Motivation and Emotion: Ciccarelli, Saundra and Meyer, G., Psychology. 2006, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ

Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 9
Ciccarelli, Saundra and Meyer,
G., Psychology. 2006, Prentice
Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
Chapter 9 Learning Objective Menu
• LO 9.1 Motivation
• LO 9.2 Instinct approaches to motivation
• LO 9.3 Drive-reduction approaches to motivation
• LO 9.4 Three types of needs
• LO 9.5 Arousal approaches to motivation
• LO 9.6 Incentive approaches to motivation
• LO 9.7 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
• LO 9.8 Self-determination theory of motivation
• LO 9.9 Bodily causes of hunger
• LO 9.10 Social factors influencing hunger
• LO 9.11 Some problems in eating behavior
• LO 9.12 Biological factors of obesity
• LO 9.13 Three elements of emotion
• LO 9.14 James-Lange theory of emotion
• LO 9.15 Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
• LO 9.16 Cognitive arousal theory of emotion
• LO 9.17 Schacter and Singer’s classic study of emotion
• LO 9.18 Facial feedback hypothesis
• LO 9.19 Cognitive-mediational theory
• LO 9.20 Positive psychology movement
LO 9.1 Motivation
Motivation
• Motivation - the process by which
activities are started, directed, and
continued so that physical or
psychological needs or wants are met.
• Extrinsic motivation - type of motivation
in which a person performs an action
because it leads to an outcome that is
separate from or external to the person.
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LO 9.1 Motivation
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LO 9.2 Instinct approaches to motivation
Instinct Approaches to Motivation

• Instincts - the biologically determined
and innate patterns of behavior that
exist in both people and animals.
• Instinct approach - approach to
motivation that assumes people are
governed by instincts similar to those of
animals.
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LO 9.3 Drive-reduction approaches to motivation
Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

• Need - a requirement of some material
(such as food or water) that is essential for
survival of the organism.
• Drive - a psychological tension and
physical arousal arising when there is a
need that motivates the organism to act in
order to fulfill the need and reduce the
tension.
• Drive-reduction theory - approach to
motivation that assumes behavior arises
from physiological needs that cause
internal drives to push the organism to
satisfy the need and reduce tension and
arousal.
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LO 9.3 Drive-reduction approaches to motivation
Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

• Primary drives - those drives that
involve needs of the body such as
hunger and thirst.
• Acquired (secondary) drives - those
drives that are learned through
experience or conditioning, such as the
need for money or social approval.
• Homeostasis - the tendency of the body
to maintain a steady state. Menu
LO 9.4 Three types of needs
Three Types of Needs

• Need for achievement (nAch) - a
need that involves a strong desire
to succeed in attaining goals, not
only realistic ones but also
challenging ones.
• Need for affiliation (nAff) - the need
for friendly social interactions and
relationships with others.
• Need for power (nPow) - the need
to have control or influence over
others.
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LO 9.5 Arousal approaches to motivation
Arousal Approach to Motivation

• Stimulus motive - a motive that appears to be
unlearned but causes an increase in
stimulation, such as curiosity.
• Arousal theory - theory of motivation in which
people are said to have an optimal (best or
ideal) level of tension that they seek to
maintain by increasing or decreasing
stimulation.
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Arousal Approach to Motivation

• Yerkes-Dodson law - law stating performance
is related to arousal; moderate levels of
arousal lead to better performance than do
levels of arousal that are too low or too high.
• This effect varies with the difficulty of the task:
easy tasks require a high-moderate level while
more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level.
• Sensation seeker - someone who needs
more arousal than the average person.
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LO 9.6 Incentive approaches to motivation
Incentive Approaches to Motivation

• Incentives - things that attract or lure people
into action.
• Incentive approaches - theories of motivation
in which behavior is explained as a response
to the external stimulus and its rewarding
properties.
• Expectancy-value theories - incentive
theories that assume the actions of humans
cannot be predicted or fully understood
without understanding the beliefs, values, and
the importance that a person attaches to
those beliefs and values at any given moment
in time. Menu
LO 9.7 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Self-actualization - according to
Maslow, the point that is seldom
reached at which people have
sufficiently satisfied the lower needs
and achieved their full human potential.
• Peak experiences- according to
Maslow, times in a person’s life during
which selfactualization is temporarily
achieved.
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LO 9.7 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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LO 9.8 Self-determination theory of motivation
Self-Determination Theory of Motivation

• Self-determination theory (SDT) - theory
of human motivation in which the social
context of an action has an effect on the
type of motivation existing for the action.
• Intrinsic motivation - type of motivation
in which a person performs an action
because the act itself is rewarding or
satisfying in some internal manner.
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LO 9.9 Bodily causes of hunger
Hunger: Bodily Causes

• Insulin - a hormone secreted by the pancreas to
control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the
bloodstream.
• Glucagons- hormones that are secreted by the
pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of
glucose in the bloodstream.
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Hunger: Bodily Causes

• Weight set point – the particular level of
weight that the body tries to maintain.
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - the rate at
which the body burns energy when the
organism is resting.
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LO 9.10 Social factors influencing hunger
Hunger: Social Causes

• Social cues for when meals are
to be eaten.
• Cultural customs.
• Food preferences.
• Use of food as a comfort device
or escape from unpleasantness.
• Some people may respond to
the anticipation of eating by
producing an insulin response,
increasing the risk of obesity. Menu
LO 9.11 Some problems in eating behavior
Eating Problems
• Obesity - a condition in which the body
weight of a person is 20 percent or more
over the ideal body weight for that
person’s height (actual percents vary
across definitions).
• Anorexia nervosa - a condition in which a
person reduces eating to the point that a
weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal
body weight or more occurs.
• Bulimia - a condition in which a person
develops a cycle of “binging” or
overeating enormous amounts of food at
one sitting, and “purging” or deliberately
vomiting after eating.
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LO 9.12 Biological factors of obesity
Biological Factors of Eating Problems

• Leptin - a hormone that, when released
into the bloodstream, signals the
hypothalamus that the body has had
enough food and reduces the appetite
while increasing the feeling of being full.
• Role of leptin in obesity.
• Genetics and obesity.
• Genetics may play a part in anorexia
and bulimia, as well as insensitivity to
leptin. Menu
LO 9.12 Biological factors of obesity
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LO 9.13 Three elements of emotion
Elements of Emotion
• Emotion - the “feeling”
aspect of consciousness,
characterized by a
certain physical arousal,
a certain behavior that
reveals the emotion to
the outside world, and an
inner awareness of
feelings.
• Display rules - learned
ways of controlling
displays of emotion in
social settings. Menu
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Common Sense Theory of
Emotion
• Common Sense Theory of Emotion - a
stimulus leads to an emotion, which
then leads to bodily arousal.
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LO 9.14 James-Lange theory of emotion
James-Lange Theory of Emotion

• James-Lange theory of emotion - theory
in which a physiological reaction leads
to the labeling of an emotion.
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LO 9.14 James-Lange theory of emotion
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LO 9.15 Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

• Cannon-Bard theory of emotion - theory
in which the physiological reaction and
the emotion are assumed to occur at
the same time.
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LO 9.15 Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
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LO 9.16 Cognitive arousal theory of emotion
Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion

• Cognitive arousal theory – theory of
emotion in which both the physical
arousal and the labeling of that arousal
based on cues from the environment
must occur before the emotion is
experienced.
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LO 9.16 Cognitive arousal theory of emotion
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LO 9.17 Schacter and Singer’s classic study of emotion
Schacter and Singer’s Study of
Emotion
• Participants who were exposed to the
“angry” man interpreted their physical
arousal as anger
• Participants who were exposed to the
“happy” man interpreted their physical
arousal as happiness.
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LO 9.18 Facial feedback hypothesis
Facial Feedback Hypothesis

• Facial feedback hypothesis - theory of
emotion that assumes that facial expressions
provide feedback to the brain concerning the
emotion being expressed, which in turn
causes and intensifies the emotion.
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LO 9.18 Facial feedback hypothesis
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LO 9.19 Cognitive-mediational theory
Cognitive Mediational Theory

• Cognitive-mediational theory - theory of
emotion in which a stimulus must be
interpreted (appraised) by a person in
order to result in a physical response
and an emotional reaction.
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LO 9.19 Cognitive-mediational theory.
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LO 9.20 Positive psychology movement
Positive Psychology Movement

• Positive psychology movement - a
viewpoint that recommends shifting the
focus of psychology away from the
negative aspects to a more positive
focus on strengths, well-being, and the
pursuit of happiness.
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Motivation and Emotion: Ciccarelli, Saundra and Meyer, G., Psychology. 2006, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ

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Motivation and Emotion

Instinct Approaches to Motivation

Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

Three Types of Needs

Arousal Approach to Motivation

Arousal Approach to Motivation

Incentive Approaches to Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Self-Determination Theory of Motivation

Hunger: Bodily Causes

Hunger: Bodily Causes

Hunger: Social Causes

Biological Factors of Eating Problems

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Cognitive Mediational Theory

Positive Psychology Movement

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