we call out the

Before, the Internet was the ARPANET, a decentralized,

Nodes are IMPs,

ARPANET topology in Sept 1972.

The early Internet used NSFNET-National Science

NSFNET topology in 1988

The modern Internet is more complex:

Architecture of the Internet

3G network is based on spatial cells; each cell provides

As mobiles move, base stations hand them off from one

In 802.11, clients communicate via an AP (Access

Signals in the 2.4GHz ISM band vary in strength due to

Radio broadcasts interfere with each other, and radio

Passive UHF RFID networks everyday objects:

Sensor networks spread small devices over an area:

Standards define what is needed for interoperability

Some of the many standards bodies:

Body Area Examples

The main prefixes we use:

Use powers of 10 for rates, powers of 2 for storage

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