Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Air-Conditioning

System for Multi-storage Office Buildings

Name : Norshadia bte Supandi
Matrix Number : SX105657MMD04
IC Number : 871022-23-5542
Course : SMM (SPACE)
Supervisor : En. Kamal Bin Ariffin

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
SLIDE OF CONTENT

GANTT CHART PSM 1

RESEARCH BACKGROUND
PROBLEM STATEMENT
OBJECTIVE
SCOPE
LITERATURE REVIEW OF TES & AIR-CONDITIONING
METHODOLOGY
CONCLUSION
GANTT CHART PSM 1
September October 2016 November December
Bil Activities 2016 2016 2016
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 Project title briefing,
discussion and brainstorming.
2 Literature review (review
journal, book and additional
knowledge about project)

3 Meeting Supervisor

4 Search and discuss

methodology

5 Report submitted

6 Presentation
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Facing the challenge of energy crisis and pollution issues, it is

necessary to develop and expand advanced technologies to reduce
the energy demand, increase the energy supply while utilizing
renewable energy effectively. These demand can be matched by
using thermal energy storage (TES).
.These demand can be matched by using thermal energy storage
(TES). TES is defined as the temporary holding of thermal energy
in the form of hot or cold substances for later utilization.
TES may have the same refrigeration equipment, like chillers, but
need additional storage tank, additional piping, pumps, and
controls.
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
The main purpose of this research is to make a
comparison between the existing AC system in office
buildings and applying a new design of central AC
system plant incorporate with the thermal energy storage
system.
Menara TJB Johor Bahru is a high rise commercial
building developed on September 1998, owned by TJB
development Sdn Bhd. The building was located at Jalan
Syed Mohd Mufti, Johor bahru, Johor and currently
operated as an office building. The building consists of
16 floor plan excluded mezzanine floor.
The air-conditioning system installed in Menara TJB is a
condenser water systems that having a sets of cooling
tower and condenser water pump. Condenser water is
channelled to the water cooled package unit at the
allocated room respectively.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
According to Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption
ENERGY DEMAND Survey (CBECS, 2012). The total energy usage in the
estimated 5.6 million in United States (U.S) commercial
buildings increased 7% since 2003.
Study from International Energy Agency (IEA, 2009)
showed that fossil fuels, which causes harmful
MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL
environmental issues, such as air pollution and climate
PROBLEM
change, still played the dominant role in the energy
resources worldwide.

waste thermal energy can be obtained from various sources,

examples are water drained to the sewer, hot flue gases,
WASTE ENERGY
waste gases, heat rejected from condenser of refrigeration
AC equipment and more

The Malaysia Government has approved a review of the

DEMAND ELECTRICAL electricity tariff by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) to all
CHARGES Malaysians. The new tariff structure which take effect at 1st
june 2006 given the rising cost of supplying electricity.
OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

The objective of this thesis is to make a comparison between the

existing air-conditioner system in office building and the new
design of central Air-conditioner (AC) system incorporate with
thermal energy storage (TES) in office building.
THE SCOPE OF PROJECT
Study basic concept of thermal energy storage (TES) system
and conventional air-conditioning system.
Analysed the building specification and required cooling load
based on architecture drawing.
Study, design and select the equipment of central air-
conditioning system to suit with thermal energy storage
system based on building cooling load.
Design TES system for the building based on the calculated
cooling load.
Determine and conduct economics and performance analysis
compare to existing conventional system.
LITERATURE
REVIEW
REVIEW OF AIR-CONDITIONING (AC)
SYSTEM & TYPE
Air conditioning (AC), or more specically is a heating, ventilating,
air ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R), was
developed by Dr. Willis H. Carrier in the early 1900s.
An AC system is composed of components and equipment arranged
to condition the air, transport it to the conditioned space, and control
the indoor environmental parameters at a specic space for the
comfort and health of the occupants.
B. Rismanchia et.al, 2011 show the statistical data for AC systems
are the major energy consumers in office building with around 57
percent share in Malaysia.
TYPE OF AC SYSTEM

Fan-coil
Units Variable Constan
System Air t Air
(All- Volume Volume
Water (VAV) (CAV) Variable
systems) system System Refriger Single
Split Package
. Window Package ant Flow Package
Air Terminal
AC AC (VRF) Rooftop
AC AC
Split Systems
System

CENTRALIZE
DECENTRALIZE
 CENTRAL SYSTEM
Central systems are defined as system that use chilled
water as a cooling medium generated in a chiller and
distributed to air-handling units (AHU) or fan-coil
units (FCU). This category includes systems with air-
cooled chillers as well as systems with cooling towers
for heat rejection. The air cool is transferred through
air distribution ducts.

The system divide into three major subsystems which

is the chilled water plant, the condenser water system
(or heat rejection system) and the air-delivery system.
VARIABLE AIR VOLUME (VAV)
System is mainly controlled by a VAV unit or a VAV box. VAV system uses
outside air mixed with return air at a central AHU. The air is then heated or
cooled depending on the needs of the space using chilled or heated water.
The system also incorporates fans that carry conditioned air from the AHU
to occupancy zones via duct.
G.S. Okochi et.al, 2016, VAV AC systems are one of the most energy
efficient systems in use today. Control of VAV systems helps to increase the
working and energy efficiencies of the system.
Detlef Westphalen and Scott Koszalinski, 1999, central system with VAV
has better design condition efficiency and also has better part-load
performance than a packaged system.
Applications for VAV systems include arenas, exhibition halls, and theatres,
medium to high rise office buildings or residential apartment complexes.
 REVIEW OF THERMAL ENERGY
STORAGE (TES)
A TES air conditioning system consists of a central plant, a chilled
water incorporated with a TES, a chill water system, an air system
including AHUs, terminals, return air system, smoke control systems,
and mechanical exhaust systems.
The electric-driven refrigeration compressors in the central plant are
operated at off-peak or at off-peak and on-peak hours.
A TES is always a central system that uses stored chilled water from
the central plant to cool the air and often a multi zone VAV system and
a cooling storage system.
The complete TES process involves charging, storing and discharging
There are mainly two type of TES system, sensible and latent
 REVIEW OF THERMAL ENERGY
STORAGE (TES)
L. F. Cabeza, 2015, noted TES systems can store heat or cold to be
used later, under different conditions such as temperature, place or
power. Implementing storage in an energy system provides benefits
like better economics, reduction of pollution and CO2 emissions,
better performance and efficiency and better reliability
Rongxin Yin et.al, 2015, show TES systems are applicable in most
commercial and industrial facilities, but certain criteria must be met
for economic feasibility. On the other hand, TES applications give
more value in existing buildings based on the amount of demand
energy savings and the annual utility bill savings
 REVIEW OF THERMAL ENERGY
STORAGE (TES)
Rainer Tamme, 2010, High demand charges, and a significant
differential between on-peak and off-peak rates, also help make
TES systems economic. However, specific investment costs of a
total TES system are strongly dependent on the operation
conditions of the overall process
GROUPS BENEFITS OF TES
BENEFITS FOR THE Reduced heating/cooling costs, systems components size
BUILDING OWNER and initial costs.
Improved indoor environmental quality.
Less expensive electricity rates due to the shifting on peak to
off peak hours operation.
Longer operating hours when full-load operation.
Backup source for cooling during emergencies.
BENEFITS FOR THE More viable utilisation of renewable energy resources. (i.e.,
ENVIRONMENT AND solar)
SOCIETY Energy distribution with low line losses and high generation
efficiencies.
Eliminating the need for additional power plants.
Reduced source-energy consumption, fewer polluting
emissions.
BENEFITS FOR THE Reduced peak electrical demand; increased efficiency of
ENERGY PROVIDER energy production
Increased utilitys load factor
TES CLASSIFICATION METHODS
Paraffin
Organis
PCM Non-
Latent Paraffin
Heat
Storage Salt
Inorganic Hydrate
PCM
Metallic
Hydrate
Chemical
TES Heat Mixture
Classification Storage Solvent
&Solute Stratified
TES tank
Water
Concrete
Sensible TES
Heat
Storage Rock Rock TES

Aquifer
Wood, etc
TES
TES METHODS
LATENT HEAT CHEMICAL HEAT SENSIBLE HEAT
STORAGE (LHS) STORAGE (TCS) STORAGE (SHT)
Latent system is the The chemical heat TES system based on
storage by changes the storage is the chemical sensible heat storage,
phase change or it can compounds which can energy is stored by
be describe by the absorb or release changing the
transition from solid to energy in the form of temperature of a
liquid and liquid to heat through the storage media. Its
solid or solid to solid formation and breaking effectiveness is
with no change in of chemical bonds. depends on the specific
temperature. heat of the storage
The reversible reaction material.
The materials used as which occurs in the
latent heat storage chemical compounds Sensible heat storage
media known as phase can be utilized to store material can be
change materials and release heat classified into two
(PCM). based storage media,
which is liquid storage
media and solid
storage media.
REVIEW OF TES METHODS
Arkar C. et.al, 2007 show that the use of PCM enables a better
thermal comfort in the building.
Walsh BP et.al, 2013, the application of PCMs to an industrial
Evaporative cooling system show reduction of 67% in peak-time
chiller operation and a saving of less than 2% in electrical cost.
G. Li, 2016, review on the performance comparison between latent
and sensible heat storage shows that the latent stores do not seem to
offer conclusive advantages in terms of exergy performance.
L. F. Cabeza et.al 2015 show that chemical energy conversion
usually has better energy storage performance efficiency than
sensible and latent heat storage. However, this technology suffers
with chemical hazards, therefore not suitable to be use in buildings.
REVIEW OF TES METHODS
Huili Zhang et.al, 2016, conclude the sensible heat storage materials are
well-documented, have the lowest cost materials but at the same time the
lowest storage capacity compared to phase change material (PCM) and
chemical heat storage (TCS)
Parfait Tatsidjodoung, 2013 show that water remains the most widely used
material in sensible heat storage systems. It is the material that presents the
best compromise between cost, heat storage capacity, density, and
environmental impact. Water usually used as a cold TES. The cold TES
technology delivers chilled water to buildings like offices, factories and etc.
B. Rismanchi et.al 2013, show that overall energy for CTES system used by
the full load storage strategy is considerably more than the conventional
system which is almost 4% lower than the non-storage system and also has
several outstanding benefits such as cost saving, bringing balance in the grid
system, reducing the overall fuel consumption in the power plants and
consequently reducing to total carbon footprint.
STRATIFIED TES TANK

The Stratified Thermal Energy Storage (TES) tank is a widely

proven technology that collects excess process thermal energy to
be used during on peak hours. A stratied chilled water storage
system often uses a large storage tank to store chilled water at a
temperature between 40 and 45F (4.4 and 7.2C).
Brecht Baeten et.al, showed that Energy cost reduction by
optimal control of ideal sensible thermal energy storage in
domestic space heating. The space heating energy cost is
calculated for each case and compared for the stratied and
mixed storage tanks and the reference cost. The results indicate a
potential for user cost reduction of up to 20% using the perfectly
stratied storage model.
TES OPERATING STRATEGY FULL STORAGE

Full-storage shifts the entire on-

peak cooling load to off-peak
hours and usually operates at full
capacity to charge storage during
all non-peak hours.
During this period, cold chill
water is discharge from the tank
to cool building without running
chiller.
A full-storage system requires
large chiller and storage
capacities.
TES OPERATING STRATEGY
PARTIAL STORAGE

Partial storage system may operate as a load-

levelling or demand limiting operation.
In a load levelling system, the chiller is sized to
runs at full capacity for 24 hours on the hottest
day.
Demand limiting system operates the chiller at
reduced capacity on-peak. The chiller may be
controlled to limit the facility demand at the billing
meter. This strategy falls between load shifting and
load levelling. Demand savings and equipment
costs are higher than for load-levelling, and lower
than for load-shifting.
REVIEW ON TES OPERATING STRATEGY
M.J. Sebzali, et. Al, 2012 Life Cycle Cost (LCC) have shown that
the chilled water thermal storage (CWTS) operating with a load
levelling strategy is the most cost effective design for both
Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) and consumer. This was
mainly contributed by the reduction in capital and energy costs.
B. Rismanchia et.al, 2011, show that full storage strategy can
reduce the annual costs of the air conditioning system up to 35
percent while this reduction is limited to around 8 percent for load
levelling strategy.
WATER STORAGE SYSTEM OPERATION
Charging is the process of filling the storage tank with cold
chilled water from the chiller. During charging mode
operation, chilled water is pump into the tank bottom
diffuser. The cold & dense water remain at the bottom of
the tank. A thermocline is formed between the cold chilled
water and the warm water. The more cold chill water is
pumped into the bottom of the tank, warm water will exits
the top diffuser of the tank and return to the chiller to form
continues loop.
Discharging is the process of discharging the cold stored
chilled water. During the on-peak period when cooling is
needed, cold chill water is withdrawn from the bottom of
the tank to air handling unit (AHUs) s and terminals. The
warm water from the building AHUs is then pump back to
the top of the tank to form a loop.
METHODOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT OF COOLING LOAD
The selection of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
(HVAC) system components and equipment are based on an
accurate cooling loads.

The cooling temperature difference or cooling load factor

(CLTD/CLF) estimation method is used because of its simplicity
and it is the most common method used for basic instruction for
estimating cooling loads.
DATA COLLECTION

Outdoor and indoor

design conditions Additional condition
(temperature, (type AC, fan energy,
Geographical site fan location etc.
conditions (longitude, humidity etc.
latitude etc.

Operating schedules(lighting,
occupancy, and equipment)
Building
characteristics(materials,
size, and shape)
Configuration(location,
orientation and shading)
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

HEAT GAIN THROUGH GLASS HEAT GAIN FROM OCCUPANTS

Heat gain by solar radiation (Btu/h) Sensible heat gain from occupants (Btu/h)
Q= A X SHGFmax X SC X CLF (1) QS= qs X N X CLF (2)
Latent heat gain from occupants (Btu/h)
Where QL= ql X N (3)
SHGF = maximum solar heat gain factor
(Btu/h.ft)
Where
SC = shading coefficient depends on type
of shading qs = sensible heat gain/person (Btu/h)

CLF = cooling load factor ql = latent heat gain/person (Btu/h)

A = Area of glass (ft) N = total number of occupant present in conditioned space

CLF = cooling load factor for occupant

Kavinashiny A/P Jaganathan. (2014). Air conditioning system for office building.
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

HEAT GAIN FROM LIGHTING HEAT GAIN BY CONDUCTION

Heat gain from lighting (Btu/h) Heat gain by conduction (Btu/h)

Q = W X 3.4 X BF X CLF (5) Q = A X ETD X U (6)

Where,
Where,
W = Lighting capacity (wattage)
3.4 = Unit conversion from watt to Btu/h A = Area of wall/glass (ft)
BF = Ballast factor ETD = Equivalent temperature difference
across the surface (F)
CLF = Cooling load factor for lighting.
(If the lights are left on 24 hours a day, or if U = Overall heat-transfer coefficient of the
the air- conditioning system is shut off or surface (Btu/hr. ft2. F)
set back at night, the CLF is assumed to be
equal to 1.0)

Kavinashiny A/P Jaganathan. (2014). Air conditioning system for office building.
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION
HEAT GAIN DUE INFLITRATION HEAT GENERATED BY EQUIPMENT

The sensible heat gain due to infiltration (Btu/h) Heat gain from appliances (Btu/h)

QS = CFM X 1.08 X (T - T) (8)

Q = 3.4 x q (10)

The latent heat gain due to the infiltration (Btu/h)

Where,
Q = Appliance wattage (Watts)
QL = CFM X 0.68 X (W - W) (9)
3.4 = Unit conversion from watt to Btu/h

Where,
T and T = Outside and inside design temperature
respectively (F)
W and W = specific humidity of outside and inside at
conditioned space (grain water/lb d.a.)
CFM = Air ventilation/ infiltration rate (ft/min)
(The psychrometric chart can be used to determine the
humidity ratio for both outdoor and indoor conditions) Kavinashiny A/P Jaganathan. (2014). Air conditioning system for office building.
DETERMINATION THE CAPACITIES OF CENTRAL AC EQUIPMENT
CHILLER
Total cooling capacity, C
C = The total cooling capacity for the proposed system are based
on the existing cooling capacity.

Total heat rejection, R1

R1 = Heat rejection factor x total cooling capacity (12)
(Heat rejection: 1.15 based on design criteria)
Where,
Qcooler = Cooler water flow rate (ft/h)
q = Heat rejection rate (Btu/h)
Chilled water flow rate, Qcooler
= density of water (lb/ft)
Qcooler = q/ (t2-t1) C (13) t2-t1 = Temperature entering and
leaving cooler (F)
C = specific heat of water (Btu/h. F)

kong chong sang and azizuddin abd aziz. (1997). Thermal energy storage district cooling of UTM Campus
DETERMINATION THE CAPACITIES OF CENTRAL AC EQUIPMENT

COOLING TOWER
Total heat rejection, R2
R2 = Heat rejection factor x total heat rejection of chiller (14)
(Heat rejection: 1.25 based on design criteria)

Condenser water flow rate, Qcondenser

Qcooler = q/ (t3-t4) C (15)

Where,
Qcondenser = Cooler water flow rate (ft/h)
q = Heat rejection rate (Btu/h)
= density of water (lb/ft)
t3-t4 = Temperature entering and leaving
cooler (F)
C = specific heat of water (Btu/h. F)
kong chong sang and azizuddin abd aziz. (1997). Thermal energy storage district cooling of UTM Campus
DETERMINATION THE CAPACITIES OF CENTRAL AC EQUIPMENT
DISTRIBUTION PUMP
Total piping length, L
L = length of specific pipe from central plant to AHU (Ft) (16)

Head loss due to friction, Hloss1

Hloss1 = Head loss of specific pipe (17)

Head loss due to valve & fitting, Hloss2

Hloss2 = L x H (18)
Where,
L = Equivalent length of valve
& fitting (15% from total length)
Total distribution pump head, Htotal (Ft) H = Head loss (Ft/100) Ft =5
Htotal = 2 x (Hloss1 + Hloss2) (19)
kong chong sang and azizuddin abd aziz. (1997). Thermal energy storage district cooling of UTM Campus
DETERMINATION THE CAPACITIES OF CENTRAL AC EQUIPMENT
CHILLED WATER PUMP CONDENSER WATER PUMP

Hchwp = Hp + Hvf + He + Ht (20) Hchwp = Hp + Hvf + Hc + Hct (21)

(Head loss factor for piping, valve & fitting = 5 (Head loss factor for piping, valve & fitting
Ft/100 Ft) = 5 Ft/100 Ft)

Where, Where,
Hchwp = Head loss chilled water pump (Ft) Hchwp = Head loss chilled water pump (Ft)
Hp = Length of pipe x Head loss factor (Ft) Hp = Length of pipe x Head loss factor (Ft)
Hvf = Equivalent length of valve & fitting
Hvf = Equivalent length of valve & fitting
(15% of pipe length) x Head loss factor (Ft)
(15% of pipe length) x Head loss factor (Ft)
He = Evaporator loss (Ft)
He = Condenser loss (Ft)
Ht = Tank loss (Ft)
Ht = Cooling tower loss (Ft)
kong chong sang and azizuddin abd aziz. (1997). Thermal energy storage district cooling of UTM Campus
BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATION ON
TES SYSTEM
There are several factor that need to make a consideration on
design TES system.
The consideration is based on storage medium that will be
used, the operating system, and the location of the storage tank
also the position of storage tank that will be placed.
To estimate the charging and discharging schedule of TES
system for the building, the cooling load, and the chiller
capacity are calculated to get the charging time.
Therefore the final step to design the TES is determined the
storage tank sizing. Below are the formula that will be used to
calculate the charging time and storage tank sizing.
COST ANALYSIS
Cost analysis for the new system was carried out by calculated
the capital cost, operational cost and maintenance cost. The
capital cost include the equipment cost and the installation cost.
The maintenance cost include the regular maintenance and the
replacement broken equipment. For capital cost, it is calculated
based on the power consumption from the building. The every
each cost will be compared to the existing cost for AC system.
Besides, the payback period for the best system was calculated
based on the capital cost of system and saving per year.
EXPECTED RESULT

The data expected to be obtained is as follows:

To minimum the energy used in office buildings

To reduce the consumption of electricity power used at
on peak and directly reduced the operational cost.
GANTT CHART PSM 2

Bil Activities
W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 Literature review (review
journal, book and additional
knowledge about project)
2 Problem identification &
Solving

3 Meeting Supervisor

4 Data collection & Analysis

5 Report submitted

6 Presentation
THANK YOU..