Power Distribution & Utilization: Sources of Light

Power Distribution & Utilization
Sources of Light
Types of Electric Lamp
• Arc lamps
• Incandescence lamps
• Gas filled lamps
• Gaseous discharge lamps
Methods of producing light by
electricity
• By an arc
• By incandescence of a heated filament
• By glow discharge
Arc lamps
• Light is produced by an electric arc
• Lamp consists of two electrodes
• Current
• Efficient source of light
Application of technique
• Search lights
• Projection lamps
Forms of arc lamps
• Carbon arc lamp
• Flame arc lamp
• Magnetic arc lamp
Carbon Arc Lamp
Carbon Arc Lamp
Carbon Arc Lamp
Carbon Arc Lamp
Carbon Arc Lamp
• The lamp is a spark or electric arc through the air
between two carbon rods. The rods must have a gap in
between of the right size. If the gap is too big than the
arc will flicker more or may go out, if the gap is to
narrow than it will produce less light.
The first carbon was made of charcoal (made from

wood). The carbon substance is vaporized in the high
temperature of the arc (around 6500 F, 3600 C). The
carbon vapor is highly luminous (very bright) and this is
why we use carbon in the lamp.
Carbon Arc Lamp
• One issue with the carbon arc lamp is that the rods of carbon are
burned away over time. Therefore if you have two carbon rods
firmly mounted the gap will grow bigger between as the carbon rod
itself is vaporized. Eventually the arc will cease when the gap gets
large enough. The solution to this problem in the first experimental
lamps was to use insulated pliers and slide the rods close again as it
burned.
• To make a commercial product (which is a central issue in all of our
lighting pages) inventors and engineers have to design a system that
is RELIABLE. While scientists can do experiments and observations
with handmade prototypes, it is up to the engineer to labor over
ways to make a lamp useful (in other words reliable and easy to
use/maintain) to the masses . This is difference between scientists
and engineers.
Carbon Arc Lamp
• In the carbon arc lamp inventors had to figure out a
mechanical way to feed carbons into the device as it
burned up. Control Engineering was used to figure out a
way to sense the current and voltage draw of the lamp
(which changes as the gap gets bigger) and control a set of
magnets and devices that would keep the gap size constant
and lamp working for hours.
• Lamps in the 1870s and before used clockwork type feeding
devices - gears, clutches and works by slowly feeding the
carbons. Engineers at the Thomson-Houston Company
figured out how to use a differential system which worked
better than the early Brush clutch systems. Feeding devices
for arc lamps are a large subject.
Flame arc lamp
• Electrodes
– 5 to 15% fluoride
– 85 to 95% carbon
• Efficiency= 8 lumens/watt
Magnetic arc lamp
• Positive electrode---copper
• Negative electrode—magnetic oxide of iron
Why does the material emit light
when you pass electrical current
through it?
• When you pass current through a filament material, the resistance
creates heat. Atoms in the material absorb energy. Electrons around
the atoms are excited and temporarily reach an orbital which is
further from the nucleus. When the electron orbit collapses to a
lower orbital it ejects the extra energy in the form of a photon.
• Incandescence is thermal radiation. Heat is constantly emitted from
objects around us, we just can't see it. When heat gets intense
enough it reaches wavelengths that we can see. It starts with red
and goes up the spectrum. The wavelength/color of the light is a
matter of how much energy is being released and what kind of
atom is doing the release. In an incandescent bulb most of the heat
energy (90%) is emitted in the infrared spectrum which is just
below visible light. This is also what makes the lamp inefficient. We
don't use that part of the spectrum for the lamp's purpose, we only
need the visible spectrum.
Incandescent or Filament Lamp
• Metallic wire- filament
• Incandescent bulbs work by sending electric
current through a resistive material. Typically
materials will glow before reaching a melting
point. Most materials will glow a dull red color
when they reach around 525 Celsius. Most
materials will catch fire or melt and can not
make a good filament.
• At low temperature heat energy is emitted
• At high temperature heat and light energy is
radiated
• Black body heated to 6250 °C emits maximum
energy in visible spectrum range
• Glass globe completely evacuated
– To prevent oxidation of filament
– To prevent lowering of temperature by radiation
Properties of filament material
• High melting point
• Low vapour pressure
• High resistivity
• Low temperature coefficient
• Ductility
• Sufficient mechanical strenght
Filament
• Carbon
• Tantalum
• Tungsten
Carbon filament
• Melting point 3500°C
• Vapourization starts at 1800°C
• Negative temperature coefficient
• Low efficiency
– 3.5lumens/watt
Tungsten
Filament
• Melting point 3400°C
• Low vapor pressure
• High resistivity
• Ductile
• Mechanical strength
• Low temperature coefficient 0.0051
• average efficiency
– 10 lumens/watt
Characteristics of incandescent lamp
• Lumen output directly proportional to Vn
• 1000 working hours life
• Efficiency increases with increase in voltage
owing to increase in temperature and is
proportional to square of voltage
• Life of lamp decreases with increase in
operating voltage
• 5% overvoltage shortens its life by 50%
Gaseous discharge lamps
• A gas discharge lamp is a light source that
generates light by creating an electrical
discharge through an ionized gas.
• Neon, Mercury and Sodium Vapour Lamps.
• Fluorescent coating for different Colours
• To convert IR to visible Spectrum
Phosphors Coating and Colour
• Zinc Silicate Green
• Magnesium Tungstate Bluish White
• Cadmium Borate Pink
• Cadmium Silicate Yellow-Pink
• Calcium Tungstate Blue
High pressure mercury vapour lamp
• Hard glass or quartz tube.
• Prevent Temperature Changes and Absorb UV
radiation.
• Mercury and Argon gas.
• Main Electrode (Tungsten wire) and Starting
Electrode.
• High Resistance (50K ohm)
• Require 5 to 10 minutes.
Lighting Schemes
• Lighting schemes are classified according to
the location, requirement and purpose etc.
are as under :
1. Direct lighting
2. Indirect lighting
3. Semi direct lighting
4. Semi indirect lighting
5. General lighting
Factors required for Light Scheme
The following factors are required to be
considered while designing the lighting
scheme :
1. Illumination level
2. Quality of light
3. Co efficient of utilization
4. Depreciation factor
5. Space height ratio
11/03/2013
Illumination Level
This is the most vital factor in deciding the
number and wattage of luminaries so that we
are able to see and recognize the object
properly. Colors of the body have the property
of reflecting the light in different proportions,
degree of illumination, its distance from the
viewer, contrast between the object to be
seen and its surroundings.
11/03/2013
Illumination Level
Type of work recommended illumination level
Offices 100-400 lumens/ meter square
Schools 250-400 lumens/ meter square
Industry 1000 lumens/ meter square
Shops 250-500 lumens/ meter square
Hotels 80-100 lumens/ meter square
Hospitals 250-3500 lumens/ meter square
11/03/2013
Quality of Light
This means that the illumination should not be
harmful to the viewers. It should be glare free,
shadow less and contrast free. Direct glare
from the source of light is most common
factor. Presence of polished and glassy surface
will cause indirect glare unless diffused light is
used. Hard and long shadows can be avoided
by using a large number of lamps and
adjusting the mounting height.
11/03/2013
Quality of Light
This means that the illumination should not be
harmful to the viewers. It should be glare free,
shadow less and contrast free. Direct glare
from the source of light is most common
factor. Presence of polished and glassy surface
will cause indirect glare unless diffused light is
used. Hard and long shadows can be avoided
by using a large number of lamps and
adjusting the mounting height.
11/03/2013
Depreciation Factor
The total flux emitted by the source and its fitting
may be reduced due to deposition of dust
upon the surfaces. Similarly quantity of light
reflected from the ceiling and walls also
decreases with the passage of time. This is
called as depreciation facto.
Usually it varies from 1.3 to 1.6.
11/03/2013
Space Height Ratio
The ratio of space (horizontal distance ) between
the two adjacent lamps to the vertical height
of the lamps above the working plane is called
space height ratio.
So the distance between the lamps is not too
much. An ideal scheme could be when there is
large number of small size lamps are used
also it increases the cost of installation. So the
space height ratio is 1 to 1.5.
11/03/2013

Power Distribution & Utilization: Sources of Light

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Distribution & Utilization: Sources of Light

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Distribution & Utilization: Sources of Light

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Distribution & Utilization

The first carbon was made of charcoal (made from

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.